學術產出-學位論文

題名 ADHD次分類型在認知功能與行為表現間的關係
The relationship between cognitive function and behavior performance in ADHD subtypes
作者 王淳弘
貢獻者 修慧蘭
王淳弘
關鍵詞 次分類型
認知功能
行為表現
ADHD
subtypes
cognitive function
behavioral performance
GDS
DBRS
日期 2005
上傳時間 17-九月-2009 13:21:00 (UTC+8)
摘要 本研究目的,在探討以行為症狀區分的ADHD次分類型,是否也能在認知功能上有其相對映的區辨?本研究以行為症狀量表DBRS,測量受試者在不專心注意與過動/易衝動向度上的行為症狀表現,以神經心理測驗GDS,測量受試者在不專心注意與過動/易衝動向度上的認知功能表現。

本研究假設認為,以行為症狀量表DBRS所區辨出的不同ADHD次分類型,在神經心理測驗GDS上,應具有不同的認知功能表現模式。透過對63名6~9歲的男性學齡受試者,由行為症狀量表DBRS區分ADHD次分類型,並以單因子變異數分析及Pearson積差相關等方式,檢驗不同次分類型間在神經心理測驗GDS上的認知功能差異與關係。

研究結果顯示,以DBRS所區分的次分類型,在GDS各相關認知功能指標上,都無法有效獲得顯著的差異與關係;大部分的測驗指標,皆未能有效支持本研究假設。研究結果顯示,在本研究樣本中,受試者母親在DBRS上填答的行為症狀表現,與受試者在神經心理測驗GDS上的認知功能表現,未能展現出一致及可茲對映的區辨能力。並在討論中針對此結果,提出可能的原因及相關的建議。
The purpose of this study is to explore that if ADHD subtypes which are discriminated by behavioral symptoms could reflect the same discriminance on cognitive functions. In this study, the performance of inattention and hyperactive/impulsive behavioral symptoms are measured by the behavioral symptom scale, DBRS; and the performance of inattention and hyperactive/impulsive cognitive functions are measured by the neuropsychological testing, GDS.

The hypotheses of this study are that the different ADHD subtypes which are measured by behavioral symptom scale, DBRS, should have different performance pattern of cognitive functions in GDS. This study sorts 63 male subjects, aged from 6 to 9 years old, into 4 subtypes and compares the differences by one way ANOVA and explores the relationships by Pearson product-moment correlation, so as to exam the cognitive differences and the relationships between subtypes on neuropsychological test, GDS.

The results show that the subtypes which is discriminated by DBRS have no significant differences on most related cognitive-functioning indexes of GDS. Most testing indexes do not support the hypothese in this study. From the samples of this study the results show that the performance of behavioral symptoms on DBRS, based on mother`s evaluation of subject`s behavior, and subjects’ performance of cognitive functions on GDS do not have consistent or matched patern. The probabilistic explanation and related suggestion will be proposed in discussion.
參考文獻 一、中文部分
胡海國、林信男編譯(民85)。ICD-10精神與行為障礙之分類:臨床描述與診斷指引。台北市:精神醫學會。
教育部(民87)。身心障礙及資賦優異學生鑑定原則鑑定基準。中華民國八十七年十月十九日教育部台(八七)特教字第八七一一五六六九號函。
教育部(民91)。身心障礙及資賦優異學生鑑定標準。中華民國九十一年五月九日參字第九一0六三四四四號令訂定發布全文二十條。
周文君、王雅琴、陳永成(民82)。兒童活動量表在注意力不足過動症之臨床應用。中華精神醫學,7,161-171。
特殊教育法。中華民國八十六年五月十四日總統 (86) 華總 (一) 義字第 860011282 0 號令修正公布全文 33 條
陳以儒(民93)。高登診斷系統之臺灣學童常模及臨床應用之研究。私立中原大學心理學研究所碩士論文,桃園市。
黃惠玲(民82)。發展台灣地區的多軸兒童行為衡鑑評量表。行政院國家科學委員會專題研究成果報告(報告編號NSC-82-0201-H037-002),未出版。
薛惠琪(民84)。兒童行為問題實徵性多軸衡鑑與分類之相關研究。私立中原大學心理學研究所碩士論文,桃園市。

