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題名 胎兒與懷孕女性生命內在價值的權衡-德沃金與康奈爾的同與異
Balance of the Intrinsic Values of Life between Fetus and Mother-to-Be-Similarities and Dissimilarities between Dworkin and Cornell
作者 洪絹閔
Hung,Chuan-Min
貢獻者 陳起行
Chen,Chi-Shin
洪絹閔
Hung,Chuan-Min
關鍵詞 墮胎
胎兒
女性身體自主權
德沃金
康奈爾
後現代
abortion
fetus
female
Dworkin
Cornell
postmodern
日期 2005
上傳時間 14-九月-2009 11:12:34 (UTC+8)
摘要 自1970年代開始,「女性生殖(身體)自主權」的呼聲-爭取的主要是所謂的墮胎權-即伴隨著婦女運動的萌芽與發展,而始終具有一定的能見度,甚至成為婦女運動的主要訴求之一;與之相對(或者是對立)的,則是捍衛胎兒(胚胎)生命權的另一方。時至今日,與生殖自主權相關的墮胎爭議方興未艾,仍舊為法律爭議的焦點以及核心議題;另一方面,由於當代的醫療以及科學在技術上的進步與突破,雖一方面賦與了生殖更多的可能性,同時,也帶來了許多亟待解決的問題。無論是已紛擾半個世紀之久的墮胎權爭議,或者是被歸類為新興議題的生殖科技相關議題,概括觀之,這兩項爭議的論辯主軸,皆能夠廣義的包含在「生殖自由」-主張與生殖相關的私密行為,應交由個人自由決定,故必須盡可能地減少任何形式的干涉,以及「對於人類生命(human life)的保護」-主張應賦予任何形式的人類生命最低限度的生命權保障,或者至少為某種生命倫理的概念所約束,因而不應全然地任由個人恣意決定,這兩個彼此相互衝突的上位概念之下。
     
       在《生命領域》(Life’s Dominion)一書的前半部,德沃金(Ronald Dworkin)由墮胎爭議出發,提出超越選擇權(pro-choice)與生命權(pro-life)的折衷觀點,主張無論是懷孕女性或者是胎兒(胚胎),其生命的神聖性與生命的內在價值,皆應納入考量並同時予以尊重,試圖為當代已陷入對立僵局的墮胎爭議,尋求某種和解之道。而康奈爾(Drucilla Cornell)所抱持的後現代女性主義立場則格外強調,墮胎爭議的論辯與解決,必須有女性觀點與意見的加入、甚至必須全盤採納,期能以更設身處地的方式,探討女性在社會以及性別結構中的處境,並聚焦於女性面臨墮胎決定時的兩難困境,為原本中性(neutral)、超然的墮胎爭議,帶入不可忽視的經驗性面向的討論。
     
       德沃金與康奈爾皆分別針對墮胎爭議,提出其各自的看法與意見,而兩者所採取的立場以及所支持的見解,則各有其獨到之處;此外,德沃金與康奈爾在具體的墮胎爭議中所顯現的態度與提出的主張,也反映了德沃金與康奈爾其各自理論在立論基礎上的類似點以及相異之處。比較兩者理論的異同,對於我們以有別於以往的視野,觀照墮胎爭議的論辯-尤其在自主個人與社群關係的連結、針對正義理論所進行的反省,以及對於法律體系的架構與本質所採取的觀點等面向上,格外有所裨益;大致上來說,德沃金乃以自由主義脈絡及其整全性理論為基調,探討上述幾個理論發展的軸線,康奈爾則是以女性主義與後現代的角度,對這些議題進行處理。在針對墮胎爭議而提出的具體主張中,德沃金與康奈爾的相關論述所各自蘊含的深厚理論基礎,不僅開拓了墮胎議題討論的深度與廣度;另一方面,在墮胎爭議的論辯中,德沃金與康奈爾所採取的觀點以及立論基礎,亦提供了我們在處理當代生殖科技發展所帶來的新爭議時,一些重要的思考切入點與紛爭解決的大方向。
 Since the 1970`s, the right of women’s reproductive self-determination has been put forward as one of the principal claim along with the developments of women’s liberation movements. Against this stream, those who defend right to life of fetus (embryo) called “pro-life” camp are in opposite position. Up to now, the controversy over "pro-choice" and “pro-life” is still clamoring. Besides, “abortion” as an important subject of debate is also what legal disputes focus on. On the other hand, the progress of the contemporary science, technology, and medical treatments even make reproduction techniques advance, thus create more possibilities on reproduction. Accompanied with such developments, lots of issues about new reproductive technologies are brought about and call for immediate solutions. Arguments on abortion which have assailed for a half century as well as reproductive technologies developing in recent decades and approximately esteemed as newly arisen subjects; in general, whether abortion disputes or new issues of reproductive technologies are both involved in the following superordinate but conflict concepts: First, “reproductive self-determination”, which asserts that all decisions on reproduction should ensue from personal choice and reduce any form of control as possible. Second, "protection of human life", which advocates that human life of any form owns the right to life to a certain extent, thus should be guaranteed.
