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題名 國際非政府組織與發展援助—樂施會案例研究
作者 呂榮席
貢獻者 姜家雄
呂榮席
關鍵詞 國際非政府組織
發展援助
樂施會
日期 2007
上傳時間 14-九月-2009 10:09:30 (UTC+8)
摘要 南方國家與北方國家於經濟與社會發展的嚴重落差，是當前國際社會相當重視的問題。生活在相互依賴的時代，如何有效分配全球資源，使南方國家的人民可以脫離貧窮、疾病與飢餓，已經不能將它單單劃分為「南方國家發展問題」，而是一個全體人類應該正視的「國際發展問題」。
     
      對於國際發展問題，傳統行為者如國家與政府間組織（Inter-Governmental Organization , IGO），顯然目前所做的努力仍然不夠。而另外一方面，國際非政府組織（International Non-Governmental Organization, INGO）作為國際社會的新興行為者，在發展援助領域開始扮演越來越重要的角色。發展型國際非政府組織具備下列優點，包括採取「由下而上」（bottom-up）的援助型式，其發展援助能深入社會的每一個角落，真正瞭解人民的需求；此外，強調所謂「參與式的發展」（participatory development），有助於受援國公民社會之建立；以及國際非政府組織專業性、志願性、非官方性的特徵，使其發展援助成果更有彈性與效率。
     
