學術產出-學位論文

題名 公權力利用衛星科技對隱私權的影響-以美國法為中心
作者 蔡達智
貢獻者 陳起行
蔡達智
關鍵詞 公權力
衛星科技
隱私權
privacy
satellite surveillance
日期 2005
上傳時間 17-九月-2009 14:27:22 (UTC+8)
摘要 國家為達成本身存在目的、實現各種公共任務而影響人民隱私權的程度,可分成國家安全、犯罪偵查與行政檢查等三個面向,又以實施的手段方法,可以分為對於個人表象事物與資訊的取得、入侵個人封閉事物與資訊,以此適用的法律原則,儘管有其例外,大致上可以分成封閉、開放;通訊內容與非通訊內容兩大原則,作為權衡國家公權力與個人隱私權保障與否及其程度範圍的判斷標準。此等原則仍適用於國家公權力利用衛星科技影響個人隱私權的情況,特別是利用衛星進行通訊監聽方面,與其他監聽工具方法並無明顯差異。利用衛星取得他人通訊內容,必須事先取得搜索票,如要取得非通訊內容,該資訊若有識別個人的成分,則應由法院為非搜索票的許可程序,以保障個人資料不受任意外洩或交付他人的風險。
其次,國家公權力利用衛星進行穿透光波的遙感探測,除了以國家安全為目的使用之外,作為犯罪偵查仍需事先取得搜索票為宜。至於無票搜索的衛星穿透光波利用,由於衛星造價及營運成本昂貴,距離地表過於遙遠,無面對面武器檢查的明顯立即危險存在,仍採用衛星進行穿透光波探測,違反比例原則的可能性相當高。
就有關開放空間中的衛星空照攝影或定位追蹤行為,即使是隱私權保障的程度較低,仍可能因為衛星高空、遠距、全球化且可為結合所有地面的個人資料庫形成全面監控的情況,難免使隱私權的保障略顯不足。對此,我國警察職權行使法對於開放空間中的監控行為限定在重罪與一年以下期限,足為開放空間原則的界限。至於有關公權力機關在私人財產外部裝設全球衛星定位系統作為監控個人行動的行為,美國國會趨於保障個人地理位置資訊的影響之下,可能不能再以開放空間原則作為身分確認與定位追蹤行為的合法基礎。全球衛星定位系統如有可能進入並探測他人封閉生活領域事物,或者如跟監時日過久,就有必要由法院審查。
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______,司法院釋字第五三五號解釋有關警察臨檢法制之評釋,中央警察大學法學論集,7期,頁171-179,2002年12月。
______,從自由時報控告臺北市政府有關色情廣告案-評釋最高行政法院九十一年度判字第五九九號及其相關判決,月旦法學,91期, 頁122-131,2002年12月。
______,行政資訊公開問題初探,經社法制論叢,30期,頁141-169,2002年7月。
______,宗教信仰自由之法制理論與實務,立法院院聞,29卷4期,頁79-101,2001年4月。
______,警察臨檢之正當法律程序,中央警察大學學報,36期,頁203-225,2000年3月。
______,基因資訊之隱私權保護,憲政時代,23卷4期,頁81-95,1998年4月。
______,特殊的行政行為-警察臨檢,立法院院聞,27卷10期,頁68-80,1999年10月。
______,基因研究與環境保育,律師雜誌,215期,頁34-48,1997年8月。
______,從學術自由與大學自治應有之取向評釋司法院釋字第三八O號解釋,憲政時代,第21卷第4期,頁46-67,1996年4月。
蔡震榮,有關裝設監控設備之要件(上),警光,587期, 頁77-79,2005年6月。
簡建章,入出國身分確認措施相關法律問題之研究,國境警察學報,2期,頁31-48,2003年10月。
顧振豪,RFID電子式護照的應用與法律爭議,科技法律透析,17卷2期,頁8-12,2005年2月。
貳 英文部分
一 書籍
BAKER, JOHN C. (et al.) MAPPING THE RISKS : ASSESSING HOMELAND SECURITY IMPLICATIONS OF PUBLICLY AVAILABLE GEOSPATIAL INFORMATION (RAND Corporation, 2004).
BROTMAN, STUART N. COMMUNICATIONS LAW AND PRACTICE (Law Journal Press, 2001-2004).
CHENG, BIN. STUDIES IN INTERNATIONAL SPACE LAW (New York : Oxford University Press, 1997).
CHENG, CHIA-JUI AND DOO HWAN KIM, (eds.), THE UTILIZATION OF THE WORLD’S AIR SPACE AND FREE OUTER SPACE IN THE 21ST CENTURY : PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON AIR AND SPACE POLICY, LAW, AND INDUSTRY FOR THE 21ST CENTURY, HELD IN SEOUL FROM 23-25 JUNE 1997 (The Hague, The Netherlands ; Boston, Mass. : Kluwer Law International, 2000).
COMMITTEE ON LICENSING GEOGRAPHIC DATA AND SERVICES, NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL, BOARD ON EARTH SCIENCES AND RESOURCES, LICENSING GEOGRAPHIC DATA AND SERVICES, THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS (2004).
DIEDERIKS-VERSCHOOR, I. H. PH. AN INTRODUCTION TO SPACE LAW (The Hague, The Netherlands ; Boston, Mass. : Kluwer Law International, 2nd ed. 1999).
FINCH, EDWARD RIDLEY AND AMANDA LEE MOORE, ASTROBUSINESS: A GUIDE TO THE COMMERCE AND LAW OF OUTER SPACE (New York : Praeger, 1985).
FISHER, DAVID I. PRIOR CONSENT TO INTERNATIONAL DIRECT SATELLITE BROADCASTING (Dordrecht ; Boston : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers ; Norwell, Mass. : Sold and distributed in the U.S.A. by Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1990).
FOERSTEL, HERBERT N. FREEDOM OF INFORMATION AND THE RIGHT TO KNOW : THE ORIGINS AND APPLICATIONS OF THE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT (WESTPORT, CONN. : GREENWOOD PRESS, 1999).