     
      In Ronald Dworkin’s Life’s Dominion, Dworkin offers a compromised standpoint on the controversy of abortion, claiming that whether the expectant mother or the fetus (embryo) should both be given the respect of "the sanctity of life". Dworkin attempts to attain certain agreement on abortion issues rather than variance. Different from Dworkin’s devoting himself to eliminating the antagonism between “pro-choice” and “pro-life”, as a postmodern feminist, Drucilla Cornell emphasizes on the female perspective, concerning about female’s predicament in the gender structure in particular. While applying her abstract notions to concrete abortion issues, Cornell focuses on the dilemma which nearly every female should confront while making the abortion decision. This insight of Cornell brings the "neutral" abortion controversy into more profound discussions. Dworkin and Cornell state their opinions on abortion controversy respectively, and each of their statement is original and simultaneously reflects different foundations on which their theories are based behind concrete abortion issues. Discussions on similarities and dissimilarities of theories between Dworkin and Cornell not only help to regard abortion issues in a different and brand new way, but also expand the widths and depths of the discussions on abortion disputes: Particularly, the relation between the individual and the community, the gender consciousness which Cornell stresses on, theories of judgments and legal structures, and so on. Broadly speaking, Dworkin proceeds his statements from liberalism and his theory of integrity; on the contrary, Cornell sets out from points of view of feminism and postmodernism. Finally, put issues from abortion towards the developments of the contemporary reproductive technologies, the main foundations and argumentations which Dworkin and Cornell provide for abortion debates may also guide us to deal with issues of developments of the contemporary reproductive technologies.
"第一章 緒論.................................................................................................................1
     第一節 前言………………….…………………………………………………1
         一、生殖議題的特殊性:切身性與影響範圍的全面性………….……..1
         二、墮胎爭議:紛擾半個世紀的焦點議題……………………….……..2
           (一)墮胎爭議的特殊性之一-不可妥協性…………………………2
     (二)墮胎爭議的特殊性之二-時間上的急迫性……………………3
     三、生殖議題的開展…….…………………………..…………….……...3
     第二節 研究動機與目的…..……….…….……………………………....…….5
     一、研究動機……….….…………..……………………………...……...5
     (一)歷久彌新的墮胎爭議-矛盾與衝突的結合…………..………..5
     (二)墮胎權-女性身體自主權的核心指標…...………..….………..6
     (三)解決生殖科技相關紛爭的線索:以墮胎爭議為起點…..……..6
     二、研究目的........................... ..................................................................7
     第三節 問題意識……..…..………….………….………………....…..…… .11
     一、傳統定義下的公領域-一個女性缺席的場合….…….…………..11
     二、自主個人與社群之間的連結…...……….……….………………...12
       三、法律穩定性與法律適應性之間的權衡...……….…….…………...14
     第四節 研究方法與取材範圍….……………….…………..….…………….15
     一、研究方法……………………………………………...….………...15
     二、取材範圍…………………………………………....……………...16
     第二章 德沃金的嘗試:從對立到共識…...…………..…………...…….... ……….21
     第一節 生命領域(Life’s Dominion)………...……….....…..………….…...21
     一、前言………...………………….....…..……………………………....21
     二、生命的內在價值(intrinsic value of life)
     與生命的神聖性(the sanctity of life)……..……....……….……..23
     三、取代「衍伸路徑」(derivative approach)的
     「超然路徑」(detached approach)……...…..…………….…..…...26
     四、超然路徑的侷限…………………..…………………………………29
     (一)生命的「內在」價值(intrinsic value of life)?…..……........29
     (二)空洞的「生命的內在價值」概念…………..………..………....30
     (三)浪費生命投注(investment waste of life)的臨界點…...…......31
     (四)懷孕女性與胎兒(胚胎)之間生命神聖性的「權衡」?.......33
     (五)截然可分的衍伸價值與超然價值?…………….…..............…34
     (六)保守派與自由派的「共識」?…………..……....……..….......34
     第二節 政府進行墮胎管制的正當性基礎……………………………………36
     一、前言……..……..……………………………………………………..36
     二、原初地位(original position)概念下所展現的
     平等關切與尊重 (equal concern and respect)…..…..…………...37
     三、「包容」(tolerance)的界限……..………………..…………….......41
     四、「積極的」還是「消極的」平等關切與尊重?…..……..……..….42
     五、政府中立性在墮胎議題上的特殊性…………...….....………..…...45
     六、從衍伸路徑到超然路徑:曖昧不清政府的中立性界限..…....…...46
     (一)衍伸路徑觀點:墮胎為隱私權所保障的自由……..………….46
     (二)超然路徑觀點:墮胎與否的決定,為宗教自由所保障…..….47
     第三節 整全法的檢驗:對於生命神聖性與生命內在價值的尊重….…..….49
     一、前言………….…………………………………………..………...…49
     二、整全法(law as integrity)…………..……………….….……...…..50
     三、整全性理論及其本體性論證..……....………………….……...……53
      四、社群道德:法律正當性(legitimacy)的基礎?…..….…….…….57
       五、整全法的檢驗:生命的神聖性以及生命的內在價值……....…..…59
          (一)不合乎「符合」(fit)標準的墮胎爭議「共識」.….…...….…60
          (二)不合乎「實質」(substance)標準的墮胎爭議「共識」.….....62
       第四節 從三時期(trimesters)到實質障礙(substantial obstacle)
     與不當負擔(undue burden)…...….……...………………….…..…63
     一、生殖自主原則的建立………………………………………….…..…63
     二、整全法的檢驗:羅伊訴韋德案(Roe v. Wade)………....….…..…65
     三、與德沃金的超然路徑更為貼近的東南賓州計劃生育機構訴凱西
     案判決(Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v.