      然而作為國際發展援助新興的行為者，與傳統援助行為者的互動關係對於發展型國際非政府組織的援助成果具有關鍵性的影響。本文藉由樂施會的案例研究，驗證發展型國際非政府組織與國家、聯合國、南方非政府組織等相關援助行為者之間的互動關係，並提供對於國際發展議題有興趣者一個觀察的角度，瞭解國際非政府組織從事發展援助之特徵與得失。希望藉由本文拋磚引玉，能夠提昇國人對於國際發展議題與重要發展型非政府組織之認識，進而對國際發展問題出一份力。
參考文獻 一、中文部分
（一）專書
戈德斯坦（Joshua S. Goldstein）。《國際關係》（International Relations），歐信宏、胡祖慶譯。台北：雙葉書郎，2003。
日本國際協力機構（JICA）。《援外的世界潮流》，李明峻譯。台北：國合會，2004。
王杰、張海濱、張志洲主編。《全球治理中的國際非政府組織》。北京：北京大學出版社，2004。
王振軒。《非政府組織議題與發展》。台北：鼎茂圖書，2005。
布萊克（Maggie Black）。《國際開發的盲點》（The No-Nonsense Guide to International Development），徐恆淑譯。台北：書林，2005。
行政院研究那展考核委員會編著。《我國與國際非政府組織發展關係之研究》。台北：政府出版品展售中心，1993。
奈伊（Joseph S. Nye）、唐納胡（John D. Donahue）主編。《全球化世界的治理》（Governance in a Globalizing World），王勇譯。北京：世界知識出版社，2003。
林德昌。《人類發展報告與人類發展指數：發展的困境與挑戰》。台北：行政院青輔會，2006。
林德昌編著。《台灣非政府與國際社會參與》。高雄：中山大學非政府組織研究中心，2003。
BBC News（17 June, 2005）.http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4103054.stm
Crabtree, John.“Peru: Outing the NGOs.” http://www.opendemocracy.net/democracy-protest/peru_ngos_4117.jsp
OECD, “Final ODA Flow in 2006.” http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/7/20/39768315.pdf
OECD, “The Role of ODA: Promoting Private Investment for Development.”
http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/23/40/36566902.pdf
Oxfam International.“Arms Without Borders：Why a Globalization Trade Needs Global Controls.”
http://www.oxfam.org/en/files/bn0610_arms_without_borders/download
Oxfam Onternational.“OI Annual Report 2006.”
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Oxfam International.“Promises to Keep: Reports on the evaluation of the implementation of Towards Global Equity.” http://www.oxfam.org/en/files/promises_to_keep.pdf
洪丁福。《國際政治的論與實踐》。台北：啟英文化，1996。
Oxfam International.“Rising to the Humanitarian Challenge in Iraq.” http://www.oxfam.org/en/files/bp105_humanitarian_challenge_in_iraq_0707.pdf/download
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Oxfam International.“Stichting Oxfam International Constitution.”
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席茲（John L. Seitz）。《全球議題》（Global Issue: An Introduction）。陳素秋、黃冠文譯。台北：韋伯文化，2005。
國紀平。〈推動經濟全球化朝均衡普惠共贏方向發展〉。
http://opinion.people.com.cn/BIG5/40604/6584299.html
世界銀行網站 http://youthink.worldbank.org/issues/development/
世界政策論壇 http://www.globalpolicy.org/
聯合國網站http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/
樂施會網站http://www.oxfam.org/en/
財團法人國際合作發展基金會。《國際發展合作的概念與實務》。台北：國合會，2006。
陳隆志、許慶雄編。《當代國際法文獻選集》。台北：前衛，1998。
費希爾（Julie Fisher）。《NGO與第三世界發展》（NGOS and the Political Development of Third World），鄭國勝、趙秀梅譯。北京：社會科學文獻出版社，2002。
賀兵、盛紅生主編。《當代國際關係的第三者：非政府組織研究》。北京：時事出版社，2003。
雷維斯（David Lewis）。《非政府組織管理初探》（The Management of Non-Governmental Development Organization: An Introduction），馮瑞麟譯。台北：五南，2007。
赫達克（Ann C. Hudock）。《非政府組織》（NGOs and Civil Society: Democracy by Proxy?），江明修審定。台北：智勝文化，2003。
赫德與麥克瑞（David Held and Anthony McGrew）。《全球化與反全球化》（Globalization & Anti-Globalization），林佑聖、葉欣怡譯。台北：弘智文化，2005。
薩拉蒙（Lester M. Salamon）。《全球公民社會：非營利部門視界》（Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector），賈西津、魏玉等譯。北京：社會科學文獻出版社，2007。
譚崇台、薛進軍。《南北關係：歷史、現狀、機遇與挑戰》。武漢：湖北人民出版社，1994。
（二）期刊論文
王文。〈聯合國發展機制評析〉。《外交學院學報》，2001年第4期，頁45-49。
江明修、鄭勝分。〈全球治理與非營利組織〉。《中國行政》，第73期，2003年6月，頁71-95。
官有垣、邱瑜瑾。〈台灣民間組織與政府在國際援助事務的角色探析：現況調查及其政策意涵〉。《中國行政評論》，第12卷第2期。2003年3月，頁55-90。
林德昌。〈對外經援與國際發展合作：困境與挑戰〉。《新世紀智庫論壇》，第16期，2001年12月，頁96-106。
林曉光。〈國際政治經濟關係：以國際援助為視點〉。《世界經濟研究》，2002年第5期，頁17-22。
張勝軍。〈聯合國與世界銀行：走出歷史與結構的困境〉。《國際政治研究》，2000年第3期，頁83-88。
嚴啟發，林罡。〈世界官方發展援助（ODA）比較研究〉。《世界經濟研究》，2006年第5期，頁4-10。
二、英文部分
（一）專書
Art, Bas, Math Noortmann, and Bob Reinalda, eds. Non-State Actors in International Relations. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2001.
Atwood, David C. “Mobilizing Around the United Nations Special Sessions on Disarmament.” In Transnational Social Movements and Global Politics: Solidarity Beyond the State, ed. Jackie Smith, Charles Chatfield and Ron Pagnucco, 141-174. New York: Syracuse University Publication, 1997.
Black, Maggie. A Cause for Our Times: Oxfam the First 50 Years. Oxford: Oxfam UK and Ireland, 1992.
Boli, John, and George Thomas, eds. Constructing World Culture: International Nongovernmental Organizations since 1875. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999.
Boris, Elizabeth T. “Introduction—Nonprofit Organizations in a Democracy: Varied Roles and Responsibilities.” In Nonprofits and Government: Collaboration and Conflict, ed. Elizabeth T. Boris and C. Eugene Steuerle, 3-29. Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute, 1999.
Carroll, Thomas F. Intermediary NGOs: The Supporting Link in Grossroots Development. West Hartford: Kumarian Press, 1992.
Chen, Shaohua, and Martin Ravallion. Absolute Poverty Measures for the Developing World, 1981-2004. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2007.
Cook, Helena. “Amnesty International at the United Nations.” In The Conscience of the World: The Influence of Non-Governmental Organizations in the UN System, ed. Peter Willetts, 181-213. London: Hurst, 1996.
Dollar, David, and Lant Pritchett. Assessing Aid: What Works, What Doesn’t, and Why. New York: World Bank, Oxford University Press, 1998.
Eade, Deborah. Capacity-Building: An Approach to People-Centred Development. Oxford: Oxfam UK and Ireland, 1997.
Eade, Deborah, and Suzanne Williams. The Oxfam Handbook of Development and Relief. Oxford: Oxfam UK, 1995.
Edwards, Michael, and Alan Fowler, eds. NGO Management.. London: Earthscan Publications Ltd, 2002.
Edwards, Michael, and David Hulme. Beyond the Magic Bullet: NGO Performance and Accountability in the Post-Cold War World. West Hartford: Kumarian Press, 1996.
