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題名 建商不動產表價與議價策略之探討--景氣時機、個案區位、建商類型、及推案屬性分析
作者 鄒欣樺
貢獻者 張金鶚
鄒欣樺
關鍵詞 建商行為
訂價策略
市場追隨策略
市場區隔策略
日期 2005
上傳時間 14-九月-2009 13:53:24 (UTC+8)
摘要 一般產品常以表價高低或價格折扣策略作為對外促銷手法,房地產市場議價策略普遍存在,但議價空間為內在未知。過去研究以中古屋賣方訂價為主,且將議價空間視為因變數,對建商訂價與議價空間之相互關連性與策略應用的討論較為不足。本文運用3SLS聯立模型發現表價與議價空間影響因果為正向,每坪表價、議價空間率調升1%,議價空間率、表價每坪會調升0.27%及5.5萬元。
     關於建商表價與議價策略的討論,國內尚缺乏專文,本文將表價與議價策略決策分為兩階段論述,並以二項式logistic模型討論建商表價與議價策略。建商較少採用價格區隔策略,與近代行銷理念趨向消費者區隔取向不同,在房地產實行市場區隔訂價策略是否能降低風險或提升報酬,則有待進一步研究。主流產品,競爭對象多,會以高表價作出區隔,高議價空間來減低交易失敗率;流動性高市場傾向榨取訂價以獲得更多利潤,非因預計需求的情況決策,較受總體因素影響。
Firms often use asking prices and discount rates as their strategies of promoting products. So do real estate developers. Previous literatures mainly focus on the relationship of asking prices and discount rates of existing houses sold by homeowners or brokers, but ignore the interrelationship and strategy of them of new houses sold by developers. First, using 3SLS model, this paper finds that there is a positive effects between asking price and discount rate. For instance, the increase of 10,000 NTD per ping of asking prices raises 0.27% of discount rate, in the other side, the increase of 1% of discount rate brings up 55,000 NTD per ping.
     Next, we use binomial logistic model to analyze developers’ asking prices and discount rates strategies by regarding them as two-steps decision makings. The finding is developers still prefer going rate pricing as their marketing approach. The effectiveness of segmented pricing to reduce risk or raise return needs to be tested in the future. Third, due to high competitiveness of main stream products, developers intend to take high asking prices and discount rates to increase the probability of transaction. Last but not least, developers affected by macro-factors in a high liquidity period like to take skimming pricing strategy to grab more profits.
參考文獻 □ 中文文獻
李春長(1996), 「房地產仲介市場賣方訂價與成交價和銷售期間關係之研究」,中央研究院經濟論文,第二十四卷第四期,頁591-616。
李泓見、張金鶚(2005),「從不同住宅類型探討面積與單價之關係」,中華民國住宅學會第十四屆年會論文集。
阮如舫(2005),房地產行銷。台北:五南出版事業股份有限公司。
林育聖,張金鶚(2004),「建商訂價行為之研究—探討不同類型建商訂價行為之差異」,中華民國住宅學會第十三屆年會論文集。
林祖嘉(1992),「台灣地區房租與房價關係之研究」,台灣銀行季刊第43卷第1期,頁279-312。
林祖嘉、林素菁(2006),「住宅次市場定義合理性之探討:因素分析法之運用」,中華民國住宅學會第十五屆年會論文集。
林秋瑾(1996),「穩健性住宅租金模式之探討-異常點之分析」,住宅學報第四期,頁51-72。
林秋瑾、楊宗憲、張金鶚(1996),「住宅價格指數之研究—以台北市為例」,住宅學報第四期,頁1-30。
波特 (Porter, Michael E.)著(1980),蔡正雄譯,競爭策略,台北市:華泰, 民80再版。
張金鶚(2003),房地產投資與市場分析,台北:華泰出版事業股份有限公司。
張雅慧 (2002),「租賃住宅之需求彈性與所得彈性」,成功大學都市計畫研究所碩士論文。
陳心怡(2002),「台北都會區住宅次市場之界定及交互關係探討」,成功大學都市計畫研究所碩士論文。
馮先勉、張玉貞(1995),房地產行銷實務,台北:華泰書局。
楊宗憲(2004),「住宅市場分析的三個議題 產品定位、餘屋、第二屋之研究」,政治大學地政系博士論文。
賴鳴美、彭建文(2005a),「賣方訂價策略對銷售期間之影響分析」,2005年不動產經營與實務學術研討會論文集。
賴鳴美、彭建文(2005b),「表價與市價偏離度對不動產流動性影響之分析」,中華民國住宅學會第十四屆年會學術研討會論文集。
□ 英文文獻
Allen,M.T. and Dare,W.H.(2004)”The Effects of Charm List Ptices on House Transaction Prices”,Real Estate Economics,32,(4),695-713.
