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題名 外顯內隱自尊的落差現象與自我設限
Discrepancies between explicit and implicit self esteem: Implication on self handicapping
作者 張玉萍
Chang, Yu Pin
貢獻者 李美枝
Li, Mei Chi
張玉萍
Chang, Yu Pin
關鍵詞 外顯自尊
內隱自尊
IAT
落差現象
自我設限
非口語焦慮行為
explicit self esteem
implicit self esteem
IAT
discrepancy
self-handicapping
non-verbal behavior
日期 2007
上傳時間 17-九月-2009 13:23:56 (UTC+8)
摘要 自我設限是指人們因為害怕失敗帶來傷害，或想要在成功時更顯得自己特別優異的方法。本研究主要探討不同類型自尊者使用不同自我設限行為的狀況。受試者接收數學能力的正向評價回饋後，即接受壓力或練習效果對測驗表現是否有影響的操弄指導語，在4組(策略暗示：宣稱、行為、宣稱與行為，控制組)實驗設計中，研究者測量所有受試者的宣稱策略使用程度、練習時間與練習題數，研究進行中亦錄影其非口語焦慮行為。研究結果有六大發現：(1)內隱自尊與外顯自尊無關，表示它們是不同的構念；(2)情境對宣稱式自我設限有主要效果：接受宣稱式自我設限會影響表現訊息的人，他們的宣稱策略使用程度明顯比無接受訊息者來得高；(3)外顯自尊與情境對行為式自我設限有交互作用效果：當暗示其練習效果會影響表現時，高外顯自尊者比低外顯自尊者有較少的練習行為，會比較容易有行為式自我設限的表現出現；(4)內隱自尊對宣稱式自我設限亦有主要效果：低內隱自尊者比高內隱自者會比較傾向使用宣稱性自我設限，容易表達出他注意力不集中、有壓力等口語訊息；(5)外顯與內隱自尊對宣稱式自我設限有交互作用效果：高外顯/低內隱自尊者(威脅性自尊者)比高外顯/高內隱自尊者（安全性自尊者）容易使用宣稱式的自我設限策略；(6) 外顯與內隱自尊對非口語焦慮行為頻率有交互作用效果：高外顯/低內隱自尊者(威脅性自尊者)比高外顯/高內隱自尊者(安全性自尊者)表現出更多的不安、緊張等臉部與行為的表情。研究中亦嘗試討論情境、內隱自尊、外顯自尊對宣稱式自我設限的三因子交互作用，與兩類自尊各自在不同情境中的主要效果。
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描述 碩士
國立政治大學
心理學研究所
93752007
96
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0937520071
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 李美枝zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Li, Mei Chien_US
dc.contributor.author (作者) 張玉萍zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (作者) Chang, Yu Pinen_US
dc.creator (作者) 張玉萍zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Chang, Yu Pinen_US
dc.date (日期) 2007en_US
dc.date.accessioned 17-九月-2009 13:23:56 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 17-九月-2009 13:23:56 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 17-九月-2009 13:23:56 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0937520071en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/32552-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 心理學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 93752007zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 96zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 自我設限是指人們因為害怕失敗帶來傷害，或想要在成功時更顯得自己特別優異的方法。本研究主要探討不同類型自尊者使用不同自我設限行為的狀況。