GEOFFREY, R. STONE. LOUIS M. SEIDMAN, CASS R. SUNSTEIN, MARK V TUSHNET, (et al.) CONSTITUTIONAL LAW (West, 2nd ed. 1991).
GINSBURG, DOUGLAS H. REGULATION OF BROADCASTING : LAW AND POLICY TOWARDS RADIO, TELEVISION, AND CABLE COMMUNICATIONS (St. Paul : West Pub., 1979).
LIEBERMAN, JETHRO K. PRIVACY AND THE LAW (New York : Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Co., 1978).
MEREDITH, PAMELA L. AND GEORGE S. ROBINSON, SPACE LAW: A CASE STUDY FOR THE PRACTITIONER : IMPLEMENTING A TELECOMMUNICATIONS SATELLITE BUSINESS CONCEPT (Dordrecht ; Boston : M. Nijhoff ; Norwell, MA, U.S.A. : Sold and distributed in the U.S.A. and Canada by Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1992).
MONMONIER, MARK S. SPYING WITH MAPS : SURVEILLANCE TECHNOLOGIES AND THE FUTURE OF PRIVACY (CHICAGO : UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS, 2002).
PAGLIN, MAX D. (ed.) A LEGISLATIVE HISTORY OF THE COMMUNICATION ACT OF 1934 (New York : Oxford University Press, 1989).
BHAVANI THURAISINGHAM, R. VAN DE RIET, K. R. DITTRICH AND Z. TARI, (eds.) DATA AND APPLICATION SECURITY: DEVELOPMENTS AND DIRECTIONS (Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001).
SOLOVE, DANIEL J. THE DIGITAL PERSON: TECHNOLOGY AND PRIVACY IN THE INFORMATION AGE (New York University Press, 2004).
TRAA-ENGELMAN, HANNEKE LOUISE VAN, COMMERCIAL UTILIZATION OF OUTER SPACE : LAW AND PRACTICE (Dordrecht, Netherland ; Boston : M. Nijhoff ; Norwell, Mass. : Sold and distributed in the U.S.A. and Canada by Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1993).
二 期刊
Abdurrasyid, H Priyatna. The Application of Remote Sensing in Indonesia, 5 SINGAPORE JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL AND COMPARATIVE LAW 139 (2001).
Baird, Douglas G. Robert K. Rasmussen, The End of Bankruptcy, 55 STANFORD LAW REVIEW 767 (2002).
Blitz, Marc Jonathan. Video Surveillance and the Constitution of Public Space: Fitting the Fourth Amendment to A World that Tracks Image and Identity, 82 TEXAS LAW REVIEW 1349 (2004).
Boren, David L. The Winds of Change at the CIA, 101 YALE LAW JOURNAL 860 (1992).
Cinquegrana, Americo R. The Walls (and Wires) Have Ears: The Background and First Ten Years of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978, 137 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA LAW REVIEW 814 (1989).
Cockfield, Arthur J. Who Watches the Watchers? A Law and Technology Perspective on Government and Private Sector Surveillance, 29 QUEEN`S LAW JOURNAL 364 (2003).
Codding, George A. Jr. The International Telecommunications Union: 130 Years of Telecommunications Regulation, 23 DENVER JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AND POLICY 501 (1995).
Colb, Sherry F. What Is A Search? Two Conceptual Flaws in Fourth Amendment Doctrine and Some Hints of A Remedy, 55 STANFORD LAW REVIEW 134-36 (2002).
Cole, David. The New Mccarthyism: Repeating History in the War On Terrorism, 38 HARVARD CIVIL RIGHTS- CIVIL LIBERTIES LAW REVIEW 1 (2003).
Comment, A Space Legislation Odyssey - A Proposed Model for Reforming the Intergovernmental Satellite Organizations, 48 AMERICAN UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW 553 (1998).
Comment, Airport Security Technology: Is the Use of Biometric Identification Technology Valid under the Fourth Amendment? 20 TEMPLE ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 251 (2002).
Comment, Concealed Weapon Detectors and the Fourth Amendment: The Constitutionality of Remote-Enhanced Searches, 45 UCLA LAW REVIEW 281 (1997).
Comment, Echelon: The National Security Agency`s Compliance with Applicable Legal Guidelines in Light of the Need for Tighter National Security, 11 JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATIONS LAW AND POLICY 185 (2003).
Comment, Global Positioning System (GPS): Defining the Legal Issues of Its Expanding Civil Use, 61 JOURNAL OF AIR LAW AND COMMERCE 243 (1994).
Comment, How the USA Patriot Act Will Permit Governmental Infringement upon the Privacy of Americans in the Name of `Intelligence` Investigations, 150 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA LAW REVIEW 1661 (2002).
Comment, Legal Aspects of the Commercialization of Space Transportation Systems, 3 BERKELEY TECHNOLOGY LAW JOURNAL 99 (1988).
Comment, Picture Perfect? X-ray Searches at the United States Border Require Guidance, 35 UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI INTER-AMERICAN LAW REVIEW 577 (2004).
Comment, Post-Sept. 11th International Surveillance Activity-A Failure of Intelligence: The Echelon Interception System & The Fundamental Right to Privacy in Europe, 14 PACE INTERNATIONAL LAW REVIEW 435 (2002).
Comment, Regulating International Trade in Launch Services, 6 HIGH TECHNOLOGY LAW JOURNAL 60 (1991).
Comment, Regulating Commercial Remote Sensing Satellites Over Israel: A Black Hole in the Open Skies Doctrine? 52 ADMINISTRATIVE LAW REVIEW 429 (2000).
Comment, Reviving Trespass-Based Search Analysis Under the Open View Doctrine: Dow Chemical Co. v. United States, 63 NEW YORK UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW 191 (1988).
Comment, Space Station Alpha: International Shining Star or Legal Black Hole, 9 TEMPLE INTERNATIONAL AND COMPARATIVE LAW JOURNAL 336 (1995).