     Casey)……………………………………………………….......…..70
     (一)聯合意見要點…………..………………….………………....….70
         (二)對於生命的神聖性與生命的內在價值予以尊重的展現…...….71
     四、實質障礙與不當負擔:德沃金概念下的政府中立性……….….….73
     第五節 共同性基礎的找尋…………….……………………………….……...77
     一、從個人到群體的平等關切與尊重-對於真正社群的特別義務...…77
     二、為社群的道德共識所指引的整全法…….…………………......……78
     三、中立性的抽象層次-共同善的展現…………………………….….78
     四、企圖消弭保守派與自由派對立僵局的
     生命神聖性與生命內在價值…………………………………..……79
     五、小結….………………..……………………………………..….……79
     第三章 後現代主義與現代性的揉合……………………………………………....81
     第一節 康奈爾的自主個人概念-自由主義傳統的追本溯源……………....81
     一、前言…………..………………………………………………………81
     二、康奈爾對於自主個人的概念在基本預設上的轉變…….………….83
     三、回到自由主義的發端……………………...…………..…………….86
     四、消除古典自由主義理論中欠缺性別觀點的弊病……...…………...88
     五、小結…………..………………………………..……..….…………...90
     第二節 康奈爾理論中的後現代女性主義內涵……………..…….………….91
     一、前言…………….....…………………………….………….………...91
     二、後現代女性主義…...……..…………………….………….………...93
     (一)發展背景……...…………..…………………………….……….93
     (二)後現代主義對於女性主義法學的影響………...…..….……….95
     1.前言...………………………………………………….……....95
     2.權力-唯一的真實………...………………………….……....96
     3.拉岡的性別認同過程          
     -性別階級(gender hierarchy)的建立………….….............97
     4.性別階級的構築與維持-魯曼系統理論概念的借用............99
     (三)解構性別定義與二元對立…...…………..….……….…………101
     (四)性別-不再是種分類………...……………….…..….…………102
     三、小結……………………………...………………………….……….103
     第三節 後現代主義下所理解的法律概念以及裁判理論….....……..............104
     一、前言…………………………….………...…….…………………....104
     二、法律:永無止盡的詮釋…...…………….…….…………………....105
     (一)詮釋的多元性-德希達理論的借用………....………..............106
     1.雙重閱讀-一種負責任的閱讀態度…...……………………106
     2.分延(différance)…………………..…...………..……......108
     (二)突破傳統的時間概念-魯曼系統理論的借用……………....109
     三、對於正義的追尋………………………….………………..............111
     四、小結……………………………………….……………….…….....114
       第四節 負責任的裁判態度:以康奈爾的裁判理論檢驗實際案例……...115
     一、法官對於裁判所應負的責任……………….………….…..……...116
     (一)羅伊訴韋德案(Roe v. Wade)………………..………..........116
     (二)韋伯斯特訴生殖健康服務案
     (Webster v. Reproductive Health Services)…....….......…….117
     二、國王的新衣:法律的本質-暴力…………………….…………..119
     (一)包爾士訴哈維克案(Bowers v. Hardwick)………………....119
     (二)無根的法律暴力………...……….……………….....................121
     第五節 康奈爾理論的承襲與開創………………………………….............121
     一、以女性自主為出發點的理論建構...………..……..……...………121
     二、康奈爾概念下的想像領域以及解構理論的盲點…...…………...123
     (一)想像領域其視野的侷限性…..…………..…….……..............124
     (二)解構即正義?………..……….……………………………....125
     第四章 德沃金與康奈爾理論的一些比較……….…………….…………………129
     第一節 自主個人與社群連結…….………………….……………………....129
       一、前言…….………………………………….………………………..129
     二、自由主義脈絡底下的自主個人概念…….….…………………..…129
        三、德沃金與康奈爾概念下的自主個人-社群主義觀點的引入…....132
       四、平等關切與尊重原則下的自主個人概念………….…......…….....138
     第二節 不同的話音-從女性觀點出發的思考..………….……..……….....141
     一、前言…..….……………………………………………….................142
     二、自主個人的發展脈絡與歷程-女性經驗………...…….................143
       三、從形式到實質-對於自由、平等概念的省思…...…….................146
     四、走出「娃娃屋」-康奈爾實現女性正義的第一個步驟..………..147
     五、正視性別差異-康奈爾實現女性正義的第二個步驟................…150
     六、小結………………..…………………………………………….….152
     第三節 法律穩定性與適應性的權衡…..……….……………………….......154
     一、既有法律體制的存與廢..………………………………………..…154
     (一)既有的法律規範架構其規範權威性的基礎.…….……….......155
        (二)社群的道德共識可否作為規範權威性的正當性基礎?.....…157
     二、共同善即正義?…………………..……...………………..……….158
     (一)正義乃屬於(of)、並存在(in)於社群之中?…….….......158
     (二)消弭現存體制中的暴力:
            期待社群道德共識變遷或者逕予解構?…...……………….160
     三、對於社群共同善的疑慮…….………………....……………...…....162
     第五章 墮胎議題的延續-新世紀的生殖議題……..………..…………….…….165
       第一節 「人類生命」與「人」之間連結的鬆動...........……………………..165
     一、前言…..………………………..…………………..………………...165
     二、後現代與現代性的銜接….…………… .………..………………...167
     三、解除「以人為中心」與「主體客體二元對立」的思考…………168
     四、人類初期生命-非主體、亦非客體的曖昧地位
     (兼論人類生命定義的浮動性)………..…………….........……..170
     第二節「全新」的生殖科技議題?……….……..….…………..…….……..172
     一、超然價值概念下的思考……………………………..……………..173
     二、倫理個人主義(ethical individualism)…...…...……………...…..174
        三、政府中立性的界線-對於生殖科技的管制….……………….......175
     四、另一個審視生殖科技發展浪潮的切入點-女性身體自主權…....177
     參考文獻……………..……………………………………...…………...………....179
     
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16. Dworkin, Ronald (1996). Freedom’s Law. Cambridge. Mass.: Harvard University
   Press.
17. Dworkin, Ronald (2000). Sovereign Virtue. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University
   Press.
18. Limbaugh, Rush (1993). The Way Things Ought to Be. New York: Pocket Books.
19. Petersen, Kerry A. (1993). Abortion Regimes. Aldershot, England: Dartmouth.
20. Rawls, John (1971). A Theory of Justice. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of
15.顧燕翎主編,(2000)。女性主義理論與流派。台北:女書。
   Harvard University Press.