二、英文部分
American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd Rev. ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. 中譯本,孔繁鐘、孔繁錦(民86)。精神疾病的診斷與統計。台北市:合記。
Achenbach, T. M. (1991) Integrative Guide to the 1991 CBCL/4-18, YSR, and TRF Profiles. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychology.
Anastopoulos, A. D., & Shelton, T. L. (2000). Assessing attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
Barkley, R. A. (1997). Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive function: constructing a unified theory of ADHD. Psychological Bulletin. 121, 65-94.
Barkley, R. A. (2002). Taking charge of ADHD: The complete, authoritative guide for parents. Guilford Press. 中譯本,何善欣譯(民91)。過動兒父母完全指導手冊。台北市:遠流。
Barkley, R. A. & Murphy, K. R. (1998). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A clinical workbook. Guilford Press. 中譯本,黃惠玲、趙家琛譯(民90)。注意力缺陷過動症:臨床工作手冊。台北市:心理出版社。
Biederman, J., & Faraone, S. V. (2005). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Lancet. 366, 237-248
Chhabildas, N., Pennington, B. F., & Willcutt, E. G. (2001). A comparison of the neuropsychological profiles of the DSM-IV subtypes of ADHD. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. 29, 529-540.
Cohen, R. A. (Ed). (1993). The neuropsychology of attention. New York: Plenum Press.
Crijnen, A. A. M., Achenbach, T.M., & Verhulst, F. C. (1997). Comparisons of problems reported by parents of children in 12 cultures: total problems, externalizing, and interndizing. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 36(9), 1269-1277.
Crijnen, A. A. M., Achenbach, T.M., & Verhulst, F. C. (1999). Problems reported by parents and children in multiple cultures: The child behavior checklist syndrome constructs. The American Journal of Psychiatry. 156(4), 569-574.
Crystal, D. S., Ostrander, R., Chen, R. S., & August, G. J. (2001). Multimethod assessment of psychopathology among DSM-IV subtypes of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: self-, parent, and teacher reports. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. 29(3), 189-205
Dedrick, R. F., Greenbaum, P. E., Friedman, R. M., & Wetherington, C. M. (1997). Testing the structure of the child behavior checklist/4-18 using confirmatory factor analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement. 57(2), 306-313.
DuPaul, G J., Anastopoulos, A. D., Power, T. J., Reid, R., Ikeda, M. J., & McGeoey, K. E. (1998). Parent ratings of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms: factor structure, normative data and psychometric properties. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment. 20, 83-102.
Durston, S. (2003). A review of the biological bases of ADHD: what have we learned from imaging studies? Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews. 9, 184-195.
Erford, B. T. (1993). Manual for the Disruptive Behavior Rating Scale. East Aurora. NY: Slosson.
Erford, B. T. (1996). Reliability and validity of mother responses to the Disruptive Behavior Rating Scale-Parent Version (DBRS-P). Diagnostique. 21(2), 17-34.
Erford, B. T. (1997). Reliability and validity of scores on the Disruptive Behavior Rating Scale-Teacher Version (DBRS-T). Educational and Psychological Measurement. 57(2), 329-339.
Erford, B. T. (1998). Technical analysis of father responses to the disruptive behavior rating scale-parent version (DBRS-P). Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development. 30(4), 199-211.
Faraone S.V., Sergeant, J., Gillberg, C., & Biederman, J., (2003). The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: is it an American condition? World Psychiatry. 2, 104-113
Gaub, M., & Carlson, C. L. (1997). Behavioral characteristics of DSM-IV ADHD subtypes in a school-based population. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 25, 103-111.