Fieldhouse, David. “ A new Imperial System? The Role of the Multinational Corporations Reconsidered.” in Imperial and After: Continuities and Discontinuities, ed. Wolfgang Mommsen and Jurgen Osterhammel. London: Allen& Unwin, 1986.
Gresser, Charis, and Sophia Tickell. Mugged: Poverty in Your Coffee Cup. Washington DC: Oxfam Publishing, 2004.
Harvey, Frank P. and Michael Brecher eds. Evaluation Methodology in International Studies. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2002.
Heyzer, Neoleen, and James V. Riker, and Antinio B. Quizon, eds. Governmental-NGO Relations in Asia: Prospects and Challenges for People-Central Development. London: Macmillan Press, 1995.
Hyden, Goran, and Rwekaza, eds. Agencies in Foreign Aid: Comparing China, Sweden and United States in Tanzania. London: Macmillan Press, 1999.
Hymer, Stephen H. The Multinational Corporations: A Radical Approach. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1979.
James, Rick. Strengthening the Capacity of Southern NGO Partners: A survey of Current Northern NGO Approaches. Oxford: INTRAC, 1994.
Kaul, Inge, Isabelle Grunberg, and Marc Stern. Global Public Goods: International Cooperation in the 21st Century. London: Oxford University Press, 1999.
Keck, Margaret E. and Kathryn Sikkink. Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Network in International Politics. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998.
Keohane, Robert O., and Joseph S. Nye. Power and Interdependence: World Politics in Transition. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1977.
King, Gary and Christopher Murray. “Rethink Human Security.” Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 116, No. 4 (2002): 585-610.
Larison, Thomas D., and David Skidmore. International Political Economy: The Struggle for Power and Wealth. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publisher, 1993.
Lele, Uma. Foreign Aid to Africa Agriculture: A Quarter Century of Experience. San Francisco: ICS Press, 1990.
Lewis, David, and Tina Wallace., eds. New Role and Relevance: Development NGOs and the Challenge of Change. Bloomfield: Kumarian Press, 2000.
Lindenberg, Marc, and Coralie Bryant. Going Global: Transforming Relief and Development NGOs. New York: Kumarian Press, 2001.
Malena, Carmen. Working with NGOs—A Practical Guide to Operational Collaboration between The World Bank and Non-governmental Organizations. Washington, DC: World Bank, 1995.
Martens, Kerstin. NGOs and the United States: Institutionalization, Professionalization, and Adaptation. New York: Macmillan, 2005.
Maselli, Daniel, and Beat Sottas. Research Partnerships for Common Concerns. Hamburg: Lit Verlag, 1996.
Mckinsey and Company. Effective Capacity Building in Non-Profit Organization. Washington: Venture Philanthropy Partners, 2001.
Neefjies, Koos, and Ros David. A Participatory Review of the Ikafe Refugee Programme. Oxford: Oxfam GB, 1996.
Nelson, Valerie. South-South Environment Linking Programme: Learning from Experience. Oxford: Oxfam, 1995.
Patron, Pepi. “Peru: Civil Society and the Autocratic Challenge.” In Civil Society and the Aid Industry, ed. Alison Van Rooy. London: Earthscan Publications Lit, 2000.
Payne, Lina. Rebuilding Communities in a Refugee Settlement: A Casebook from Uganda. Oxford: Oxfam GB, 1998.
Pearson, Lester Bowles. The Crisis of Development. Toronto: University of Toronto Press , 1985.
Pogge, Thomas W. ed. Global Justice. Oxford: Blackwell, 2001.
Porter, David. U.S. Economic Foreign Aid: A Case Study of the United States Agency for International Development. New York: Garland Pub., 1990.
Pratt, Brian, and Jo Boyden. The Field Directors’ Handbook: An Oxfam Manual for Development Workers. London: Oxford University Press, 1985.
Salamon, Lester M., and Helmut K. Anheier. The Emerging Nonprofit Sector: An Overview. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1995.
Schumacher, Ernst Friedrich. Small Is Beautiful: A Study of Economics As If People Mattered. London: Blond and Briggs, 1973.
Seamus Cleary. The Role of NGOs Under Authoritarian Political System. Hampshire: Macmillan Press Ltd, 1997.
Smillie, Ian, and Henry Helmich. Stakeholders: Government-NGO Partnerships for International Development. London: Earthscan Publications, 1999.
Theunis, Sjef. Non-Governmental Development Organizations of Developing Countries And the South Smiles. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1991.
Tullock, Gordon, Arthur Seldon, and Gordon L. Brady. Government: Whose Obedient Servant? A Primer in Public Choice. London: IEA, 2000.
Tvedt, Terje. Angles of Mercy or Development Diplomats? : NGOs& Foreign Aid. Oxford: James Curry, 1998.
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三、網路資料
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
外交研究所
94253009
96
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0094253009
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 姜家雄zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (作者) 呂榮席zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) 呂榮席zh_TW
dc.date (日期) 2007en_US
dc.date.accessioned 14-九月-2009 10:09:30 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 14-九月-2009 10:09:30 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 14-九月-2009 10:09:30 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0094253009en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/31418-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 外交研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 94253009zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 96zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 南方國家與北方國家於經濟與社會發展的嚴重落差，是當前國際社會相當重視的問題。生活在相互依賴的時代，如何有效分配全球資源，使南方國家的人民可以脫離貧窮、疾病與飢餓，已經不能將它單單劃分為「南方國家發展問題」，而是一個全體人類應該正視的「國際發展問題」。
     