Comment, The Implications of National Security Safeguards on the Commercialization of Remote Sensing Imagery, 19 SEATTLE UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW 539 (1996).
Comment, The Legal Implications of Geographical Information Systems, 11 ALBANY LAW JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 360 (2001).
Comment, The View from on High: Satellite Remote Sensing Technology and the Fourth Amendment, 6 BERKELEY TECHNOLOGY LAW JOURNAL 317 (1991).
Comment, Virtual Strip Searches at Airports: Are Border Searches Seeing Through the Fourth Amendment? 8 TEXAS WESLEYAN LAW REVIEW 417 (2002).
Copiz, Adrian. Scarcity in Space: The International Regulation of Satellites, 10 JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATIONS LAW AND POLICY 213 (2002).
Cotlar, Andrew D. A Subsidy by Any Other Name: First Amendment Implications of the Satellite Home Viewer Improvement Act of 1999, 53 FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS LAW JOURNAL 380 (2001).
Davies, Charles. Susan Hoban, Braden Penhoet, Moving Pictures: How Satellites, the Internet, and International Environmental Law Can Help Promote Sustainable Development, 28 STETSON LAW REVIEW 1091 (1999).
DeSaussure, Hamilton. Remote Sensing Satellite Regulation, 15 RUTGERS COMPUTER AND TECHNOLOGY LAW JOURNAL 351 (1989).
Epstein, Jonathan M. Exporting Commercial Satellite Technology: Coping in The Current Regulatory Environment, 16 AIR AND SPACE LAW 17 (2001).
Erskine, Daniel. Satellite Digital Radio Searching for Novel Theories of Action, 1 JOURNAL OF HIGH TECHNOLOGY LAW 135 (2002).
Eschet, Gal. FIPs and PETs for RFID: Protecting Privacy in the Web of Radio Frequency Identification, 45 JURIMETRICS JOURNAL 301 (2005).
Fredman, Jonathan M. Intelligence Agencies, Law Enforcement, and the Prosecution Team , 16 YALE LAW AND POLICY REVIEW 334(1998).
Frieden, Luc. News Gathering by Satellites: A New Challenge to International and National Law at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century, 25 STANFORD JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 103 (1988).
Frieden, Rob. Balancing Equity and Efficiency Issues in the Management of Shared Global Radiocommunication Resources, 24 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW 296 (2003).
Freiwald, Susan. Uncertain Privacy: Communication Attributes after the Digital Telephony Act, 69 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA LAW REVIEW 957 (1996).
Froomkin, A. Michael. The Death of Privacy, 52 STANFORD LAW REVIEW 1461 (2000).
________, The Metaphor is the Key: Cryptography, the Clipper Chip, and the Constitution, 143 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA LAW REVIEW 709 (1995).
Gardner, Allison F. Environmental Monitoring’s Undiscovered Country: Developing A Satellite Remote Monitoring System to Implement the Kyoto Protocol’s Global Emission-Trading Program, 9 NEW YORK UNIVERSITY ENVIRONMENTAL LAW JOURNAL 152 (2000).
Graham, Bob. The Impact of September 11th on America`s Intelligence Community, 7 JOURNAL OF TECHNOLOGY LAW AND POLICY 1 (2002).
Gregory, Alison Mylander. Smugglers Who Swallow: The Constitutional Issues Posed by Drug Swallowers and Their Treatment, 56 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH LAW REVIEW 323 (1994).
Glanncy, Dorothy J. Privacy on the Open Road, 30 OHIO NORTHERN UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW 295 (2004).
Goldsmith, Jack L. The Internet and the Legitimacy of Remote Cross-Border Search, 2001 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO LEGAL FORUM 114 (2001).
Hahn, Robert W. Patrick M. Dudley, The Disconnect Between Law and Policy Analysis: A Case Study of Drivers and Cell Phones, 55 ADMINISTRATIVE LAW REVIEW 181 (2003).
Heymann, Philip B. Civil Liberties and Human Rights in the Aftermath of September 11, 25 HARVARD JOURNAL OF LAW AND PUBLIC POLICY 440 (2002).
Hoversten, Michael R. U.S. National Security and Government Regulation of Commercial Remote Sensing from Outer Space, 50 AIR FORCE LAW REVIEW 261 (2001).
Jennison, Michael. Satellite Navigation: The Dubious Quest for A Legal Framework, 16 AIR AND SPACE LAW 10 (2002).
Kamin, Sam. Law and Technology: The Case for A Smart Gun Detector, 59 LAW AND CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS 221 (1996).
Kanuck, Sean P. Information Warfare: New Challenges for Public International Law, 37 HARVARD INTERNATIONAL LAW JOURNAL 272 (1996).
Katkin, Kenneth. Cable Open Access and Direct Access to INTELSAT, 53 CASE WESTERN RESERVE LAW REVIEW 77 (2002).
Kerr, Orin S. Internet Surveillance Law after the USA PATRIOT ACT: The Big Brother That Isn`t, 97 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW 621 (2003).
Kevles, Daniel J. Vital Essences and Human Wholeness: The Social Readings of Biological Information, 65 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA LAW REVIEW 263 (1991).
Kobelev, Oleg. Big Brother on A Tiny Chip: Ushering in the Age of Global Surveillance Through the Use of Radio Frequency Identification Technology and the Need for Legislative Response, 6 NORTH CAROLINA JOURNAL OF LAW AND TECHNOLOGY 325 (2005).
Ku, Raymond Shih Ray. The Founders` Privacy: The Fourth Amendment and the Power of Technological Surveillance, 86 MINNESOTA LAW REVIEW 1325 (2002).
Markowitz, Kenneth J. Legal Challenges and Market Rewards to the Use and Acceptance of Remote Sensing and Digital Information as Evidence, 12 DUKE ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND POLICY FORUM 219 (2002).
Morgan, Richard A. Military Use of Commercial Communication Satellites: A New Look at the Outer Space Treaty and “ Peaceful Purpose, ” 60 JOURNAL OF AIR LAW AND COMMERCE 237 (1994).
