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題名 現行公務人員退休制度之研究-公平及管理層面之分析
Civil Servants’ Retirement System-An Equity and Management Perspectives
作者 林靜玟
Lin ,Chin-Wen
貢獻者 陳小紅
林靜玟
Lin ,Chin-Wen
關鍵詞 公務人員退休制度
退休基金
公平
管理
確定提撥制
Civil Servants’ Retirement System
pension fund
equity
management
Defined Contribution
日期 2004
上傳時間 14-Sep-2009 12:44:27 (UTC+8)
摘要 針對各國普遍面臨人口結構逐漸老化、退休人口增加問題,世界銀行曾提出應建立至少三層保障的養老制度之呼籲;而我國迄今尚未建構出一套全面性之老年經濟生活安全保障制度,現有退休制度係依國民職業身分作為區分基礎。近幾年政府財政日趨惡化,加以國內經濟景氣不佳,失業率節節升高,公務人員由於工作與薪資相對較為穩定,其退休給付亦較完備;因此,遂引起各界對公務人員退休給付及其條件之合理及公平性的諸多討論。而公務人員退撫基金管理良窳,除攸關公務人員退休權益,亦牽涉政府最後給付責任,在政府可用資源相對減少下,如何防範政治力介入,暨因應現有制度與管理上的若干缺失,避免未來發生嚴重財務危機,均為本研究之重點。
     本研究採取文獻探討、比較研究法,並輔以德菲爾法(Delphi Method)、問卷調查等方法,就公平及管理角度檢視現行公務人員退休制度所存在之缺失及具體改進之道。研究結果發現大多數受訪者認為我國對老年經濟生活安全之保障,與個人從事職業別有很大關聯;除軍公教人員以外之其他職域與非工資勞動者的老年經濟生活保障普遍不足,故在制度比較上常衍生出差別性待遇公平性問題;而退撫基金經營決策又常有政治力介入,特別是政經情勢不穩定時,除非逐漸民營化,政府僅擔任監督者角色,否則既使修法明定政府干預、挪用基金等限制條文,只要仍維持現行制度精神,由政府管理,便很難防範政治力介入該基金之實際運作。
     基此,本研究提出下述幾點建議:1.政府應致力提升其他職域(身分)人員之老年經濟生活安全保障;2.公務人員請領月退休金年齡條件應予以延後,並適度降低現行給付水準;3.研議增訂彈性退休規定,並研酌展期年金及減額年金之可行性;4.宜朝向「確定給付制」兼採「確定提撥制」混合制方向發展,並逐步提高「確定提撥制」比例及採個人退休金帳戶制;5.修法明確規範退撫基金提撥率之調整機制,以健全基金財務結構;6.宜逐步增加退撫基金國外投資配置比例;7.應研酌未達法定最低收益由國庫補足差額之規定,以免否對資產長期配置造成扭曲;8.對於有價證券之投資應改採市價法評價,以反映基金資產真實價值;9.加強退撫基金財務資訊公開,以利全體投保人之監督;10.現行基金管理與監理組織,可研酌精簡合併為一獨立專業監理機關。11.修法使退撫基金經營管理趨向私有化與自由化。
To confront the ever growing ageing trend and consequent retirement tide, the World Bank has contended three pillars of old age security over the past few years. The ROC government, however, has not yet launched a national pension scheme to ensure the elderly economic security so far although the Plan has been worked out for some time. The country is currently adopting a retirement system based on people’s occupation. Civil servants all along enjoy relatively sound and stabilized retirement benefits even under the aggravating financial difficulties and the economy recession. Together with the increasing unemployment rate, this phenomenon has augmented a great deal of discussion with regard to its fairness. In addition, since the government has played significant role in terms of Pension Fund Management, how to prevent political intervention and avoid mismanagement particularly during economic crisis certainly deserve close scrutiny.
     
     In light of the aforementioned, this study, based on literature review, survey, and Delphi, focuses on the fairness and management perspectives of the existing pension system for civil servants. It is found that most interviewees agree that civil servants comparatively enjoy better retirement benefits than the rest of the population since the current pension system has been designed on occupational basis. It is further observed by the interviewees that political intervention does exist in terms of Pension Fund Management especially during economic recession. It is thus harbored that perhaps only through “privatization”, such intervention can come to its stop.
     