21. Rawls, John (1993). Political Liberalism. New York: Columbia University Press.
22. Sandel, Michael (1982). Liberalism and the Limit of Justice. Cambridge:
   Cambridge University Press.
23. Shapiro, Ian (1995). Abortion the Supreme Court Decisions. Indianapolis, Ind.:
   Hackett Publishing Company.
外文期刊論文(以下文獻皆搜尋自Lexis Nexis電子資料庫)
01. Belshaw, Christopher (1997). Abortion, Value and the Sanctity of Life. Bioethics,
   Volume 11, Number 2.
02. Bradley, Gerard V. (1993). Life’s Dominion Essay. 69 Notre Dame L. Rev. 329.
中文期刊論文
03. Campbell, A.I.L. (1990). The Constitution and Abortion. 53 the Modern Law
   Review 23.
04. Capron, Alexander Morgan (1994). Life’s Sacred Value- Common Ground of
   Battleground: Life’s Dominion: An Argument About Abortion, Enthanasia,
   and Individual Freedom. 92 Mich. L. Rev. 1491
05. Cornell, Drucilla (1985). Toward a Modern/Postmodern Reconstruction of
   Ethics. 133 U. Pa. L. Rev. 291.
06. Cornell, Drucilla (1986). Two Lectures on the Normative Dimensions of
   Community in the Law. 54 Tenn. L. Rev. 327.
07. Cornell, Drucilla (1987). Roberto Unger’s Politics: A Work in Constructive Social
01.王富仙(2001,7月)。授精卵法律地位之探索。法學叢刊,第183期。
   Theory: Beyond Tragedy and Complacency. 81 Nw. U. L. Rev. 693.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
法律學研究所
92651041
94
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0926510412
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 陳起行zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Chen,Chi-Shinen_US
dc.contributor.author (作者) 洪絹閔zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (作者) Hung,Chuan-Minen_US
dc.creator (作者) 洪絹閔zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Hung,Chuan-Minen_US
dc.date (日期) 2005en_US
dc.date.accessioned 14-九月-2009 11:12:34 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 14-九月-2009 11:12:34 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 14-九月-2009 11:12:34 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0926510412en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/31649-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 法律學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 92651041zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 94zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 自1970年代開始,「女性生殖(身體)自主權」的呼聲-爭取的主要是所謂的墮胎權-即伴隨著婦女運動的萌芽與發展,而始終具有一定的能見度,甚至成為婦女運動的主要訴求之一;與之相對(或者是對立)的,則是捍衛胎兒(胚胎)生命權的另一方。時至今日,與生殖自主權相關的墮胎爭議方興未艾,仍舊為法律爭議的焦點以及核心議題;另一方面,由於當代的醫療以及科學在技術上的進步與突破,雖一方面賦與了生殖更多的可能性,同時,也帶來了許多亟待解決的問題。無論是已紛擾半個世紀之久的墮胎權爭議,或者是被歸類為新興議題的生殖科技相關議題,概括觀之,這兩項爭議的論辯主軸,皆能夠廣義的包含在「生殖自由」-主張與生殖相關的私密行為,應交由個人自由決定,故必須盡可能地減少任何形式的干涉,以及「對於人類生命(human life)的保護」-主張應賦予任何形式的人類生命最低限度的生命權保障,或者至少為某種生命倫理的概念所約束,因而不應全然地任由個人恣意決定,這兩個彼此相互衝突的上位概念之下。
     
       在《生命領域》(Life’s Dominion)一書的前半部,德沃金(Ronald Dworkin)由墮胎爭議出發,提出超越選擇權(pro-choice)與生命權(pro-life)的折衷觀點,主張無論是懷孕女性或者是胎兒(胚胎),其生命的神聖性與生命的內在價值,皆應納入考量並同時予以尊重,試圖為當代已陷入對立僵局的墮胎爭議,尋求某種和解之道。而康奈爾(Drucilla Cornell)所抱持的後現代女性主義立場則格外強調,墮胎爭議的論辯與解決,必須有女性觀點與意見的加入、甚至必須全盤採納,期能以更設身處地的方式,探討女性在社會以及性別結構中的處境,並聚焦於女性面臨墮胎決定時的兩難困境,為原本中性(neutral)、超然的墮胎爭議,帶入不可忽視的經驗性面向的討論。
     
       德沃金與康奈爾皆分別針對墮胎爭議,提出其各自的看法與意見,而兩者所採取的立場以及所支持的見解,則各有其獨到之處;此外,德沃金與康奈爾在具體的墮胎爭議中所顯現的態度與提出的主張,也反映了德沃金與康奈爾其各自理論在立論基礎上的類似點以及相異之處。比較兩者理論的異同,對於我們以有別於以往的視野,觀照墮胎爭議的論辯-尤其在自主個人與社群關係的連結、針對正義理論所進行的反省,以及對於法律體系的架構與本質所採取的觀點等面向上,格外有所裨益;大致上來說,德沃金乃以自由主義脈絡及其整全性理論為基調,探討上述幾個理論發展的軸線,康奈爾則是以女性主義與後現代的角度,對這些議題進行處理。在針對墮胎爭議而提出的具體主張中,德沃金與康奈爾的相關論述所各自蘊含的深厚理論基礎,不僅開拓了墮胎議題討論的深度與廣度;另一方面,在墮胎爭議的論辯中,德沃金與康奈爾所採取的觀點以及立論基礎,亦提供了我們在處理當代生殖科技發展所帶來的新爭議時,一些重要的思考切入點與紛爭解決的大方向。
zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要)  Since the 1970`s, the right of women’s reproductive self-determination has been put forward as one of the principal claim along with the developments of women’s liberation movements. Against this stream, those who defend right to life of fetus (embryo) called “pro-life” camp are in opposite position. Up to now, the controversy over "pro-choice" and “pro-life” is still clamoring. Besides, “abortion” as an important subject of debate is also what legal disputes focus on. On the other hand, the progress of the contemporary science, technology, and medical treatments even make reproduction techniques advance, thus create more possibilities on reproduction. Accompanied with such developments, lots of issues about new reproductive technologies are brought about and call for immediate solutions. Arguments on abortion which have assailed for a half century as well as reproductive technologies developing in recent decades and approximately esteemed as newly arisen subjects; in general, whether abortion disputes or new issues of reproductive technologies are both involved in the following superordinate but conflict concepts: First, “reproductive self-determination”, which asserts that all decisions on reproduction should ensue from personal choice and reduce any form of control as possible. Second, "protection of human life", which advocates that human life of any form owns the right to life to a certain extent, thus should be guaranteed.