Murthi, KR Sridhara. Commercial Availability of High Quality Remote Sensing Imageries: Legal Issues, 5 SINGAPORE JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL AND COMPARATIVE LAW 149 (2001).
Note, A Bright Line in the Sky? Toward A New Fourth Amendment Search Standard for Advancing Surveillance Technology, 44 ARIZONA LAW REVIEW 967 (2002).
Note, A Satellite Dish or A Birdbath: The Efforts of the 106th Congress to Revise the Satellite Viewer Act, 8 JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW 85 (2000).
Note, Analysis of the Technical and Economic Issues Raised in the Consideration of International Telecommunications Satellite Systems Separate from INTELSAT, 46 FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS LAW JOURNAL 329 (1994).
Note, Can Corporate America Secure Our Nation? An Analysis of the Identix Framework for the Regulation and Use of Facial Recognition Technology, 9 BOSTON UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LAW 128 (2003).
Note, Carnivore, The FBI’s E-Mail Surveillance System: Devouring Criminals, Not Privacy, 54 FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS LAW JOURNAL 543 (2002).
Note, Cultural Lag and the International Law of Remote Sensing, 23 BROOKLYN JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 1876 (1998).
Note, Commercialization of Space Commercial Space Launch Amendments Act of 2004, 17 HARVARD JOURNAL OF LAW AND TECHNOLOGY 619 (2004).
Note, Echelon and the Legal Restraints on Signals Intelligence: A Need for Reevaluation, 50 DUKE LAW JOURNAL 1467 (2001).
Note, Fourth Amendment Searches-With Liberty and Justice for All …Unless You Choose to Fly: Torbet v. United Airlines, Inc. 68 JOURNAL OF AIR LAW AND COMMERCE 647 (2003).
Note, Give Me My Space: Implications for Permitting National Appropriation of the Geostationary Orbit, 19 WISCONSIN INTERNATIONAL LAW JOURNAL 231 (2001).
Note, Global Positioning System Implants: Must Consumer Privacy Be Lost in Order for People to Be Found? 38 INDIANA LAW REVIEW 207 (2005).
Note, GPS Tracking Technology: The Case for Revisiting Knotts and Shifting the Supreme Court’s Theory of the Public Space under the Fourth Amendment, 46 BOSTON COLLEGE LAW REVIEW 661 (2005).
Note, Infrared Imaging Technology: Treating to See Through the Fourth Amendment, 29 INDIANA LAW REVIEW 231 (1995).
Note, Proposed Legal Structure for the Silksat Satellite Consortium: A Regional Intergovernmental Organization to Improve Telecommunications Infrastructure in Central Asia and the Trans-Caucasus Region, 33 LAW AND POLICY IN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS 99 (2001).
Note, Satellite Surveillance within U.S. Borders, 65 OHIO STATE LAW JOURNAL 1627 (2004).
Note, Satellite Tracking and the Right to Privacy, 53 HASTINGS LAW JOURNAL 549 (2002).
Note, The Constitutionality of Remote Sensing Satellite Surveillance in Warrantless Environmental Inspections, 3 FORDHAM ENVIRONMENTAL LAW REPORT 43 (1991).
Note, The Commercialization of Space: A Regulatory Scheme that Promotes Commercial Ventures and International Responsibility, 61 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA LAW REVIEW 1055 (1998).
Note, The Privacy Implications of Personal Locators: Why You Should Think Twice before Voluntarily Availing Yourself to GPS Monitoring, 14 WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF LAW AND POLICY 485 (2004).
Note, Warrantless Satellite Surveillance: Will Our 4th Amendment Privacy Rights Be Lost in Space? 13 THE JOHN MARSHALL JOURNAL OF COMPUTER AND INFORMATION LAW 729 (1995).
Philips, David J. Beyond Privacy: Confronting Locational Surveillance in Wireless Communication, 8 COMMERCIAL LAW AND POLICY 18 (2003).
Purdy, Ray. Legal and Privacy Implications of “Spy in the Sky” Satellite, 3 MOUNTBATTEN JOURNAL OF LEGAL STUDIES 63 (UK, 1999).
Roberts, Lawrence D. A Lost Connection: Geostationary Satellite Networks and the International Telecommunication Union, 15 BERKELEY TECHNOLOGY LAW JOURNAL 1091 (2000).
Rotenberg, Marc. Privacy and Secrecy after September 11, 86 MINNESOTA LAW REVIEW 1117 (2002).
Ryabinkin, Charity Trelease. It’s Time to Reform the Regulation of Commercial Space Travel, 69 JOURNAL OF AIR LAW AND COMMERCE 101 (2004).
Simmons, Ric. From Katz to Kyllo: A Blueprint for Adapting the Fourth Amendment to Twenty-First Century Technologies, 53 HASTINGS LAW JOURNAL 1303 (2002).
________, Technology-Enhanced Surveillance by Law Enforcement Officials, 60 NEW YORK UNIVERSITY ANNUAL SURVEY OF AMERICAN LAW 711 (2005).
Slobogin, Christopher. Peeping Techno-Toms and the Fourth Amendment: Seeing Through Kyllo`s Rules Governing Technological Surveillance, 86 MINNESOTA LAW REVIEW 1393 (2002).
Solove, Daniel J. Digital Dossiers and the Dissipation of Fourth Amendment Privacy, 75 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA LAW REVIEW 1121 (2002).
______, The Virtues of Knowing Less: Justifying Privacy Protections Against Disclosure, 53 DUKE LAW JOURNAL 967 (2003).
Spencer, Shaun B. Reasonable Expectations and the Erosion of Privacy, 39 SAN DIEGO LAW REVIEW 882 (2002).
Straubel, Michael S. Telecommunication Satellites and Market Forces: How Should the Geostationary Orbit Be Regulated by the F.C.C.? 17 NORTH CAROLINA JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AND COMMERCIAL REGULATION 217 (1992).
Super, Stephen. Congress Gives Satellite Viewers Local Station Option, 6 BOSTON UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LAW 14 (2000).