Anglin,P. M.(1997),”Determinants of Buyer Search in a Housing Market”, Real estate Economics, 25,(4),pp567-589.
Anglin,P. M.,Rutherford,R.C.,and Springer,T.M.(2003),”The Trade-off Between the Selling Price of Residential Properties and Time on Market:The Impact of Price Setting”, Journal of Real estate Finance and Economics, 26,(1),pp95-111.
Arnold M. A.,(1999)”Search ,Bargaining and Optimal Asking Prices”,Real estate economics,fall; 27(3),pp453-476.
Bourassa S. C.,Hamelink F,Hoesli M,MacGregor B(1999),”Defining Housing Submarkets” Journal of Housing Economics ,8, pp 160-183.
Cannon and Morgan(1991)”A Strategic Pricing Framework”Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing ,6(3-4), pp59-70.
Cubbins J.(1974)”Price,Quality,and Selling Time in the Housing Market.”Applied Economics, 6(2),pp171-187.
Dale-Johnson D,(1982)”An Alternitive Approach to Housing Market Segmentation Using Hendonic Data”, Journal of Urban Economics , l, pp311-322.
Dolan, R J.and Simon H.(1997),Power pricing : how managing price transforms the bottom line。UK:Simon & Schuster Ltd.
Goodman A. C. and Thibodeau T. G., (1998 )“Housing Market Segmentation”, Journal of Housing Economics , 7, pp 121-143.
Grigsby, W., baratz, M., Galster, G. and Maclennan, D. (1987) “The Dynamic of
Neighborhood Change and Decline”, Progress in Planning, 28(1),pp 1-76.
Harding J. P., Knight J. R., Sirmans C. F.,(2003)”Estimating Bargaining Effects in Hedonic Models:Evidence from the Housing Market”,Real estate Economics, 31(4), pp601-623.
Herrin W. E.,Knight J. R.,Sirmans C. F.,(2004)”Price Cutting Behavior in Residential Markets”, Journal of Housing Economics,13, pp95-207.
Kolter,P.and Armstrong G.(2003),Principles of marketing,10th ed。New Jersey:Prentice Hall.
Leishman,C.(2001)”House Building and Product Differentiation:An Hendonic Price Approach ”,Journal of Housing and Built Environment, 16,pp131-152.
Miller,N.G.,(1982),Residential Property Hedonic Pricing Model:A Review,Research in Real Estate,Vol.12,pp.31-56
Ong S.E, Cheng F J, Boon B and Sing T F,(2003)”ACADEMIC PAPERS :Oligopolistic Bidding and Pricing in Real Estate Development:Experimental Evidence” , Journal of Property and Investment & Finance, 21(2), pp.154-189.
Springer,T.M.(1996),”Single-Family Housing Transaction:Seller Motivations , Prices,and Marketing Time”, Journal of Real estate Finance and Economics, 13,(3),pp237-254.
Wilhelmsson M.(2004), “A method to derive housing sub-markets and reduce spatial-dependency”, Property Management. Bradford, 22(3-4),pp276-289.
