| dc.contributor.advisor | 廖瑞銘 | zh_TW |
| dc.contributor.author (Authors) | 林緯倫 | zh_TW |
| dc.contributor.author (Authors) | Lin, Wea Lun | en_US |
| dc.creator (作者) | 林緯倫 | zh_TW |
| dc.creator (作者) | Lin, Wea Lun | en_US |
| dc.date (日期) | 2007 | en_US |
| dc.date.accessioned | 17-Sep-2009 13:13:53 (UTC+8) | - |
| dc.date.available | 17-Sep-2009 13:13:53 (UTC+8) | - |
| dc.date.issued (上傳時間) | 17-Sep-2009 13:13:53 (UTC+8) | - |
| dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) | G0093752001 | en_US |
| dc.identifier.uri (URI) | https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/32484 | - |
| dc.description (描述) | 碩士 | zh_TW |
| dc.description (描述) | 國立政治大學 | zh_TW |
| dc.description (描述) | 心理學研究所 | zh_TW |
| dc.description (描述) | 93752001 | zh_TW |
| dc.description (描述) | 96 | zh_TW |
| dc.description.abstract (摘要) | 很多行為的建構基礎是來自酬賞動機，而個體的行為表現通常是動態的歷程，其中對酬賞物的“價值”比較，是決定行為是否輸出或輸出多少的重要關鍵。在鼠類的動物行為模式中，可以利用甜液舔飲來進行這種對比(contrast)歷程的實驗。在受試可先後獲得兩次舔飲機會的實驗情境中，若兩管濃度皆為4%的蔗糖液先後間隔特定時距出現，受試會隨訓練天數增加而增加對兩管糖液的舔飲表現。若第一管4%蔗糖液之後會呈現濃度較高的32%蔗糖液，受試舔飲第一管同為濃度4%蔗糖液的表現會隨訓練天數增加而先增後減。這兩組受試對第一管糖液的舔飲量差異，即稱為預期性對比效果。一般認為此現象是受試等待與預期較高酬賞價值的糖液，而抑制當前較低酬賞價值糖液的舔飲。過去對此現象的研究主要關注在行為層面的探討，然而其相關神經機制的研究並不多，本研究的目的即在於探討與習得或形成預期性對比行為有關的神經機制。一般認為預期性對比效果的習得包含多階段的歷程，可能與多種心理行為面向有關，因此很有可能是經由多元性的神經機制參與。預期性對比效果的形成與否與兩糖液呈現的間距長短有很大的關係。本研究實驗一以0.5分鐘、2分鐘以及6分鐘三個不同的糖液間距引發的預期對比效果，從當中選取可有效形成預期性對比效果的0.5分鐘為實驗二糖液間距的依據。實驗二分別以興奮性神經毒素破壞依核核心區、眶前額皮質區以及杏仁體基側核區等三個神經區域。結果顯示杏仁核基側核區破壞不影響預期性對比效果的習得，而依核核心區以及眶前額皮質的破壞使受試無法習得預期性對比效果。綜合以上結果，預期性對比效果的習得是依靠有效的糖液呈現間距去進行酬賞比較，腦中依核核心區及眶前額皮質區與該種對比有關。 | zh_TW |
| dc.description.abstract (摘要) | Many types of behavior are constructed on the basis of reward motivation, which can be run in dynamic processes. Among those processes potentially involved, the reward comparison is a key determinant for the magnitude of behavioral output. The licking of sweet solution in the rat can be used as an animal model to investigate the contrast effect derived from reward comparison. In which, the subjects presented two sweet solutions in a sequential order each day may suppress intake of the first solution if the second solution is preferred. This phenomenon is termed anticipatory contrast effect (ACE). It is hypothesized that ACE could be built via an inhibition process associated with subject’s waiting for a preferred solution as presented by a less preferred solution. Most of the previous studies were mainly focused on the behavioral aspects of ACE. The present study intended to investigate the neural mechanisms of ACE. In considering that the formation of ACE requires multiple-stage processes, this study presumed that more than one brain area could be involved in mediating those psycho-behavioral processes. Experiment 1 was intended to establish behavioral model by manipulating the effectiveness of different inter-solution interval (ISI; 0.5, 2.0, and 6.0 min). The results showed that the ISI of 0.5 min is the critical parameters for the successful formation of ACE, which was then applied in Experiment 2. Experiment 2 investigated the effects of excitotoxin lesion conducted by ibotenic acid in the nucleus accumbens core (NACc), orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) or basolateral amygdala (BLA) on the acquisition of ACE. The result showed the rats with NACc or OFC lesion significantly failed to acquire ACE, but no such impairment appeared to BLA lesion. Together, these data suggest that the formation of ACE is depended upon the ISI leading to an effective reward comparison, and the NACc or OFC is involved in such a contrast processing. | en_US |
| dc.description.tableofcontents | 目錄……………………………………………………………………… i圖目錄…………………………………………………………………ii中文摘要……………………………………………………………………… 1英文摘要……………………………………………………………………… 2第一章 研究背景…………………………………………………………… 4一、 前言 …………………………………………………………… 4二、 對比效果 ……………………………………………………… 4三、 預期性對比效果 ……………………………………………… 6(一) 酬賞物的相對價值 ……………………………………… 6(二) 甜液體刺激間距 ………………………………………… 7(三) 糖液呈現的時間長度………………………………………8四、 預期性對比效果的行為內涵 ………………………………… 9五、 預期性對比效果的神經機制之相關研究 …………………… 9六、 研究問題……………………………………………………… 13第二章 研究方法…………………………………………………………15一、 受試……………………………………………………………15二、 藥物……………………………………………………………15三、 儀器……………………………………………………………15四、 統計考驗……………………………………………………… 16第三章 實驗一 …………………………………………………………… 17步驟 ……………………………………………………………… 17結果 ……………………………………………………………… 18討論 ……………………………………………………………… 20第四章 實驗二 …………………………………………………………… 22步驟 ……………………………………………………………… 22手術 ……………………………………………………………… 22組織切片與染色…………………………………………………… 23結果 ………………………………………………………………24討論…………………………………………………………………29第五章 綜合討論……………………………………………………………30參考文獻 …………………………………………………………………… 42附圖說明 ……………………………………………………………………49附圖(圖一至圖十一) ……………………………………………………… 52 | zh_TW |
| dc.format.extent | 44136 bytes | - |
| dc.format.extent | 68671 bytes | - |
| dc.format.extent | 119964 bytes | - |
| dc.format.extent | 103830 bytes | - |