Taipale, K. A. Technology Security and Privacy: The Fear of Frankenstein, the Mythology of Privacy and the Lessons of King Ludd, 7 YALE JOURNAL OF LAW AND TECHNOLOGY 124 (2005).
Tan, David. Towards A New Regime for the Protection of Outer Space as the "Province of All Mankind, " 25 YALE JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 145 (2000).
Tannenwald, Nina. Law Versus Power on the High Frontier: The Case for A Rule-Based Regime for Outer Space, 29 YALE JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 363 (2004).
Warren, Samuel D. & Louis Brandeis, The Right to Privacy, 4 HARVARD LAW REVIEW 193 (1890).
Willson, David L. An Army View of Neutrality in Space: Legal Options for Space Negation, 50 AIR FORCE LAW REVIEW 177 (2001).
Woo, Christopher &Miranda So, The Case for Magic Lantern: September 11 Highlights the Need for Increased Surveillance, 15 HARVARD JOURNAL OF LAW AND TECHNOLOGY 521 (2002).
三 美國法院判決
(一)聯邦最高法院
Abrams v. United States, 250 U.S. 616 (1919).
Berger v. New York, 388 U.S. 41 (1967).
Bond v. United States, 529 U.S. 334 (2000).
California v. Ciraolo, 476 U.S. 209 (1986).
California v. Greenwood, 486 U.S. 35 (1988).
Camara v. Municipal Court, 387 U.S. 523 (1967).
Carroll v. United States, 267 U.S. 132 (1925).
CBS v. Democratic National Committee, 412 U.S. 94 (1973).
Chaplinsky v. State of New Hampshire, 315 U.S. 568 (1942).
Chapman v. United States, 365 U.S. 610 (1961).
CIA v. Sim, 471 U.S. 159 (1985).
Cohen v. California, 403 U.S. 15 (1971).
Davis v. Mississippi, 394 U.S. 721 (1969).
Department of Defense v. Federal Labor Relations Authority, 510 U.S. 487 (1994).
Dow Chemical Co. v. United States, 476 U.S. 227 (1986).
EPA v. Mink, 410 U.S. 73 (1973).
Florida v. Riley, 488 U.S. 445 (1989).
Frohwerk v. United States, 249 U.S. 204 (1919).
Gilbert v. California, 388 U.S. 263 (1967).
Gitlow v. New York, 268 U.S. 652 (1925).
Goldman v. United States, 316 U.S. 129 (1942).
Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 484 (1965).
Hester v. United States, 265 U.S. 57 (1924).
Holt v. United States, 218 U.S. 245 (1910).
Hustler Magazine v. Fawell, 485 U.S. 46 (1988).
Illinois v. Caballes, 125 S. Ct. 834 (2005).
Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347 (1967).
Kovacas v. Cooper, 336 U.S. 77 (1949).
Kyllo v. United States, 533 U.S. 27 (2001).
McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Commission, 514 U.S. 334 (1995).
Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).
Nardone v. United States, 302 U.S. 379 (1937).
National Archives and Records Admin. v. Favish, 541 U.S. 157 (2004).
New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254 (1964).
Olmstead v. United States, 277 U.S. 438 (1928).
Oliver v. United States, 466 U.S. 170 (1984).
Police Department of Chicago v. Mosley, 408 U.S. 92 (1972).
Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC, 395 U.S. 367 (1969).
Reno v. ACLU, 521 U.S. 844 (1997).
Reno v. Condon, 528 U.S. 141 (2000).
Renton v. Playtime Theatres, 475 U.S. 41 (1986).
Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 152 (1973).
Roth v. United States, 354 U.S. 476 (1957).
Schenck v. United States, 249 U.S. 47 (1919).
See v. City of Seattle, 387 U.S. 541 (1967).
Schmerber v. California, 384 U.S. 757 (1966).
Schneider v. State, 308 U.S. 147 (1939).
Sibron v. New York, 392 U.S. 40 (1968).
Skinner v. Oklahoma, 316 U.S. 537 (1942).
Skinner v. Railway Labor Executives` Association, 489 U.S. 602 (1988).
Smith v. Maryland, 442 U.S. 735 (1979).
Stanley v. Georgia, 394 U.S. 557 (1969).
Stenburg v. Carhart, 120 S. Ct. 2597 (2000).
Stoner v. California, 376 U.S. 483 (1964).
Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968).
Texas v. Brown, 460 U.S. 730 (1983).
Time v. Hill, 385 U.S. 374 (1967).
United States v. Dionisio, 410 U.S. 1 (1973).
United States v. Dunn, 480 U.S. 294 (1987).
United States v. Mara, 410 U.S. 19 (1973).
United States v. Miller, 425 U.S. 435 (1976).
United States v. Montoya de Hernandez, 473 U.S. 531 (1985).
United States v. Karo, 468 U.S.705 (1984).
United States v. Knotts, 460 U.S. 276 (1982).
United States v. Ross, 456 U.S. 798 (1982).
United States v. Silverman, 365 U.S. 505 (1961).
United States v. United States District Court, 407 U.S. 318 (1972).
United States v. Wade, 388 U.S. 218 (1967).
United States v. White, 401 U.S. 745 (1971).
Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York v. Village of Stratton, 536 U.S. 150 (2002).
Wilson v. Layne, 526 U.S. 603 (1999).
Young v. American Mini-Theatres, 427 U.S. 50 (1976).
(二)聯邦上訴法院
ABC v. Primetime 24, 184 F.3d 348 (4th Cir. 1999).
Aeronautical Radio v. FCC, 928 F.2d 428 (DC Cir. 1991).
Alpha Lyracom Space Communications v. COMSAT, 946 F.2d 168 (2d Cir. 1991).
Building Owners and Managers Association International v. FCC, 254 F.3d 89 (DC Cir. 2001).
Caldarola v. County of Westchester, 343 F.3d 570 (2d Cir. 2003).
CBS v. Echostar, 265 F.3d 1193 (11th Cir. 2001).