      對於國際發展問題，傳統行為者如國家與政府間組織（Inter-Governmental Organization , IGO），顯然目前所做的努力仍然不夠。而另外一方面，國際非政府組織（International Non-Governmental Organization, INGO）作為國際社會的新興行為者，在發展援助領域開始扮演越來越重要的角色。發展型國際非政府組織具備下列優點，包括採取「由下而上」（bottom-up）的援助型式，其發展援助能深入社會的每一個角落，真正瞭解人民的需求；此外，強調所謂「參與式的發展」（participatory development），有助於受援國公民社會之建立；以及國際非政府組織專業性、志願性、非官方性的特徵，使其發展援助成果更有彈性與效率。
     
      然而作為國際發展援助新興的行為者，與傳統援助行為者的互動關係對於發展型國際非政府組織的援助成果具有關鍵性的影響。本文藉由樂施會的案例研究，驗證發展型國際非政府組織與國家、聯合國、南方非政府組織等相關援助行為者之間的互動關係，並提供對於國際發展議題有興趣者一個觀察的角度，瞭解國際非政府組織從事發展援助之特徵與得失。希望藉由本文拋磚引玉，能夠提昇國人對於國際發展議題與重要發展型非政府組織之認識，進而對國際發展問題出一份力。		zh_TW
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1
     第一節 研究動機與研究目的 1
     第二節 文獻探討 4
     第三節 研究方法與研究範圍 12
     第四節 章節安排 13
     
     第二章 國際發展問題 16
     第一節 國際發展問題之回顧與現況 16
     第二節 國際發展援助的行為者 24
     第三節 國際發展援助之形式與內容 32
     小 結 36
     
     第三章 發展型INGO與相關行為者之互動 38
     第一節 發展型INGO與國家之關係 38
     第二節 發展型INGO與聯合國之關係 43
     第三節 北方NGDO與南方NGDO之互動關係 53
     小 結 61
     
     第四章 樂施會與發展援助 63
     第一節 樂施會之緣起與發展 63
     第二節 樂施會之組織架構與特徵 68
     第三節 樂施會關注之議題與策略 73
     小 結 80
     
     第五章 樂施會與相關行為者之互動 81
     第一節 樂施會與國家之關係 81
     第二節 樂施會與聯合國之關係 87
     第三節 樂施會與南方NGO之互動 92
     小結 107
     
     第六章 結論 109
     第一節 研究成果 109
     第二節 未來展望 114
     
     附 錄 樂施會相關文件 116
     參考書目 143		zh_TW
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0094253009en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 國際非政府組織zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 發展援助zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 樂施會zh_TW
dc.title (題名) 國際非政府組織與發展援助—樂施會案例研究zh_TW
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
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