| dc.format.extent | 227165 bytes | - |
| dc.format.extent | 204665 bytes | - |
| dc.format.extent | 211480 bytes | - |
| dc.format.extent | 220046 bytes | - |
| dc.format.extent | 230209 bytes | - |
| dc.format.extent | 197015 bytes | - |
| dc.format.extent | 3567358 bytes | - |
| dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | - |
| dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | - |
| dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | - |
| dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | - |
| dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | - |
| dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | - |
| dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | - |
| dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | - |
| dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | - |
| dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | - |
| dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | - |
| dc.language.iso | en_US | - |
| dc.source.uri (資料來源) | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0093752001 | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 預期性對比效果 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 延宕折扣 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 依核核心區 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 眶前額皮質區 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 杏仁體基側核區 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | anticipatory contrast effect | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | delay discounting | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | nucleus accumbens core | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | orbitofrontal cortex | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | basolateral amygdala | en_US |
| dc.title (題名) | 探討預期性對比效果之神經機制 | zh_TW |
| dc.title (題名) | Investigation of the neural mechanisms of anticipatory contrast effect | en_US |
| dc.type (資料類型) | thesis | en |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Bechara, A., Damasio, H., Tranel, D., & Damasio, A. R. (1997). Deciding advantageously before knowing the advantageous strategy. Science, 275, 1293-1295. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Bjork, J. M., Knutson, B., Fong, G. W., Caggiano, D. M., Bennett, S. M., & Hommer, D. W. (2004). Incentive-elicited brain activation in adolescents: Similarities and differences from young adults. Journal of Neuroscience,24, 1793-1802. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Bohn, I., Giertler, C., & Haubert, W. (2003). Orbital prefrontal cortex and guidance of instrumental behaviour in rats under reversal conditions. Behavioural Brain Research 143, 49-56. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Cardinal, R. N. (2006). Neural systems implicated in delayed and probabilistic reinforcement. Neural Networks, 19, 1277-1301. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Cardinal, R. N., & Howes, N. J. (2005). Effects of lesions of the nucleus accumbens core on choice between small certain rewards and large uncertain rewards in rats. BMC Neuroscience, 6, 37. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Cardinal, R. N., Pennicott, D. R., Sugathapala, C. L., Robbins, T. W., & Everitt, B. J. (2001). Impulsive choice induced in rats by lesions of the nucleus accumbens core. Science, 292, 2499-2501. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Cromwell, H. C., & Schultz, W. (2003). Effects of expectations for different reward magnitudes on neuronal activity in primate striatum. Journal of Neurophysiology, 89, 2823-2838. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Flaherty, C. F. (1982). Incentive contrast: A review of behavioral changes following shift in reward. Animal Learning & Behavior, 10, 409-440. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Flaherty, C. F. (1996). Incentive relativity. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Flaherty, C. F., & Checke, S. (1982). Anticipation of incentive gain. Animal Learning & Behavior, 10, 177-182. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Flaherty, C. F., Coppotelli, C., Grigson, P. S., Mitchell, C., & Flaherty, J. E. (1995). Investigation of the devaluation interpretation of anticipatory negative contrast. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 21, 229-247. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Flaherty, C. F., Grigson, P. S., Checke, S., & Hnat, K. C. (1991). Deprivation state and temporal horizons in anticipatory contrast. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 17, 503-518. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Flaherty, C. F., Grigson, P. S., Coppotelli, C., & Mitchell, C. (1996). Anticipatory contrast as a function of access time and spatial location of saccharin and sucrose solutions. Animal Learning & Behavior, 24, 68-81. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Flaherty, C. F., Grigson, P. S., & Lind, S. (1990). Chlordiazepoxide and the moderation of the initial response to reward reduction. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 42B, 87-105. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Flaherty, C. F., & Rowan, G. A. (1985). Anticipatory contrast: within-subjects analysis. Animal Learning & Behavior, 13, 2-5. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Flaherty, C. F., & Rowan, G. A. (1986). Successive, simultaneous, and anticipatory contrast in the consumption of saccharin solutions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 12, 381-393. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Flaherty, C. F., & Rowan, G. A. (1988). Effect of intersolution interval, chlordiazepoxide and amphetamine on anticipatory contrast. Animal Learning & Behavior, 16, 47-52. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Flaherty, C. F., Rowan, G. A., Emerich, D., & Walsh, T. (1989). Effects of intra-hippocampal administration of colchicines on incentive contrast and on radial maze performance. Behavioral Neuroscience, 103, 319-328. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Flaherty, C. F., Turovsky, J., & Krauss, K. L. (1994). Relative hedonic value modulates anticipatory contrast. Physiology & Behavior, 55, 1047-1054. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Gallagher, M., McMahan, R.W., and Schoenbaum, G. (1999). Orbitofrontal cortex and representation of incentive value in associative learning. Journal of Neuroscience, 19, 6610-6614. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Gilbert, P. E., & Kesner, R. P. (2002). The amygdala but not the hippocampus is involved in pattern separation based on reward value. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 77, 338-353. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Grigson, P. S. (1997). Conditioned Taste Aversions and Drugs of Abuse: A Reinterpretation. Behavioral Neuroscience, 111, 129-136. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Grigson, P. S. (2000). Drug of abuse and reward comparison: a brief review. Appetite, 35, 89-91. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Grigson, P. S. (2002). Like drugs for chocolate: Separate rewards modulated by common mechanisms?. Physiology & Behavior, 76, 389-395. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Hikosaka, K., & Watanabe, M. (2000). Delay activity of orbito and lateral prefrontal neurons of monkey varying with different rewards. Cerebral Cortex, 10, 263-271. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Ho, M. Y., Mobini, S., Chiang, T. J., Bradshaw, C. M., & Szabadi, E. (1999). Theory and method in the quantitative analysis of “impulsive choice” behaviour: implications for psychopharmacology. Psychopharmacology, 146, 362-372. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Holland, P. C., & Gallagher, M. (2004). Amygdala-frontal interactions and reward expectancy. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 14, 148-155. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Kesner, R. P., & Gilbert, P. E. (2007). The role of agranular insular cortex in anticipation of reward contrast. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 88, 82-86. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Kheramin, S., Body, S., Ho, M. Y., Velazquez-Martinez, D. N., Bradshaw, C. M., Szabadi, E., Deakin, J. F. W., & Anderson, I. M. (2003). Role of the orbital prefrontal cortex in choice between delayed and uncertain reinforcers: a quantitative analysis. Behavioural Processes, 64, 239-250. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Leszczuk, M. H., & Flaherty, C. F. (2000). Lesions of nucleus accumbens reduce instrumental but not consummatory negative contrast in rats. Behavioural Brain Research, 116, 61-79. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Liao, R. M., & Chuang, F. J. (2003). Differential effects of diazepam infused into the amygdala and hippocampus on negative contrast. Pharmacology, Biochemistry & Behavior, 74, 953-960. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Lucas, G. A., Gawley, D. J., & Timberlake, W. (1988). Anticipatory contrast as a measure of time horizons in the rat: Some methodological determinants. Animal Learning & Behavior, 16, 377-382. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Lucas, G. A., Timberlake, W., Gawley, D. J., & Drew, J. (1990). Anticipation of future food: Suppression and facilitation of saccharin intake depending on the delay and type of future food. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 16, 169-177. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | McDonald, A. J. (1991). Organization of amygdaloid projections to the prefrontal cortex and associated striatum in the rat. Neuroscience, 44, 1-14. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Mitchell, C., & Flaherty, C. F. (1998). Temporal dynamics of corticosterone elevation in successive negative contrast. Physiology & Behavior, 64, 287-292. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Miyazaki, K., Mogi, E., Araki, N., & Matsumoto, G. (1998). Reward-quality dependent anticipation in rat nucleus accumbens. Neuroreport, 9, 3943-3948. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Mobini, S., Body, S., Ho, M. Y., Bradshaw, C. M., Szabadi, E., Deakin, J. F., & Anderson, I. M. (2002). Effects of lesions of the orbitofrontal cortex on sensitivity to delayed and probabilistic reinforcement. Psychopharmacology, 160, 290-298. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Moss, N. D., Clarke, J. C., & Kehoe, E. J. (2002). Paradoxical effects of hedonic disparities in negative anticipatory contrast. Physiology & Behavior, 75, 435-442. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Ongur, D., & Price, J. L. (2000). The organization of networks within the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex of rats, monkeys and himans. Cerebral Cortex, 10, 206-219. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Papini, M. R. (2003). Comparative psychology of surprising nonreward. Brain, Behavior and Evolution, 62, 83-95. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Paxinos, G., & Watson, C. (2007). The rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates 6th edition. Australia: Academic Press. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Pothuizen, H. H., Jongen-Relo, A. L., Feldon, J., & Yee, B. K. (2005). Double dissociation of the effects of selective nucleus accumbens core and shell lesions on impulsive-choice behaviour and salience learning in rats. European Journal of Neuroscience, 22, 2605-2616. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Ragozzino, M. E., & Kesner, R. P. (1999). The role of the agranular insular cortex in working memory for food reward value and allocentric space in rats. Behavioural Brain Research, 98, 103-112. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Reilly, S., Bornovalova, M., & Trifunovic, R. (2004). Excitotoxic lesions of the gustatory thalamus spare simultaneous contrast effects but eliminate anticipatory negative contrast: Evidence against a memory deficit. Behavioral Neuroscience, 118, 365-376. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Reilly, S., & Pritchard, T. C. (1996). Gustatory thalamus lesions in the Rat: II. Aversive and appetitive taste conditioning. Behavioral Neuroscience, 110, 746-759. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Roesch, M. R., Taylor, A. R., & Schoenbaum, G. (2006). Encoding of time-discounted rewards in orbitofrontal cortex is independent of value representation. Neuron, 51, 509-520. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Rolls, E. T. (2000). The orbitofrontal cortex and reward. Cerebral Cortex, 10, 284-294. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Schoenbaum, G., Chiba, A. A., & Gallagher, M. (1998). Orbitofrontal cortex and basolateral amygdala encode expected outcomes during learning. Nature Neuroscience, 1, 155-159. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Schoenbaum, G., Setlow, B., & Ramus, S. J. (2003). A systems approach to orbitofrontal cortex function: recordings in rat orbitofrontal cortex reveal interactions with different learning systems. Behavioural Brain Research, 146, 19-29. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Schoenbaum, G., Setlow, B., Saddoris, M. P., & Gallagher, M. (2003). Encoding predicted outcome and acquired value in orbitofrontal cortex during cue sampling depends upon input from basolateral amygdale. Neuron, 39, 855-867. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Schroy, P. L., Wheeler, R. A., Davidson, C., Scalera, G., Twining, R. C., & Grigson, P. S. (2005). Role of gustatory thalamus in anticipation and comparison of rewards over time in rats. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 288, 966-990. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Schultz, W., Apicella, P., Scarnati, E., & Ljungberg, T. (1992). Neuronal activity in monkey ventral striatum related to the expectation of reward. The Journal of Neuroscience, 12, 4595-4610. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Tremblay, L., & Schultz, W. (1999). Relative reward preference in primate Orbitofrontal cortex. Nature, 398, 704-708. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Winstanley, C. A., Theobald, D. E., Cardinal, R. N., & Robbins, T. W. (2004). Contrasting roles of basolateral amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex in impulsive choice. Journal of Neuroscience, 24, 4718-4722. | zh_TW |