Columbia Communications v. FCC, 832 F.2d 189 (DC Cir. 1987).
Communications Satellite Co. v. FCC, 836 F.2d 623 (DC Cir. 1988).
McMorris v. Alioto, 567 F.2d 897 (9th Cir. 1978).
Network Project v. FCC, 511 F.2d 786 (DC Cir. 1975).
Primetime 24 v. NBC, 219 F.3d 97 (8th Cir. 2000).
Satellite Communication v. FCC, 275 F.3d 337 (4th Cir. 2001).
Schiavo v. Schiavo, 2005 WL 648897 (11th Cir. Mar. 23, 2005).
Torbet v. United Airlines, Inc., 298 F.3d 1087 (9th Cir. 2002).
United States v. $124,570 U.S. Currency, 873 F.2d 1240 (9th Cir.1989).
United States v. Epperson, 454 F.2d 769 (4th Cir. 1972).
United States v. Ek, 676 F.2d 379 (9th Cir. 1982).
United States v. FCC, 652 F.2d 72 (DC Cir. 1980).
United States v. Forest, 355 F.3d 942 (6th Cir. 2004).
United States v. Lifshitz, 369 F.3d 173 (2d Cir. 2004).
United States v. Maldonado-Espinosa, 968 F. 2d 101 (1st Cir. 1992).
United States v. Mejia, 720 F.2d 1378 (5th Cir. 1983).
United States v. McIver, 186 F.3d 1119 (9th Cir. 1999).
United States v. Odofin, 929 F.2d 29 (2d Cir. 1991).
United States v. Penny-Fenny, 984 F.2d 1053 (9th Cir. 1993).
United States v. Taborda, 635 F.2d 131 (2d Cir. 1980).
United States v. Vega-Barvo, 729 F.2d 1341 (11th Cir. 1984).
United States v. Whaley, 779 F.2d 585 (11th Cir. 1986).
United States Telecom Association v. FCC, 227 F.3d 450 (DC Cir. 2000).
United States West v. FCC, 182 F.3d 1224 (10th Cir. 1999).
World Communications v. FCC, 735 F.2d 1465 (DC Cir. 1984).
(三)其他法院判決
Chism v. State, 824 N.E.2d 334 (Ind. 2005).
Conboy v. ATandT, 84 F. Supp. 2d 492 (S.D.N.Y. 2000).
Home Box Office v. Pay TV of Greater New York, 467 F. Supp. 525 (E.D.N.Y. 1979).
Nader v. General Motors, 25 N.Y. 2d 560 (1970).
Orth-O-Vision v. Home Box Office, 474 F. Supp. 672 (S.D.N.Y. 1979).
People v. Lacey, 2004 WL 1040676 (N.Y. Nassau County Ct. May 6, 2004).
State v. Jackson, 76 P.3d 217 (Wash. 2003).
State v. Young, 867 P.2d 593 (Wash. 1994).
United States v. Berry, 300 F. Supp.2d 366 (D. Md. 2004).
United States v. Mack, 272 F.Supp.2d 1174 (D. Colo. 2003).
United States v. Moran, 349 F. Supp. 2d 425 (N.D.N.Y. 2005).
United States v. Onyema, 766 F. Supp. 79 (E.D.N.Y. 1991).
United States v. Penny-Feeney, 773 F. Supp. 220 (DC Hawaii 1991).
描述 博士
國立政治大學
法律學研究所
89651503
94
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0089651503
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 陳起行zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (作者) 蔡達智zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) 蔡達智zh_TW
dc.date (日期) 2005en_US
dc.date.accessioned 17-九月-2009 14:27:22 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 17-九月-2009 14:27:22 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 17-九月-2009 14:27:22 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0089651503en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/32789-
dc.description (描述) 博士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 法律學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 89651503zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 94zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 國家為達成本身存在目的、實現各種公共任務而影響人民隱私權的程度,可分成國家安全、犯罪偵查與行政檢查等三個面向,又以實施的手段方法,可以分為對於個人表象事物與資訊的取得、入侵個人封閉事物與資訊,以此適用的法律原則,儘管有其例外,大致上可以分成封閉、開放;通訊內容與非通訊內容兩大原則,作為權衡國家公權力與個人隱私權保障與否及其程度範圍的判斷標準。此等原則仍適用於國家公權力利用衛星科技影響個人隱私權的情況,特別是利用衛星進行通訊監聽方面,與其他監聽工具方法並無明顯差異。利用衛星取得他人通訊內容,必須事先取得搜索票,如要取得非通訊內容,該資訊若有識別個人的成分,則應由法院為非搜索票的許可程序,以保障個人資料不受任意外洩或交付他人的風險。
其次,國家公權力利用衛星進行穿透光波的遙感探測,除了以國家安全為目的使用之外,作為犯罪偵查仍需事先取得搜索票為宜。至於無票搜索的衛星穿透光波利用,由於衛星造價及營運成本昂貴,距離地表過於遙遠,無面對面武器檢查的明顯立即危險存在,仍採用衛星進行穿透光波探測,違反比例原則的可能性相當高。
就有關開放空間中的衛星空照攝影或定位追蹤行為,即使是隱私權保障的程度較低,仍可能因為衛星高空、遠距、全球化且可為結合所有地面的個人資料庫形成全面監控的情況,難免使隱私權的保障略顯不足。對此,我國警察職權行使法對於開放空間中的監控行為限定在重罪與一年以下期限,足為開放空間原則的界限。至於有關公權力機關在私人財產外部裝設全球衛星定位系統作為監控個人行動的行為,美國國會趨於保障個人地理位置資訊的影響之下,可能不能再以開放空間原則作為身分確認與定位追蹤行為的合法基礎。全球衛星定位系統如有可能進入並探測他人封閉生活領域事物,或者如跟監時日過久,就有必要由法院審查。
zh_TW
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論
第二章 隱私權受公權力利用衛星科技衝擊的應有認識
第三章 公權力利用衛星穿透個人私密事物
第四章 公權力利用衛星取得個人開放資訊
第五章 公權力利用衛星介入個人秘密通訊
第六章 我國相關法制的現況與因應
第七章 結論
附錄
參考文獻

細目

第一章  緒論
第一節 問題提出
第二節 研究範圍
第三節 研究方法
第四節 論述體系
第二章 隱私權受公權力利用衛星科技衝擊的應有認識
第一節 前言
第二節 隱私權的意義 
第三節 保障隱私權的目的
第四節 隱私權與其他權利的關係
第五節 隱私權與公權力利用科技的關係
一 公權力利用科技削弱隱私權的防禦能力
二 趨近全面監控的生活環境
三 全面監控的衛星科技
第六節 面對公權力利用衛星科技的隱私權因應方法
第三章 公權力利用衛星穿透個人私密事物
第一節 前言
第二節 個人身體的隱私權保障
一 保障範圍
(一)身體內部
(二)裸體影像
二 無搜索票合理搜索個人身體
(一)重大公益或緊急必要檢查個人身體
(二)為國境安全以X光照射個人身體
第三節 個人住宅的隱私權保障
一 保障範圍
(一)住宅內部
(二)庭院
二 需法院核發搜索票的紅外線影像顯示
(一)United States v. Penny-Fenny
(二)Young & Jackson
(三)Kyllo v. United States
三 無搜索票合理進入屋內搜索
 第四節 個人可支配的財產隱私權
一 保障範圍
二 無搜索票合理探知財產內部事物
(一)武器檢查
(二)行政檢查後的合理搜索
(三)金屬探測與電磁感應
(四)緝毒犬的探測
第五節 利用衛星穿透光波的探測行為
 第六節 小結
第四章 公權力利用衛星取得個人開放資訊
 第一節 前言
第二節 開放空間原則的發展與適用
  一 一般目視原則
  二 輔助或提昇感官工具原則
  三 已為一般大眾使用工具原則
  四 個人明知揭露原則
第三節 開放空間原則的適用限制
一 一般目視原則的限制
二 輔助或提昇工具原則的限制
  三 已為一般大眾使用工具原則的限制
  四 明知揭露原則的限制
(一)充分的認知
(二)認知的範圍
(三)揭露資訊的範圍
  (四)被迫揭露不適用
五 全面監控的禁止
(一)限制全面監控的監視器
(二)限制形影不離的跟監追蹤
第四節 開放空間中的衛星空照攝影
一 開放空間原則的適用
二 開放空間原則的適用限制
三 禁止全面監控的衛星空照攝影
四 有限的衛星空照攝影自律規範
五 衛星空照攝影的程序管制
(一)使用人權限與決定人權限
(二)衛星空照攝影的技術限制