     The study, among other things, suggests the followings:
     
     1.A national pension scheme covering all people is required.
     2.Postponing the age of receiving annuity from the current 50 to a later age and reasonably cutting off some civil servants’ pension benefits need to be addressed.
     3.Adding flexibility to current civil servants’ retirement system is worth pondering.
     4.Working out a system blending together “defined benefit” and “defined contribution” in which the proportion of “defined contribution” should be gradually enlarged. Thoughts with regard to “individual account” should also be studied.
     5.Adjusting the insurance fee for pension fund is necessary in order to ensure financial viability.
     6.Bigger proportion of pension funds’ overseas investment should be allowed.
     7.Investment in securities should be evaluated with market price to reflect the actual value of fund assets.
     8.Pension funds management report should be released to the general public for supervision.
     9.Professional pension fund supervision mechanism has to be established.
     10.Law provisions as to privatize and liberalize the pension fund need to be worked out.
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71.「公務人員退休撫卹基金管理委員會委託辦理基金第二次精算案精算報告」,民92,臺北市,公務人員退休撫卹基金管理委員會。
72.「公務人員退休制度改革方案初步構想草案」民92,《公務人員月刊》80期,頁24-33。
□英文部份
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2. Atchley, R. C. ,1988, . Social forces and aging. (5th ed.). California: Wadswort.
3. Fredman, Albert J. and Russ Wiles ,1993, How Mutual Funds Work , New York Institute of Finance, pp. 215-227.
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5.Logue, Dennis E.; Rader, Jack S. ,1997, Managing Pension Plans , Harvard Business School, 1997, Boston.
6.Cochran, S.W.,1983,”The Delphi method: formulating and refining group judgments. ”,Journal of Human Sciences, vol.2, no.2, pp.111-117.
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描述 碩士
國立政治大學
行政管理碩士學程
919210301
93
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0919210301
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 陳小紅zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 林靜玟zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Lin ,Chin-Wenen_US
dc.creator (作者) 林靜玟zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Lin ,Chin-Wenen_US
dc.date (日期) 2004en_US
dc.date.accessioned 14-Sep-2009 12:44:27 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 14-Sep-2009 12:44:27 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 14-Sep-2009 12:44:27 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0919210301en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/32016-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 行政管理碩士學程zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 919210301zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 93zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 針對各國普遍面臨人口結構逐漸老化、退休人口增加問題,世界銀行曾提出應建立至少三層保障的養老制度之呼籲;而我國迄今尚未建構出一套全面性之老年經濟生活安全保障制度,現有退休制度係依國民職業身分作為區分基礎。近幾年政府財政日趨惡化,加以國內經濟景氣不佳,失業率節節升高,公務人員由於工作與薪資相對較為穩定,其退休給付亦較完備;因此,遂引起各界對公務人員退休給付及其條件之合理及公平性的諸多討論。而公務人員退撫基金管理良窳,除攸關公務人員退休權益,亦牽涉政府最後給付責任,在政府可用資源相對減少下,如何防範政治力介入,暨因應現有制度與管理上的若干缺失,避免未來發生嚴重財務危機,均為本研究之重點。
     本研究採取文獻探討、比較研究法,並輔以德菲爾法(Delphi Method)、問卷調查等方法,就公平及管理角度檢視現行公務人員退休制度所存在之缺失及具體改進之道。研究結果發現大多數受訪者認為我國對老年經濟生活安全之保障,與個人從事職業別有很大關聯;除軍公教人員以外之其他職域與非工資勞動者的老年經濟生活保障普遍不足,故在制度比較上常衍生出差別性待遇公平性問題;而退撫基金經營決策又常有政治力介入,特別是政經情勢不穩定時,除非逐漸民營化,政府僅擔任監督者角色,否則既使修法明定政府干預、挪用基金等限制條文,只要仍維持現行制度精神,由政府管理,便很難防範政治力介入該基金之實際運作。
     基此,本研究提出下述幾點建議:1.政府應致力提升其他職域(身分)人員之老年經濟生活安全保障;2.公務人員請領月退休金年齡條件應予以延後,並適度降低現行給付水準;3.研議增訂彈性退休規定,並研酌展期年金及減額年金之可行性;4.宜朝向「確定給付制」兼採「確定提撥制」混合制方向發展,並逐步提高「確定提撥制」比例及採個人退休金帳戶制;5.修法明確規範退撫基金提撥率之調整機制,以健全基金財務結構;6.宜逐步增加退撫基金國外投資配置比例;7.應研酌未達法定最低收益由國庫補足差額之規定,以免否對資產長期配置造成扭曲;8.對於有價證券之投資應改採市價法評價,以反映基金資產真實價值;9.加強退撫基金財務資訊公開,以利全體投保人之監督;10.現行基金管理與監理組織,可研酌精簡合併為一獨立專業監理機關。11.修法使退撫基金經營管理趨向私有化與自由化。
zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) To confront the ever growing ageing trend and consequent retirement tide, the World Bank has contended three pillars of old age security over the past few years. The ROC government, however, has not yet launched a national pension scheme to ensure the elderly economic security so far although the Plan has been worked out for some time. The country is currently adopting a retirement system based on people’s occupation. Civil servants all along enjoy relatively sound and stabilized retirement benefits even under the aggravating financial difficulties and the economy recession. Together with the increasing unemployment rate, this phenomenon has augmented a great deal of discussion with regard to its fairness. In addition, since the government has played significant role in terms of Pension Fund Management, how to prevent political intervention and avoid mismanagement particularly during economic crisis certainly deserve close scrutiny.
     