     
      In Ronald Dworkin’s Life’s Dominion, Dworkin offers a compromised standpoint on the controversy of abortion, claiming that whether the expectant mother or the fetus (embryo) should both be given the respect of "the sanctity of life". Dworkin attempts to attain certain agreement on abortion issues rather than variance. Different from Dworkin’s devoting himself to eliminating the antagonism between “pro-choice” and “pro-life”, as a postmodern feminist, Drucilla Cornell emphasizes on the female perspective, concerning about female’s predicament in the gender structure in particular. While applying her abstract notions to concrete abortion issues, Cornell focuses on the dilemma which nearly every female should confront while making the abortion decision. This insight of Cornell brings the "neutral" abortion controversy into more profound discussions. Dworkin and Cornell state their opinions on abortion controversy respectively, and each of their statement is original and simultaneously reflects different foundations on which their theories are based behind concrete abortion issues. Discussions on similarities and dissimilarities of theories between Dworkin and Cornell not only help to regard abortion issues in a different and brand new way, but also expand the widths and depths of the discussions on abortion disputes: Particularly, the relation between the individual and the community, the gender consciousness which Cornell stresses on, theories of judgments and legal structures, and so on. Broadly speaking, Dworkin proceeds his statements from liberalism and his theory of integrity; on the contrary, Cornell sets out from points of view of feminism and postmodernism. Finally, put issues from abortion towards the developments of the contemporary reproductive technologies, the main foundations and argumentations which Dworkin and Cornell provide for abortion debates may also guide us to deal with issues of developments of the contemporary reproductive technologies.
en_US
dc.description.abstract (摘要) "第一章 緒論.................................................................................................................1
     第一節 前言………………….…………………………………………………1
         一、生殖議題的特殊性:切身性與影響範圍的全面性………….……..1
         二、墮胎爭議:紛擾半個世紀的焦點議題……………………….……..2
           (一)墮胎爭議的特殊性之一-不可妥協性…………………………2
     (二)墮胎爭議的特殊性之二-時間上的急迫性……………………3
     三、生殖議題的開展…….…………………………..…………….……...3
     第二節 研究動機與目的…..……….…….……………………………....…….5
     一、研究動機……….….…………..……………………………...……...5
     (一)歷久彌新的墮胎爭議-矛盾與衝突的結合…………..………..5
     (二)墮胎權-女性身體自主權的核心指標…...………..….………..6
     (三)解決生殖科技相關紛爭的線索:以墮胎爭議為起點…..……..6
     二、研究目的........................... ..................................................................7
     第三節 問題意識……..…..………….………….………………....…..…… .11
     一、傳統定義下的公領域-一個女性缺席的場合….…….…………..11
     二、自主個人與社群之間的連結…...……….……….………………...12
       三、法律穩定性與法律適應性之間的權衡...……….…….…………...14
     第四節 研究方法與取材範圍….……………….…………..….…………….15
     一、研究方法……………………………………………...….………...15
     二、取材範圍…………………………………………....……………...16
     第二章 德沃金的嘗試:從對立到共識…...…………..…………...…….... ……….21
     第一節 生命領域(Life’s Dominion)………...……….....…..………….…...21
     一、前言………...………………….....…..……………………………....21
     二、生命的內在價值(intrinsic value of life)
     與生命的神聖性(the sanctity of life)……..……....……….……..23
     三、取代「衍伸路徑」(derivative approach)的
     「超然路徑」(detached approach)……...…..…………….…..…...26
     四、超然路徑的侷限…………………..…………………………………29
     (一)生命的「內在」價值(intrinsic value of life)?…..……........29
     (二)空洞的「生命的內在價值」概念…………..………..………....30
     (三)浪費生命投注(investment waste of life)的臨界點…...…......31
     (四)懷孕女性與胎兒(胚胎)之間生命神聖性的「權衡」?.......33
     (五)截然可分的衍伸價值與超然價值?…………….…..............…34
     (六)保守派與自由派的「共識」?…………..……....……..….......34
     第二節 政府進行墮胎管制的正當性基礎……………………………………36
     一、前言……..……..……………………………………………………..36
     二、原初地位(original position)概念下所展現的
     平等關切與尊重 (equal concern and respect)…..…..…………...37
     三、「包容」(tolerance)的界限……..………………..…………….......41
     四、「積極的」還是「消極的」平等關切與尊重?…..……..……..….42
     五、政府中立性在墮胎議題上的特殊性…………...….....………..…...45
     六、從衍伸路徑到超然路徑:曖昧不清政府的中立性界限..…....…...46
     (一)衍伸路徑觀點:墮胎為隱私權所保障的自由……..………….46
     (二)超然路徑觀點:墮胎與否的決定,為宗教自由所保障…..….47
     第三節 整全法的檢驗:對於生命神聖性與生命內在價值的尊重….…..….49
     一、前言………….…………………………………………..………...…49
     二、整全法(law as integrity)…………..……………….….……...…..50
     三、整全性理論及其本體性論證..……....………………….……...……53
      四、社群道德:法律正當性(legitimacy)的基礎?…..….…….…….57
       五、整全法的檢驗:生命的神聖性以及生命的內在價值……....…..…59
          (一)不合乎「符合」(fit)標準的墮胎爭議「共識」.….…...….…60
          (二)不合乎「實質」(substance)標準的墮胎爭議「共識」.….....62
       第四節 從三時期(trimesters)到實質障礙(substantial obstacle)
     與不當負擔(undue burden)…...….……...………………….…..…63
     一、生殖自主原則的建立………………………………………….…..…63
     二、整全法的檢驗:羅伊訴韋德案(Roe v. Wade)………....….…..…65
     三、與德沃金的超然路徑更為貼近的東南賓州計劃生育機構訴凱西
     案判決(Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v.