(三)衛星空照攝影資訊的流用與散佈
1. 其他機關的資訊利用
2. 一般人民的資訊請求
第五節 開放空間中的衛星定位追蹤
一 開放空間原則的適用
二 開放空間原則的適用限制
第六節 小結
第五章 公權力利用衛星介入個人秘密通訊
 第一節 前言
第二節 有形物體作為防禦通訊監聽的時期
第三節 以通訊內容作為隱私權保護標的
第四節 國家安全監聽的行政特權
 一 United States v. United States District Court
  二 United States v. Nixon
三 外國情報偵查法
第五節 非通訊內容等個人資訊的保障
第六節 第三人保障個人隱私權的權責
一 自願交付個人隱私事物與資訊的風險承擔 
  二 通訊協助法律執行法的強化
  三 電信業者提供政府基地台位置資訊
  四 網路服務業者提供封包通訊地址
  五 個人通訊地點資訊的保障
(一)開放空間原則的適用
(二)通訊協助法律執行法的初步保障
   (三)無線通訊與公共安全法的保障
(四)事先同意或事後取消利用個人通訊地點資訊
第七節 九一一事件之後的發展
第八節 衛星通訊的個人資訊保護
一 加密鎖碼的衛星通訊
  二 利用衛星進行國家安全監聽
三 利用衛星介入監聽通訊行為
  四 強制加裝衛星定位系統
  五 第三人提供個人衛星定位資訊
第九節 小結
第六章 我國相關法制的現況與因應
第一節 前言
第二節 審檢合力監督審查公權力行為
第三節 利用衛星穿透光波的管制
  一 個人封閉事物與資訊的保障
  (一)人體檢測
(二)搜索交通工具
  二 合理必要的無票搜索
   (一)搜索傷害生命或身體之物
   (二)搜索住宅或營業場所
  三 合理利用衛星穿透光波探測
第四節 開放空間中的衛星空照與追蹤
  一 空照攝影
   (一)開放空間原則的適用
   (二)開放空間原則適用的限制
1. 比例原則的適用
2. 影像身分查證的限制
   (三)開放空間中的衛星空照攝影
  二 跟監追蹤
   (一)開放空間原則的適用
   (二)開放空間原則適用的限制
   (三)開放空間中的衛星定位追蹤
第五節 利用衛星監聽及其資訊的運用
一 特殊的國家安全監聽
二 限制得一方同意監聽
三 非通訊內容不受保障
第六節 小結
第七章 結論
附錄
附錄一 內政部基本控制測量成果供應要點
附錄二 臺灣地區地圖及影像資料供應要點
附錄三 地球同步軌道衛星及非地球同步軌道衛星比較
附錄四 衛星電波使用頻段
參考文獻
壹 中文部分
一 書籍
二 期刊
貳 英文部分
一 書籍
二 期刊
三 美國法院判決
(一)聯邦最高法院
(二)聯邦上訴法院
(三)其他法院判決
zh_TW
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dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0089651503en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 公權力zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 衛星科技zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 隱私權zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) privacyen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) satellite surveillanceen_US
dc.title (題名) 公權力利用衛星科技對隱私權的影響-以美國法為中心zh_TW
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 壹 中文部分(依姓氏筆畫排序)zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Reno v. ACLU, 521 U.S. 844 (1997).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Reno v. Condon, 528 U.S. 141 (2000).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Renton v. Playtime Theatres, 475 U.S. 41 (1986).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 152 (1973).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Roth v. United States, 354 U.S. 476 (1957).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Schenck v. United States, 249 U.S. 47 (1919).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) See v. City of Seattle, 387 U.S. 541 (1967).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Schmerber v. California, 384 U.S. 757 (1966).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Schneider v. State, 308 U.S. 147 (1939).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Sibron v. New York, 392 U.S. 40 (1968).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Skinner v. Oklahoma, 316 U.S. 537 (1942).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Skinner v. Railway Labor Executives` Association, 489 U.S. 602 (1988).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Smith v. Maryland, 442 U.S. 735 (1979).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Stanley v. Georgia, 394 U.S. 557 (1969).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Stenburg v. Carhart, 120 S. Ct. 2597 (2000).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Stoner v. California, 376 U.S. 483 (1964).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Texas v. Brown, 460 U.S. 730 (1983).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Time v. Hill, 385 U.S. 374 (1967).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) United States v. Dionisio, 410 U.S. 1 (1973).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) United States v. Dunn, 480 U.S. 294 (1987).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) United States v. Mara, 410 U.S. 19 (1973).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) United States v. Miller, 425 U.S. 435 (1976).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) United States v. Montoya de Hernandez, 473 U.S. 531 (1985).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) United States v. Karo, 468 U.S.705 (1984).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) United States v. Knotts, 460 U.S. 276 (1982).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) United States v. Ross, 456 U.S. 798 (1982).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) United States v. Silverman, 365 U.S. 505 (1961).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) United States v. United States District Court, 407 U.S. 318 (1972).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) United States v. Wade, 388 U.S. 218 (1967).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) United States v. White, 401 U.S. 745 (1971).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York v. Village of Stratton, 536 U.S. 150 (2002).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Wilson v. Layne, 526 U.S. 603 (1999).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Young v. American Mini-Theatres, 427 U.S. 50 (1976).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) (二)聯邦上訴法院zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ABC v. Primetime 24, 184 F.3d 348 (4th Cir. 1999).