受試者接收數學能力的正向評價回饋後，即接受壓力或練習效果對測驗表現是否有影響的操弄指導語，在4組(策略暗示：宣稱、行為、宣稱與行為，控制組)實驗設計中，研究者測量所有受試者的宣稱策略使用程度、練習時間與練習題數，研究進行中亦錄影其非口語焦慮行為。研究結果有六大發現：(1)內隱自尊與外顯自尊無關，表示它們是不同的構念；(2)情境對宣稱式自我設限有主要效果：接受宣稱式自我設限會影響表現訊息的人，他們的宣稱策略使用程度明顯比無接受訊息者來得高；(3)外顯自尊與情境對行為式自我設限有交互作用效果：當暗示其練習效果會影響表現時，高外顯自尊者比低外顯自尊者有較少的練習行為，會比較容易有行為式自我設限的表現出現；(4)內隱自尊對宣稱式自我設限亦有主要效果：低內隱自尊者比高內隱自者會比較傾向使用宣稱性自我設限，容易表達出他注意力不集中、有壓力等口語訊息；(5)外顯與內隱自尊對宣稱式自我設限有交互作用效果：高外顯/低內隱自尊者(威脅性自尊者)比高外顯/高內隱自尊者（安全性自尊者）容易使用宣稱式的自我設限策略；(6) 外顯與內隱自尊對非口語焦慮行為頻率有交互作用效果：高外顯/低內隱自尊者(威脅性自尊者)比高外顯/高內隱自尊者(安全性自尊者)表現出更多的不安、緊張等臉部與行為的表情。研究中亦嘗試討論情境、內隱自尊、外顯自尊對宣稱式自我設限的三因子交互作用，與兩類自尊各自在不同情境中的主要效果。zh_TW
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 7
第一節 研究動機與研究目的 7
第二節 文獻探討 10
壹、自尊 10
貳、自我設限 25
参、自尊對自我設限行為的影響 31
肆、非口語焦慮行為 33
第三節 研究問題與假設 36
第二章 研究方法 39
第一節 實驗參與者與實驗設計 39
壹、實驗參與者 39
貳、實驗設計 40
第二節 實驗程序 41
第三節 研究工具 47
第三章 研究結果 59
第一節 描述統計量 59
壹、樣本的特性 59
貳、各個變項的計分方式與描述統計量 60
第二節 變項的檢驗 65
壹、操弄變項的檢驗 65
貳、依變項間的相關分析 67
貳、性別的影響 73
第三節 主要分析結果 74
壹、外顯自尊與內隱自尊的關係 74
貳、外顯自尊與不同情境對不同自我設限行為的作用 75
参、內隱自尊與不同情境對不同自我設限行為的作用 81
肆、外顯自尊與內隱自尊的組合型態對不同自我設限策略的作用 85
伍、外顯自尊與內隱自尊的組合型態與非口語焦慮行為的關係 88
第四節 其他分析結果 91
壹、內隱自尊與外顯自尊在不同情境中對宣稱性自我設限行為的影響 91
貳、外顯自尊在各情境中的主要效果 98
参、內隱自尊在各情境中的主要效果 100
第四章 總結與建議 102
第一節 研究結果總結 102
參、兩種自尊在各情境中的影響 105
第二節 研究限制與後續研究建議 107
參考文獻 109
附錄 118


表 目 錄
表1-1 認知經驗自我理論中的兩大訊息處理系統 13
表1-2 內隱自尊IAT的分類項目 17
表1-3 內隱自尊的反應作業 18
表1-4 自我設限的分類形式與舉例 28
表2-1 四種實驗情境 40
表2-2 外顯自尊三份量表 48
表2-3 喜好度極端之詞彙 51
表2-4 內隱自尊的反應作業 51
表2-5 評量者須加以觀察的焦慮行為 55
表2-6 影片評量分配 57
表3-1 樣本人口學變項描述統計表 59
表3-2 外顯自尊得分的描述統計量 60
表3-3內隱自尊描述統計量 62
表3-4 受試練習行為狀況 64
表3-5 非口語焦慮行為「頻率」與「強度」的描述統計量 64
表3-6 情境對「宣稱策略使用程度」的變異數分析摘要表 65
表3-7 四組情境受試者「宣稱策略使用程度」的平均數和標準差 65
表3-8 情境對「練習時間」與「練習題數」的變異數分析摘要表 66
表3-9 四組情境受試者「練習時間」與「練習題數」的平均數和標準差 67
表3-10 所有受試者依變項相關分析 68
表3-11 控制組受試者依變項相關分析 69
表3-12宣稱策略暗示組受試者依變項相關分析 70
表3-13行為策略暗示組受試者依變項相關分析 71
表3-14宣稱與行為皆暗示組受試者依變項相關分析 72
表3-15 外顯自尊與內隱自尊的相關分析 74
表3-16四類自尊類型的人數 75
表3-17 「外顯自尊」與「情境」在「宣稱策略使用程度」的變異數分析摘要表 76
表3-18 四個操弄情境受試者「宣稱策略使用程度」的平均數與標準差 76
表3-19 外顯自尊與情境二因子在「練習時間」的變異數分析摘要表 78
表3-20 高低外顯自尊者在四組情境的練習時間 78
表3-21 外顯自尊與情境二因子在「練習題數」的變異數分析摘要表 79
表3-22 外顯自尊在不同情境的單純主要效果 80
表3-23「內隱自尊」與「情境」在「宣稱策略使用程度」的變異數分析摘要表 82
表3-24 高低內隱自尊者宣稱策略使用程度的平均數與標準差 82
表3-25「內隱自尊」與「情境」在「練習時間」與「練習題數」變異數分析摘要表 85
表3-26 外顯自尊與內隱自尊對「宣稱策略使用程度」的變異數分析摘要表 86
表3-27 內隱自尊在不同外顯自尊內的單純主要效果 86
表3-28 「外顯自尊」與「內隱自尊」對「練習時間」「練習題數」的變異數分析摘要表 87