Gordon, M., & Mettelman, B. B. (1988). The assessment of attention: Standardization and reliability of a behavior-based measure. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44, 682-690.
Hartman, C. A., Willcutt, E. G., & Pennington, B. F. (2004). The relation between sluggish cognitive tempo and DSM-IV ADHD. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. 32(5), 491-503.
Lockwood, K. A., Marcotte, A. C., & Stern, C. (2001). Differentiation of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder subtypes: application of a neuropsychological model of attention. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology. 23, 317-330.
Mash, E. J., & Barkley, R. A. (Ed). (1996). Child Psychopathology. New York: Guildford press.
Nigg, J. T., Blaskey, L. G., Huang-Pollock, C. L., & Rappley, M. D. (2002). Neuropsychological executive functions and DSM-IV ADHD subtypes. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 41, 59-66.
Nigg, J. T. (2005). Neuropsychologic Theory and Findings in Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder: The State of the Field and Salient Challenges for the Coming Decade. Biological Psychiatry. 57, 1424-1435.
Schachar, R. J., Chen, S., Logan, G. D., Ornstein, T. J., Crosbie, J., Ickowicz, A., & Pakulak, A. (2004). Evidence for an error monitoring deficit in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. 32(3), 285-293.
Sergeant, J. A., Geurts, H., Huijbregts, S., Scheres, A., & Oosterlaan, J. (2003). The top and the bottom of ADHD: a neuropsychological perspective. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 27, 583-592.
Solanto, M.V. (1998). Neuropsychopharmacological mechanisms of stimulant drug action in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a review and integration. Behavioural Brain Research, 94, 127–152.
Solanto, M.V.(2002). Dopamine dysfunction in AD/HD: integrating clinical and basic neuroscience research. Behavioural Brain Research, 130, 65-71.
Thomas, A. (2001). The myth of the A.D.D. child : 50 ways to improve your child`s behavior and attention span without drugs, labels, or coercion. Plume. 劉瓊瑛譯(民91)。注意力欠缺症兒童的迷思:改善行為和注意力的50招。臺北市:新迪文化。
Umansky, W. & Smalley, B. S.(1997). ADD: Helping your child. Warner Books. 張美惠譯(民86)。ADD兒的世界:透視注意力不集中症。台北市:創意力文化。
Xavier, C. F., & Rosemary, T.(2002). Neuroscience of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder: the search for endophenotypes. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 3(8), 617.
Yang, H. J., Soong, W. T., Chiang, C. N., & Chen, W. J. (2000). Competence and behavioral/emotional problems among Taiwanese adolescents as reported by parents and teachers. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 39(2). 232-239.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
心理學研究所
91752015
94
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0917520151
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 修慧蘭zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (作者) 王淳弘zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) 王淳弘zh_TW
dc.date (日期) 2005en_US
dc.date.accessioned 17-九月-2009 13:21:00 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 17-九月-2009 13:21:00 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 17-九月-2009 13:21:00 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0917520151en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/32530-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 心理學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 91752015zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 94zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本研究目的,在探討以行為症狀區分的ADHD次分類型,是否也能在認知功能上有其相對映的區辨?本研究以行為症狀量表DBRS,測量受試者在不專心注意與過動/易衝動向度上的行為症狀表現,以神經心理測驗GDS,測量受試者在不專心注意與過動/易衝動向度上的認知功能表現。