     Casey)……………………………………………………….......…..70
     (一)聯合意見要點…………..………………….………………....….70
         (二)對於生命的神聖性與生命的內在價值予以尊重的展現…...….71
     四、實質障礙與不當負擔:德沃金概念下的政府中立性……….….….73
     第五節 共同性基礎的找尋…………….……………………………….……...77
     一、從個人到群體的平等關切與尊重-對於真正社群的特別義務...…77
     二、為社群的道德共識所指引的整全法…….…………………......……78
     三、中立性的抽象層次-共同善的展現…………………………….….78
     四、企圖消弭保守派與自由派對立僵局的
     生命神聖性與生命內在價值…………………………………..……79
     五、小結….………………..……………………………………..….……79
     第三章 後現代主義與現代性的揉合……………………………………………....81
     第一節 康奈爾的自主個人概念-自由主義傳統的追本溯源……………....81
     一、前言…………..………………………………………………………81
     二、康奈爾對於自主個人的概念在基本預設上的轉變…….………….83
     三、回到自由主義的發端……………………...…………..…………….86
     四、消除古典自由主義理論中欠缺性別觀點的弊病……...…………...88
     五、小結…………..………………………………..……..….…………...90
     第二節 康奈爾理論中的後現代女性主義內涵……………..…….………….91
     一、前言…………….....…………………………….………….………...91
     二、後現代女性主義…...……..…………………….………….………...93
     (一)發展背景……...…………..…………………………….……….93
     (二)後現代主義對於女性主義法學的影響………...…..….……….95
     1.前言...………………………………………………….……....95
     2.權力-唯一的真實………...………………………….……....96
     3.拉岡的性別認同過程          
     -性別階級(gender hierarchy)的建立………….….............97
     4.性別階級的構築與維持-魯曼系統理論概念的借用............99
     (三)解構性別定義與二元對立…...…………..….……….…………101
     (四)性別-不再是種分類………...……………….…..….…………102
     三、小結……………………………...………………………….……….103
     第三節 後現代主義下所理解的法律概念以及裁判理論….....……..............104
     一、前言…………………………….………...…….…………………....104
     二、法律:永無止盡的詮釋…...…………….…….…………………....105
     (一)詮釋的多元性-德希達理論的借用………....………..............106
     1.雙重閱讀-一種負責任的閱讀態度…...……………………106
     2.分延(différance)…………………..…...………..……......108
     (二)突破傳統的時間概念-魯曼系統理論的借用……………....109
     三、對於正義的追尋………………………….………………..............111
     四、小結……………………………………….……………….…….....114
       第四節 負責任的裁判態度:以康奈爾的裁判理論檢驗實際案例……...115
     一、法官對於裁判所應負的責任……………….………….…..……...116
     (一)羅伊訴韋德案(Roe v. Wade)………………..………..........116
     (二)韋伯斯特訴生殖健康服務案
     (Webster v. Reproductive Health Services)…....….......…….117
     二、國王的新衣:法律的本質-暴力…………………….…………..119
     (一)包爾士訴哈維克案(Bowers v. Hardwick)………………....119
     (二)無根的法律暴力………...……….……………….....................121
     第五節 康奈爾理論的承襲與開創………………………………….............121
     一、以女性自主為出發點的理論建構...………..……..……...………121
     二、康奈爾概念下的想像領域以及解構理論的盲點…...…………...123
     (一)想像領域其視野的侷限性…..…………..…….……..............124
     (二)解構即正義?………..……….……………………………....125
     第四章 德沃金與康奈爾理論的一些比較……….…………….…………………129
     第一節 自主個人與社群連結…….………………….……………………....129
       一、前言…….………………………………….………………………..129
     二、自由主義脈絡底下的自主個人概念…….….…………………..…129
        三、德沃金與康奈爾概念下的自主個人-社群主義觀點的引入…....132
       四、平等關切與尊重原則下的自主個人概念………….…......…….....138
     第二節 不同的話音-從女性觀點出發的思考..………….……..……….....141
     一、前言…..….……………………………………………….................142
     二、自主個人的發展脈絡與歷程-女性經驗………...…….................143
       三、從形式到實質-對於自由、平等概念的省思…...…….................146
     四、走出「娃娃屋」-康奈爾實現女性正義的第一個步驟..………..147
     五、正視性別差異-康奈爾實現女性正義的第二個步驟................…150
     六、小結………………..…………………………………………….….152
     第三節 法律穩定性與適應性的權衡…..……….……………………….......154
     一、既有法律體制的存與廢..………………………………………..…154
     (一)既有的法律規範架構其規範權威性的基礎.…….……….......155
        (二)社群的道德共識可否作為規範權威性的正當性基礎?.....…157
     二、共同善即正義?…………………..……...………………..……….158
     (一)正義乃屬於(of)、並存在(in)於社群之中?…….….......158
     (二)消弭現存體制中的暴力:
            期待社群道德共識變遷或者逕予解構?…...……………….160
     三、對於社群共同善的疑慮…….………………....……………...…....162
     第五章 墮胎議題的延續-新世紀的生殖議題……..………..…………….…….165
       第一節 「人類生命」與「人」之間連結的鬆動...........……………………..165