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Aeronautical Radio v. FCC, 928 F.2d 428 (DC Cir. 1991).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Alpha Lyracom Space Communications v. COMSAT, 946 F.2d 168 (2d Cir. 1991).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Building Owners and Managers Association International v. FCC, 254 F.3d 89 (DC Cir. 2001).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Caldarola v. County of Westchester, 343 F.3d 570 (2d Cir. 2003).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) CBS v. Echostar, 265 F.3d 1193 (11th Cir. 2001).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Columbia Communications v. FCC, 832 F.2d 189 (DC Cir. 1987).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Communications Satellite Co. v. FCC, 836 F.2d 623 (DC Cir. 1988).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) McMorris v. Alioto, 567 F.2d 897 (9th Cir. 1978).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Network Project v. FCC, 511 F.2d 786 (DC Cir. 1975).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Primetime 24 v. NBC, 219 F.3d 97 (8th Cir. 2000).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Satellite Communication v. FCC, 275 F.3d 337 (4th Cir. 2001).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Schiavo v. Schiavo, 2005 WL 648897 (11th Cir. Mar. 23, 2005).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Torbet v. United Airlines, Inc., 298 F.3d 1087 (9th Cir. 2002).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) United States v. $124,570 U.S. Currency, 873 F.2d 1240 (9th Cir.1989).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) United States v. Epperson, 454 F.2d 769 (4th Cir. 1972).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) United States v. Ek, 676 F.2d 379 (9th Cir. 1982).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) United States v. FCC, 652 F.2d 72 (DC Cir. 1980).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) United States v. Forest, 355 F.3d 942 (6th Cir. 2004).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) United States v. Lifshitz, 369 F.3d 173 (2d Cir. 2004).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) United States v. Maldonado-Espinosa, 968 F. 2d 101 (1st Cir. 1992).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) United States v. Mejia, 720 F.2d 1378 (5th Cir. 1983).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) United States v. McIver, 186 F.3d 1119 (9th Cir. 1999).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) United States v. Odofin, 929 F.2d 29 (2d Cir. 1991).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) United States v. Penny-Fenny, 984 F.2d 1053 (9th Cir. 1993).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) United States v. Taborda, 635 F.2d 131 (2d Cir. 1980).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) United States v. Vega-Barvo, 729 F.2d 1341 (11th Cir. 1984).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) United States v. Whaley, 779 F.2d 585 (11th Cir. 1986).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) United States Telecom Association v. FCC, 227 F.3d 450 (DC Cir. 2000).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) United States West v. FCC, 182 F.3d 1224 (10th Cir. 1999).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) World Communications v. FCC, 735 F.2d 1465 (DC Cir. 1984).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) (三)其他法院判決zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chism v. State, 824 N.E.2d 334 (Ind. 2005).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Conboy v. ATandT, 84 F. Supp. 2d 492 (S.D.N.Y. 2000).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Home Box Office v. Pay TV of Greater New York, 467 F. Supp. 525 (E.D.N.Y. 1979).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Nader v. General Motors, 25 N.Y. 2d 560 (1970).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Orth-O-Vision v. Home Box Office, 474 F. Supp. 672 (S.D.N.Y. 1979).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) People v. Lacey, 2004 WL 1040676 (N.Y. Nassau County Ct. May 6, 2004).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) State v. Jackson, 76 P.3d 217 (Wash. 2003).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) State v. Young, 867 P.2d 593 (Wash. 1994).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) United States v. Berry, 300 F. Supp.2d 366 (D. Md. 2004).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) United States v. Mack, 272 F.Supp.2d 1174 (D. Colo. 2003).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) United States v. Moran, 349 F. Supp. 2d 425 (N.D.N.Y. 2005).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) United States v. Onyema, 766 F. Supp. 79 (E.D.N.Y. 1991).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) United States v. Penny-Feeney, 773 F. Supp. 220 (DC Hawaii 1991).zh_TW