本研究假設認為,以行為症狀量表DBRS所區辨出的不同ADHD次分類型,在神經心理測驗GDS上,應具有不同的認知功能表現模式。透過對63名6~9歲的男性學齡受試者,由行為症狀量表DBRS區分ADHD次分類型,並以單因子變異數分析及Pearson積差相關等方式,檢驗不同次分類型間在神經心理測驗GDS上的認知功能差異與關係。

研究結果顯示,以DBRS所區分的次分類型,在GDS各相關認知功能指標上,都無法有效獲得顯著的差異與關係;大部分的測驗指標,皆未能有效支持本研究假設。研究結果顯示,在本研究樣本中,受試者母親在DBRS上填答的行為症狀表現,與受試者在神經心理測驗GDS上的認知功能表現,未能展現出一致及可茲對映的區辨能力。並在討論中針對此結果,提出可能的原因及相關的建議。
zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) The purpose of this study is to explore that if ADHD subtypes which are discriminated by behavioral symptoms could reflect the same discriminance on cognitive functions. In this study, the performance of inattention and hyperactive/impulsive behavioral symptoms are measured by the behavioral symptom scale, DBRS; and the performance of inattention and hyperactive/impulsive cognitive functions are measured by the neuropsychological testing, GDS.

The hypotheses of this study are that the different ADHD subtypes which are measured by behavioral symptom scale, DBRS, should have different performance pattern of cognitive functions in GDS. This study sorts 63 male subjects, aged from 6 to 9 years old, into 4 subtypes and compares the differences by one way ANOVA and explores the relationships by Pearson product-moment correlation, so as to exam the cognitive differences and the relationships between subtypes on neuropsychological test, GDS.

The results show that the subtypes which is discriminated by DBRS have no significant differences on most related cognitive-functioning indexes of GDS. Most testing indexes do not support the hypothese in this study. From the samples of this study the results show that the performance of behavioral symptoms on DBRS, based on mother`s evaluation of subject`s behavior, and subjects’ performance of cognitive functions on GDS do not have consistent or matched patern. The probabilistic explanation and related suggestion will be proposed in discussion.
en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機 1
第二節 名詞釋義 1
第二章 文獻探討 2
第一節 流行病學、症狀學,及病因學在ADHD上的研究 2
第二節 ADHD的診斷準則 7
第三節 次分類型的效度研究
第四節 從神經心理模式到神經心理測驗表現
第五節 ADHD次分類型的選取 13
第六節 研究目的 12
第七節 研究假設 13
第三章 研究方法 13
第一節 研究對象 13
第二節 研究設計及分析方式 15
第三節 研究工具 15
第四節 研究步驟 21
第四章 研究結果
第一節 次分類型分組特性描述與比較
第二節 次分類型在認知功能指標上的差異分析結果
第三節 認知功能與行為表現在不專心注意及過動/易衝動向度上的關係
第五章 結論與建議
第一節 從構念出發再探討
第二節 研究限制與建議
參考文獻
中文部分
英文部分
附錄
附錄A Cohen的注意力成分理論
附錄B DSM-Ⅳ下的ADHD次分類型系統
附錄C DSM-Ⅳ和ICD-10診斷準則的比較
附錄D DSM-Ⅲ-R下的ADHD診斷指標
附錄E GDS的重測信度
附錄F ADHD次分類型在神經心理功能上的損傷差異
附錄G 參與研究同意書
附錄H 神經心理測驗GDS上的認知功能缺損次數分配表
附錄I GDS各分測驗內認知功能指標間的Pearson積差相關
附錄J 相關干擾行為表現間的Pearson積差相關
圖表目次