     一、前言…..………………………..…………………..………………...165
     二、後現代與現代性的銜接….…………… .………..………………...167
     三、解除「以人為中心」與「主體客體二元對立」的思考…………168
     四、人類初期生命-非主體、亦非客體的曖昧地位
     (兼論人類生命定義的浮動性)………..…………….........……..170
     第二節「全新」的生殖科技議題?……….……..….…………..…….……..172
     一、超然價值概念下的思考……………………………..……………..173
     二、倫理個人主義(ethical individualism)…...…...……………...…..174
        三、政府中立性的界線-對於生殖科技的管制….……………….......175
     四、另一個審視生殖科技發展浪潮的切入點-女性身體自主權…....177
     參考文獻……………..……………………………………...…………...………....179
     
     "
-
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論.................................................................................................................1
     第一節 前言………………….…………………………………………………1
         一、生殖議題的特殊性:切身性與影響範圍的全面性………….……..1
         二、墮胎爭議:紛擾半個世紀的焦點議題……………………….……..2
           (一)墮胎爭議的特殊性之一-不可妥協性…………………………2
     (二)墮胎爭議的特殊性之二-時間上的急迫性……………………3
     三、生殖議題的開展…….…………………………..…………….……...3
     第二節 研究動機與目的…..……….…….……………………………....…….5
      一、研究動機……….….…………..……………………………...……...5
      (一)歷久彌新的墮胎爭議-矛盾與衝突的結合…………..………..5
      (二)墮胎權-女性身體自主權的核心指標…...………..….………..6
      (三)解決生殖科技相關紛爭的線索:以墮胎爭議為起點…..……..6
     二、研究目的........................... ..................................................................7
     第三節 問題意識……..…..………….………….………………....…..…… .11
     一、傳統定義下的公領域-一個女性缺席的場合….…….…………..11
      二、自主個人與社群之間的連結…...……….……….………………...12
       三、法律穩定性與法律適應性之間的權衡...……….…….…………...14
      第四節 研究方法與取材範圍….……………….…………..….…………….15
     一、研究方法……………………………………………...….………...15
     二、取材範圍…………………………………………....……………...16
     第二章 德沃金的嘗試:從對立到共識…...…………..…………...…….... ……….21
     第一節 生命領域(Life’s Dominion)………...……….....…..………….…...21
     一、前言………...………………….....…..……………………………....21
     二、生命的內在價值(intrinsic value of life)
      與生命的神聖性(the sanctity of life)……..……....……….……..23
     三、取代「衍伸路徑」(derivative approach)的
      「超然路徑」(detached approach)……...…..…………….…..…...26
     四、超然路徑的侷限…………………..…………………………………29
      (一)生命的「內在」價值(intrinsic value of life)?…..……........29
      (二)空洞的「生命的內在價值」概念…………..………..………....30
      (三)浪費生命投注(investment waste of life)的臨界點…...…......31
      (四)懷孕女性與胎兒(胚胎)之間生命神聖性的「權衡」?.......33
      (五)截然可分的衍伸價值與超然價值?…………….…..............…34
      (六)保守派與自由派的「共識」?…………..……....……..….......34
     第二節 政府進行墮胎管制的正當性基礎……………………………………36
     一、前言……..……..……………………………………………………..36
      二、原初地位(original position)概念下所展現的
      平等關切與尊重 (equal concern and respect)…..…..…………...37
      三、「包容」(tolerance)的界限……..………………..…………….......41
     四、「積極的」還是「消極的」平等關切與尊重?…..……..……..….42
     五、政府中立性在墮胎議題上的特殊性…………...….....………..…...45
     六、從衍伸路徑到超然路徑:曖昧不清政府的中立性界限..…....…...46
      (一)衍伸路徑觀點:墮胎為隱私權所保障的自由……..………….46
      (二)超然路徑觀點:墮胎與否的決定,為宗教自由所保障…..….47
     第三節 整全法的檢驗:對於生命神聖性與生命內在價值的尊重….…..….49
     一、前言………….…………………………………………..………...…49
      二、整全法(law as integrity)…………..……………….….……...…..50
     三、整全性理論及其本體性論證..……....………………….……...……53
      四、社群道德:法律正當性(legitimacy)的基礎?…..….…….…….57
       五、整全法的檢驗:生命的神聖性以及生命的內在價值……....…..…59
          (一)不合乎「符合」(fit)標準的墮胎爭議「共識」.….…...….…60
          (二)不合乎「實質」(substance)標準的墮胎爭議「共識」.….....62
       第四節 從三時期(trimesters)到實質障礙(substantial obstacle)
      與不當負擔(undue burden)…...….……...………………….…..…63
     一、生殖自主原則的建立………………………………………….…..…63
     二、整全法的檢驗:羅伊訴韋德案(Roe v. Wade)………....….…..…65
     三、與德沃金的超然路徑更為貼近的東南賓州計劃生育機構訴凱西
      案判決(Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v.