     In light of the aforementioned, this study, based on literature review, survey, and Delphi, focuses on the fairness and management perspectives of the existing pension system for civil servants. It is found that most interviewees agree that civil servants comparatively enjoy better retirement benefits than the rest of the population since the current pension system has been designed on occupational basis. It is further observed by the interviewees that political intervention does exist in terms of Pension Fund Management especially during economic recession. It is thus harbored that perhaps only through “privatization”, such intervention can come to its stop.
     
     The study, among other things, suggests the followings:
     
     1.A national pension scheme covering all people is required.
     2.Postponing the age of receiving annuity from the current 50 to a later age and reasonably cutting off some civil servants’ pension benefits need to be addressed.
     3.Adding flexibility to current civil servants’ retirement system is worth pondering.
     4.Working out a system blending together “defined benefit” and “defined contribution” in which the proportion of “defined contribution” should be gradually enlarged. Thoughts with regard to “individual account” should also be studied.
     5.Adjusting the insurance fee for pension fund is necessary in order to ensure financial viability.
     6.Bigger proportion of pension funds’ overseas investment should be allowed.
     7.Investment in securities should be evaluated with market price to reflect the actual value of fund assets.
     8.Pension funds management report should be released to the general public for supervision.
     9.Professional pension fund supervision mechanism has to be established.
     10.Law provisions as to privatize and liberalize the pension fund need to be worked out.
en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第壹章 緒論
     第一節 研究動機與目的 ..................1
     第二節 研究範圍、對象與流程 ...............6
     第三節 研究方法與限制..................11
     第貳章 文獻探討
     第一節 公務人員退休制度之意涵..............15
     第二節 退休制度之定義與分類...............17
     第三節 國內外退休制度及退休基金管理相關研究.......22
     第四節 國外主要國家退休制度及其管理之介紹........29
     第五節 本章小結.....................64
     第參章 公務人員退休給付與退撫基金管理現況探討
     第一節 現行公務與其他身分人員退休給與內容之介紹與比較..67
     第二節 公務人員退撫基金管理機制與概況..........83
     第三節 公務人員退撫基金管理現存問題之剖析........94
     第四節 本章小結.....................102
     第肆章 德菲爾法實施與研究結果分析
     第一節 德菲爾法之研究實施................104
     □受訪專家學者遴選..................104
     □第一回合問卷施測..................107
     □第二回合問卷施測..................109
     □第三回合問卷施測..................109
     □德菲爾法問卷分析工具................110
     第二節 德菲爾法研究資料分析...............112
     □第一回合德菲爾法問卷回收資料分析..........113
     □第二回合德菲爾法問卷回收資料分析..........118
     □第三回合德菲爾法問卷回收資料分析..........128
     第三節 本章小結.....................149
     第伍章 問卷調查法實施與研究結果分析
     第一節 問卷調查法之研究資料蒐集.............153
     □研究對象......................153
     □調查問卷設計與抽樣.................154
     □調查問卷之分析工具.................157
     第二節 問卷調查法研究資料分析..............159
     □有效樣本特性與信度分析...............159
     □一般問項結果分析..................162
     □公教人員專屬問項結果分析..............171
     □變異數及相關性分析.................183
     第三節 本章小結.....................194
     第陸章 德菲爾法及問卷調查法研究結果比較分析
     第一節 公平層面意見比較分析...............198
     第二節 管理層面意見比較分析...............201
     第三節 本章小結.....................207
     第柒章 結論與建議
     第一節 研究結果.....................210
     第二節 研究建議.....................213
     參考書目..........................225
     附錄............................231
     一:「德菲法之理論基礎與運用」
     二:「第一回合 德菲法專家問卷」
     三:「第二回合 德菲法專家問卷」
     四:「第三回合 德菲法專家問卷」
     五:「一般調查問卷」
zh_TW
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0919210301en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 公務人員退休制度zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 退休基金zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 公平zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 管理zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 確定提撥制zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Civil Servants’ Retirement Systemen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) pension funden_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) equityen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) managementen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Defined Contributionen_US
dc.title (題名) 現行公務人員退休制度之研究-公平及管理層面之分析zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Civil Servants’ Retirement System-An Equity and Management Perspectivesen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
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