表3-29 「外顯自尊」與「內隱自尊」對「非口語焦慮行為頻率」的變異數分析摘要 88
表3-30 內隱自尊在高低外顯自尊中「非口語焦慮行為頻率」的單純主要效果 89
表3-31「外顯自尊」與「內隱自尊」對「非口語焦慮行為強度」的變異數分析摘要 90
表3-32 「情境」、「外顯自尊」、「內隱自尊」對「宣稱策略使用程度」三因子變異數分析摘要表 92
表3-33 四組情境受試者宣稱策略使用程度的樣本同質性檢驗 92
表3-34 「外顯自尊」與「內隱自尊」在各情境中的單純主要效果考驗摘要表 93
表3-35 內隱自尊單純交互作用變異數分析摘要表 94
表3-36高低外顯自尊者在各情境中的反應狀況 99
表3-37高低內隱自尊者在各情境中的反應狀況 100
表4-1 研究結果整理 104



圖 目 錄
圖1-1 自尊的類型………………………………………………………………………24
圖2-1 受試接受實驗程序流程…………………………………………………………45
圖3-1 四個操弄情境的受試者「宣稱策略使用程度」………………………………77
圖3-2 高外顯自尊者比低外顯自尊者在行為策略暗示組有比較少的練習時間……79
圖3-3 高外顯自尊者比低外顯自尊者在行為策略暗示組有比較少的練習題數……81
圖3-4 高內隱自尊者比低內隱自尊者表現出較多的宣稱策略使用程度……………83
圖3-5 「宣稱暗示組」受試者的宣稱策略使用程度比「控制組」「行為暗示組」高…84
圖3-6 「外顯自尊」與「內隱自尊」對「宣稱策略使用程度」有交互作用效果…87
圖3-7 「外顯自尊」與「內隱自尊」對「非口語焦慮行為頻率」有交互作用效果…89
圖3-8 「外顯自尊」與「內隱自尊」在「控制組」中的宣稱策略使用程度有交互作用效果………………………………………………………………………………95
圖3-9 「外顯自尊」與「內隱自尊」在「宣稱策略暗示組」中的宣稱策略使用程度有交互作用效果……………………………………………………………………96
圖3-10「外顯自尊」與「內隱自尊」在「行為策略暗示組」中的宣稱策略使用程度有交互作用效果……………………………………………………………………97
圖3-11「外顯自尊」與「內隱自尊」在「宣稱與行為策略皆暗示組」中的宣稱策略使用程度沒有交互作用效果………………………………………………………98		zh_TW
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dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0937520071en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 外顯自尊zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 內隱自尊zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) IATzh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 落差現象zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 自我設限zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 非口語焦慮行為zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) explicit self esteemen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) implicit self esteemen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) IATen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) discrepancyen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) self-handicappingen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) non-verbal behavioren_US
dc.title (題名) 外顯內隱自尊的落差現象與自我設限zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Discrepancies between explicit and implicit self esteem: Implication on self handicappingen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
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