表2-1 研究假設A
表2-2 研究假設B
表2-3 研究假設C
表2-4 研究假設D與研究假設E
表3-1 樣本排除狀況
表3-2 WISC-Ⅲ排除者的測驗得分剖面圖
表3-3 CBCL排除者的測驗得分剖面圖
表3-4 認知指標代號
表3-5 行為指標代號
表4-1 各組樣本及年齡分佈
表4-2 各組在年齡與智力上的變異數分析結果表
表4-3 各組在各認知功能指標上的平均數表
表4-4 次分類型在各認知功能指標上的變異數分析摘要表
表4-5 GDS認知功能指標與DBRS行為症狀指標間的Pearson積差相關
zh_TW
dc.format.extent 97101 bytes-
dc.format.extent 61332 bytes-
dc.format.extent 102965 bytes-
dc.format.extent 92086 bytes-
dc.format.extent 256930 bytes-
dc.format.extent 225911 bytes-
dc.format.extent 124977 bytes-
dc.format.extent 158971 bytes-
dc.format.extent 83746 bytes-
dc.format.extent 161718 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0917520151en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 次分類型zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 認知功能zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 行為表現zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) ADHDen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) subtypesen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) cognitive functionen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) behavioral performanceen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) GDSen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) DBRSen_US
dc.title (題名) ADHD次分類型在認知功能與行為表現間的關係zh_TW
dc.title (題名) The relationship between cognitive function and behavior performance in ADHD subtypesen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 一、中文部分zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 胡海國、林信男編譯(民85)。ICD-10精神與行為障礙之分類:臨床描述與診斷指引。台北市:精神醫學會。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 教育部(民87)。身心障礙及資賦優異學生鑑定原則鑑定基準。中華民國八十七年十月十九日教育部台(八七)特教字第八七一一五六六九號函。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 教育部(民91)。身心障礙及資賦優異學生鑑定標準。中華民國九十一年五月九日參字第九一0六三四四四號令訂定發布全文二十條。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 周文君、王雅琴、陳永成(民82)。兒童活動量表在注意力不足過動症之臨床應用。中華精神醫學,7,161-171。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 特殊教育法。中華民國八十六年五月十四日總統 (86) 華總 (一) 義字第 860011282 0 號令修正公布全文 33 條zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 陳以儒(民93)。高登診斷系統之臺灣學童常模及臨床應用之研究。私立中原大學心理學研究所碩士論文,桃園市。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 黃惠玲(民82)。發展台灣地區的多軸兒童行為衡鑑評量表。行政院國家科學委員會專題研究成果報告(報告編號NSC-82-0201-H037-002),未出版。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 薛惠琪(民84)。兒童行為問題實徵性多軸衡鑑與分類之相關研究。私立中原大學心理學研究所碩士論文,桃園市。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 二、英文部分zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd Rev. ed.). Washington, DC: Author.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. 中譯本,孔繁鐘、孔繁錦(民86)。精神疾病的診斷與統計。台北市:合記。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Achenbach, T. M. (1991) Integrative Guide to the 1991 CBCL/4-18, YSR, and TRF Profiles. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychology.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Anastopoulos, A. D., & Shelton, T. L. (2000). Assessing attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Barkley, R. A. (1997). Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive function: constructing a unified theory of ADHD. Psychological Bulletin. 121, 65-94.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Barkley, R. A. (2002). Taking charge of ADHD: The complete, authoritative guide for parents. Guilford Press. 中譯本,何善欣譯(民91)。過動兒父母完全指導手冊。台北市:遠流。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Barkley, R. A. & Murphy, K. R. (1998). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A clinical workbook. Guilford Press. 中譯本,黃惠玲、趙家琛譯(民90)。注意力缺陷過動症:臨床工作手冊。台北市:心理出版社。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Biederman, J., & Faraone, S. V. (2005). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Lancet. 366, 237-248zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chhabildas, N., Pennington, B. F., & Willcutt, E. G. (2001). A comparison of the neuropsychological profiles of the DSM-IV subtypes of ADHD. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. 29, 529-540.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cohen, R. A. (Ed). (1993). The neuropsychology of attention. New York: Plenum Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Crijnen, A. A. M., Achenbach, T.M., & Verhulst, F. C. (1997). Comparisons of problems reported by parents of children in 12 cultures: total problems, externalizing, and interndizing. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 36(9), 1269-1277.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Crijnen, A. A. M., Achenbach, T.M., & Verhulst, F. C. (1999). Problems reported by parents and children in multiple cultures: The child behavior checklist syndrome constructs. The American Journal of Psychiatry. 156(4), 569-574.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Crystal, D. S., Ostrander, R., Chen, R. S., & August, G. J. (2001). Multimethod assessment of psychopathology among DSM-IV subtypes of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: self-, parent, and teacher reports. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. 29(3), 189-205zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dedrick, R. F., Greenbaum, P. E., Friedman, R. M., & Wetherington, C. M. (1997). Testing the structure of the child behavior checklist/4-18 using confirmatory factor analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement. 57(2), 306-313.