Yavas,A. and Yang, S.X.(1995)”The Strategic Role of Listing Price in Marketing Real estate:Theory an Evidence”,AREUEA Journal ,23(3),pp347-368.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
地政研究所
93257012
94
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0093257012
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 張金鶚zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (作者) 鄒欣樺zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) 鄒欣樺zh_TW
dc.date (日期) 2005en_US
dc.date.accessioned 14-九月-2009 13:53:24 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 14-九月-2009 13:53:24 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 14-九月-2009 13:53:24 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0093257012en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/32398-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 地政研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 93257012zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 94zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 一般產品常以表價高低或價格折扣策略作為對外促銷手法,房地產市場議價策略普遍存在,但議價空間為內在未知。過去研究以中古屋賣方訂價為主,且將議價空間視為因變數,對建商訂價與議價空間之相互關連性與策略應用的討論較為不足。本文運用3SLS聯立模型發現表價與議價空間影響因果為正向,每坪表價、議價空間率調升1%,議價空間率、表價每坪會調升0.27%及5.5萬元。
     關於建商表價與議價策略的討論,國內尚缺乏專文,本文將表價與議價策略決策分為兩階段論述,並以二項式logistic模型討論建商表價與議價策略。建商較少採用價格區隔策略,與近代行銷理念趨向消費者區隔取向不同,在房地產實行市場區隔訂價策略是否能降低風險或提升報酬,則有待進一步研究。主流產品,競爭對象多,會以高表價作出區隔,高議價空間來減低交易失敗率;流動性高市場傾向榨取訂價以獲得更多利潤,非因預計需求的情況決策,較受總體因素影響。
zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Firms often use asking prices and discount rates as their strategies of promoting products. So do real estate developers. Previous literatures mainly focus on the relationship of asking prices and discount rates of existing houses sold by homeowners or brokers, but ignore the interrelationship and strategy of them of new houses sold by developers. First, using 3SLS model, this paper finds that there is a positive effects between asking price and discount rate. For instance, the increase of 10,000 NTD per ping of asking prices raises 0.27% of discount rate, in the other side, the increase of 1% of discount rate brings up 55,000 NTD per ping.
     Next, we use binomial logistic model to analyze developers’ asking prices and discount rates strategies by regarding them as two-steps decision makings. The finding is developers still prefer going rate pricing as their marketing approach. The effectiveness of segmented pricing to reduce risk or raise return needs to be tested in the future. Third, due to high competitiveness of main stream products, developers intend to take high asking prices and discount rates to increase the probability of transaction. Last but not least, developers affected by macro-factors in a high liquidity period like to take skimming pricing strategy to grab more profits.
en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 摘要 1
     第一章 緒論 3
     第一節 研究動機與目的 3
     第二節 研究問題與方法 7
     第三節 研究範圍與流程 8
     第二章 文獻回顧與相關理論探討 10
     第一節 房地產訂價相關文獻與理論 10
     第二節 一般商品訂價理論 14
     第三節 訂價策略與訂價目標 17
     第四節 小結 19
     第三章 資料處理與分析 20
     第一節 資料來源與篩選 20
     第二節 景氣時機、個案區位、建商類型與推案屬性劃分 21
     第三節 建商推案相關敘述統計說明 26
     第四章 表價與議價聯立模型與實証分析 27
     第一節 模型設定與變數選取 27
     第二節 實證結果分析 30
     第五章 建商訂價模式選擇模型建構與實証分析 33
     第一節 訂價策略之劃分 33
     第二節 市場追隨與市場區隔訂價策略之選擇 36
     第三節 高表價高議價與低表價低議價策略之選擇 38
     第四節 榨取訂價與滲透訂價之選擇 40
     第五節 小結 42
     第六章 結論與後續研究 43
     第一節 結論與建議 43
     第二節 研究限制與後續研究 45
     參考文獻 46
     附錄一:建設公司及中古屋仲介人員訪談整理 附-1
     
     
     圖目錄
     圖1-1 研究流程……………………………………………………………………9
     圖2-1 訂價策略與訂價目標關係圖……………………………………………17
     圖3-1 景氣指標及平均開價圖…………………………………………………..21
     圖5-1 訂價策略散佈圖…………………………………………………………..33
     
     表目錄
     表2-1建商訂價策略特性與決策形成條件比較表………………………………19
     表3-1次市場劃分變數表........................................................................................23
     表3-2 變數基本敘述統計………………………………………………………...26
     表4-1 表價與議價空間的三階段最小平方法聯立模型…………………………32
     表5-1 訂價策略統計表……………………………………………………………31
     表5-2 不同景氣、建商類型與區位訂價策略統計表…………………………...34
     表5-3 建商訂價策略選擇logit模型校估結果(一)…………………………..37
     表5-4 建商訂價策略選擇logit模型校估結果(二)…………………………..39
     表5-5 建商訂價策略選擇logit模型校估結果(三)…………………………41
zh_TW