     Casey)……………………………………………………….......…..70
      (一)聯合意見要點…………..………………….………………....….70
         (二)對於生命的神聖性與生命的內在價值予以尊重的展現…...….71
     四、實質障礙與不當負擔:德沃金概念下的政府中立性……….….….73
     第五節 共同性基礎的找尋…………….……………………………….……...77
     一、從個人到群體的平等關切與尊重-對於真正社群的特別義務...…77
     二、為社群的道德共識所指引的整全法…….…………………......……78
     三、中立性的抽象層次-共同善的展現…………………………….….78
     四、企圖消弭保守派與自由派對立僵局的
     生命神聖性與生命內在價值…………………………………..……79
      五、小結….………………..……………………………………..….……79
     第三章 後現代主義與現代性的揉合……………………………………………....81
     第一節 康奈爾的自主個人概念-自由主義傳統的追本溯源……………....81
      一、前言…………..………………………………………………………81
     二、康奈爾對於自主個人的概念在基本預設上的轉變…….………….83
      三、回到自由主義的發端……………………...…………..…………….86
      四、消除古典自由主義理論中欠缺性別觀點的弊病……...…………...88
      五、小結…………..………………………………..……..….…………...90
     第二節 康奈爾理論中的後現代女性主義內涵……………..…….………….91
     一、前言…………….....…………………………….………….………...91
      二、後現代女性主義…...……..…………………….………….………...93
      (一)發展背景……...…………..…………………………….……….93
      (二)後現代主義對於女性主義法學的影響………...…..….……….95
      1.前言...………………………………………………….……....95
      2.權力-唯一的真實………...………………………….……....96
      3.拉岡的性別認同過程          
      -性別階級(gender hierarchy)的建立………….….............97
      4.性別階級的構築與維持-魯曼系統理論概念的借用............99
      (三)解構性別定義與二元對立…...…………..….……….…………101
      (四)性別-不再是種分類………...……………….…..….…………102
      三、小結……………………………...………………………….……….103
      第三節 後現代主義下所理解的法律概念以及裁判理論….....……..............104
      一、前言…………………………….………...…….…………………....104
      二、法律:永無止盡的詮釋…...…………….…….…………………....105
      (一)詮釋的多元性-德希達理論的借用………....………..............106
      1.雙重閱讀-一種負責任的閱讀態度…...……………………106
      2.分延(différance)…………………..…...………..……......108
      (二)突破傳統的時間概念-魯曼系統理論的借用……………....109
     三、對於正義的追尋………………………….………………..............111
      四、小結……………………………………….……………….…….....114
       第四節 負責任的裁判態度:以康奈爾的裁判理論檢驗實際案例……...115
      一、法官對於裁判所應負的責任……………….………….…..……...116
      (一)羅伊訴韋德案(Roe v. Wade)………………..………..........116
      (二)韋伯斯特訴生殖健康服務案
      (Webster v. Reproductive Health Services)…....….......…….117
      二、國王的新衣:法律的本質-暴力…………………….…………..119
      (一)包爾士訴哈維克案(Bowers v. Hardwick)………………....119
      (二)無根的法律暴力………...……….……………….....................121
     第五節 康奈爾理論的承襲與開創………………………………….............121
      一、以女性自主為出發點的理論建構...………..……..……...………121
      二、康奈爾概念下的想像領域以及解構理論的盲點…...…………...123
      (一)想像領域其視野的侷限性…..…………..…….……..............124
      (二)解構即正義?………..……….……………………………....125
     第四章 德沃金與康奈爾理論的一些比較……….…………….…………………129
      第一節 自主個人與社群連結…….………………….……………………....129
       一、前言…….………………………………….………………………..129
      二、自由主義脈絡底下的自主個人概念…….….…………………..…129
        三、德沃金與康奈爾概念下的自主個人-社群主義觀點的引入…....132
       四、平等關切與尊重原則下的自主個人概念………….…......…….....138
     第二節 不同的話音-從女性觀點出發的思考..………….……..……….....141
      一、前言…..….……………………………………………….................142
     二、自主個人的發展脈絡與歷程-女性經驗………...…….................143
       三、從形式到實質-對於自由、平等概念的省思…...…….................146
      四、走出「娃娃屋」-康奈爾實現女性正義的第一個步驟..………..147
      五、正視性別差異-康奈爾實現女性正義的第二個步驟................…150
      六、小結………………..…………………………………………….….152
     第三節 法律穩定性與適應性的權衡…..……….……………………….......154
      一、既有法律體制的存與廢..………………………………………..…154
      (一)既有的法律規範架構其規範權威性的基礎.…….……….......155
        (二)社群的道德共識可否作為規範權威性的正當性基礎?.....…157
      二、共同善即正義?…………………..……...………………..……….158
      (一)正義乃屬於(of)、並存在(in)於社群之中?…….….......158
      (二)消弭現存體制中的暴力:
            期待社群道德共識變遷或者逕予解構?…...……………….160
      三、對於社群共同善的疑慮…….………………....……………...…....162
     第五章 墮胎議題的延續-新世紀的生殖議題……..………..…………….…….165
       第一節 「人類生命」與「人」之間連結的鬆動...........……………………..165
      一、前言…..………………………..…………………..………………...165
      二、後現代與現代性的銜接….…………… .………..………………...167
     三、解除「以人為中心」與「主體客體二元對立」的思考…………168
     四、人類初期生命-非主體、亦非客體的曖昧地位
      (兼論人類生命定義的浮動性)………..…………….........……..170
      第二節「全新」的生殖科技議題?……….……..….…………..…….……..172
      一、超然價值概念下的思考……………………………..……………..173
      二、倫理個人主義(ethical individualism)…...…...……………...…..174
        三、政府中立性的界線-對於生殖科技的管制….……………….......175
     四、另一個審視生殖科技發展浪潮的切入點-女性身體自主權…....177
     參考文獻……………..……………………………………...…………...………....179
zh_TW
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0926510412en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 墮胎zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 胎兒zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 女性身體自主權zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 德沃金zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 康奈爾zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 後現代zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) abortionen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) fetusen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) femaleen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Dworkinen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Cornellen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) postmodernen_US
dc.title (題名) 胎兒與懷孕女性生命內在價值的權衡-德沃金與康奈爾的同與異zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Balance of the Intrinsic Values of Life between Fetus and Mother-to-Be-Similarities and Dissimilarities between Dworkin and Cornellen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
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