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) DuPaul, G J., Anastopoulos, A. D., Power, T. J., Reid, R., Ikeda, M. J., & McGeoey, K. E. (1998). Parent ratings of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms: factor structure, normative data and psychometric properties. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment. 20, 83-102.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Durston, S. (2003). A review of the biological bases of ADHD: what have we learned from imaging studies? Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews. 9, 184-195.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Erford, B. T. (1993). Manual for the Disruptive Behavior Rating Scale. East Aurora. NY: Slosson.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Erford, B. T. (1996). Reliability and validity of mother responses to the Disruptive Behavior Rating Scale-Parent Version (DBRS-P). Diagnostique. 21(2), 17-34.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Erford, B. T. (1997). Reliability and validity of scores on the Disruptive Behavior Rating Scale-Teacher Version (DBRS-T). Educational and Psychological Measurement. 57(2), 329-339.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Erford, B. T. (1998). Technical analysis of father responses to the disruptive behavior rating scale-parent version (DBRS-P). Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development. 30(4), 199-211.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Faraone S.V., Sergeant, J., Gillberg, C., & Biederman, J., (2003). The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: is it an American condition? World Psychiatry. 2, 104-113zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gaub, M., & Carlson, C. L. (1997). Behavioral characteristics of DSM-IV ADHD subtypes in a school-based population. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 25, 103-111.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gordon, M., & Mettelman, B. B. (1988). The assessment of attention: Standardization and reliability of a behavior-based measure. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44, 682-690.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hartman, C. A., Willcutt, E. G., & Pennington, B. F. (2004). The relation between sluggish cognitive tempo and DSM-IV ADHD. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. 32(5), 491-503.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lockwood, K. A., Marcotte, A. C., & Stern, C. (2001). Differentiation of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder subtypes: application of a neuropsychological model of attention. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology. 23, 317-330.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Mash, E. J., & Barkley, R. A. (Ed). (1996). Child Psychopathology. New York: Guildford press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Nigg, J. T., Blaskey, L. G., Huang-Pollock, C. L., & Rappley, M. D. (2002). Neuropsychological executive functions and DSM-IV ADHD subtypes. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 41, 59-66.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Nigg, J. T. (2005). Neuropsychologic Theory and Findings in Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder: The State of the Field and Salient Challenges for the Coming Decade. Biological Psychiatry. 57, 1424-1435.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Schachar, R. J., Chen, S., Logan, G. D., Ornstein, T. J., Crosbie, J., Ickowicz, A., & Pakulak, A. (2004). Evidence for an error monitoring deficit in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. 32(3), 285-293.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Sergeant, J. A., Geurts, H., Huijbregts, S., Scheres, A., & Oosterlaan, J. (2003). The top and the bottom of ADHD: a neuropsychological perspective. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 27, 583-592.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Solanto, M.V. (1998). Neuropsychopharmacological mechanisms of stimulant drug action in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a review and integration. Behavioural Brain Research, 94, 127–152.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Solanto, M.V.(2002). Dopamine dysfunction in AD/HD: integrating clinical and basic neuroscience research. Behavioural Brain Research, 130, 65-71.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Thomas, A. (2001). The myth of the A.D.D. child : 50 ways to improve your child`s behavior and attention span without drugs, labels, or coercion. Plume. 劉瓊瑛譯(民91)。注意力欠缺症兒童的迷思:改善行為和注意力的50招。臺北市:新迪文化。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Umansky, W. & Smalley, B. S.(1997). ADD: Helping your child. Warner Books. 張美惠譯(民86)。ADD兒的世界:透視注意力不集中症。台北市:創意力文化。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Xavier, C. F., & Rosemary, T.(2002). Neuroscience of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder: the search for endophenotypes. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 3(8), 617.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Yang, H. J., Soong, W. T., Chiang, C. N., & Chen, W. J. (2000). Competence and behavioral/emotional problems among Taiwanese adolescents as reported by parents and teachers. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 39(2). 232-239.zh_TW