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0093257012en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 建商行為zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 訂價策略zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 市場追隨策略zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 市場區隔策略zh_TW
dc.title (題名) 建商不動產表價與議價策略之探討--景氣時機、個案區位、建商類型、及推案屬性分析zh_TW
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) □ 中文文獻zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 李春長(1996), 「房地產仲介市場賣方訂價與成交價和銷售期間關係之研究」,中央研究院經濟論文,第二十四卷第四期,頁591-616。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 李泓見、張金鶚(2005),「從不同住宅類型探討面積與單價之關係」,中華民國住宅學會第十四屆年會論文集。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 阮如舫(2005),房地產行銷。台北:五南出版事業股份有限公司。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 林育聖,張金鶚(2004),「建商訂價行為之研究—探討不同類型建商訂價行為之差異」,中華民國住宅學會第十三屆年會論文集。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 林祖嘉(1992),「台灣地區房租與房價關係之研究」,台灣銀行季刊第43卷第1期,頁279-312。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 林祖嘉、林素菁(2006),「住宅次市場定義合理性之探討:因素分析法之運用」,中華民國住宅學會第十五屆年會論文集。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 林秋瑾(1996),「穩健性住宅租金模式之探討-異常點之分析」,住宅學報第四期,頁51-72。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 林秋瑾、楊宗憲、張金鶚(1996),「住宅價格指數之研究—以台北市為例」,住宅學報第四期,頁1-30。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 波特 (Porter, Michael E.)著(1980),蔡正雄譯,競爭策略,台北市:華泰, 民80再版。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 張金鶚(2003),房地產投資與市場分析,台北:華泰出版事業股份有限公司。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 張雅慧 (2002),「租賃住宅之需求彈性與所得彈性」,成功大學都市計畫研究所碩士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 陳心怡(2002),「台北都會區住宅次市場之界定及交互關係探討」,成功大學都市計畫研究所碩士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 馮先勉、張玉貞(1995),房地產行銷實務,台北:華泰書局。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 楊宗憲(2004),「住宅市場分析的三個議題 產品定位、餘屋、第二屋之研究」,政治大學地政系博士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 賴鳴美、彭建文(2005a),「賣方訂價策略對銷售期間之影響分析」,2005年不動產經營與實務學術研討會論文集。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 賴鳴美、彭建文(2005b),「表價與市價偏離度對不動產流動性影響之分析」,中華民國住宅學會第十四屆年會學術研討會論文集。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) □ 英文文獻zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Allen,M.T. and Dare,W.H.(2004)”The Effects of Charm List Ptices on House Transaction Prices”,Real Estate Economics,32,(4),695-713.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Anglin,P. M.(1997),”Determinants of Buyer Search in a Housing Market”, Real estate Economics, 25,(4),pp567-589.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Anglin,P. M.,Rutherford,R.C.,and Springer,T.M.(2003),”The Trade-off Between the Selling Price of Residential Properties and Time on Market:The Impact of Price Setting”, Journal of Real estate Finance and Economics, 26,(1),pp95-111.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Arnold M. A.,(1999)”Search ,Bargaining and Optimal Asking Prices”,Real estate economics,fall; 27(3),pp453-476.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bourassa S. C.,Hamelink F,Hoesli M,MacGregor B(1999),”Defining Housing Submarkets” Journal of Housing Economics ,8, pp 160-183.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cannon and Morgan(1991)”A Strategic Pricing Framework”Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing ,6(3-4), pp59-70.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cubbins J.(1974)”Price,Quality,and Selling Time in the Housing Market.”Applied Economics, 6(2),pp171-187.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dale-Johnson D,(1982)”An Alternitive Approach to Housing Market Segmentation Using Hendonic Data”, Journal of Urban Economics , l, pp311-322.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dolan, R J.and Simon H.(1997),Power pricing : how managing price transforms the bottom line。UK:Simon & Schuster Ltd.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Goodman A. C. and Thibodeau T. G., (1998 )“Housing Market Segmentation”, Journal of Housing Economics , 7, pp 121-143.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Grigsby, W., baratz, M., Galster, G. and Maclennan, D. (1987) “The Dynamic ofzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Neighborhood Change and Decline”, Progress in Planning, 28(1),pp 1-76.zh_TW
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