Publications-Theses

題名 論品牌內垂直非價格限制-以美國法為中心
作者 周振鋒
Chou,Cheng-Fong
貢獻者 吳秀明
周振鋒
Chou,Cheng-Fong
關鍵詞 垂直限制
品牌內
非價格
地域限制
顧客限制
vertical restraints
intrabrand
nonprice
territorial restraints
customer restraints
日期 2004
上傳時間 17-Sep-2009 14:31:38 (UTC+8)
摘要 品牌內垂直非價格限制,一般係指地域限制與顧客限制,通認為製造商建立有效率、具忠誠度經銷通路的良好競爭手段。製造商藉由此類限制,抑制下游經銷商對單一品排牌產品彼此相互競爭,使得經銷商間品牌內競爭減弱,而隨著降低競爭,經銷商則有能力提高產品價格,增加銷售利潤。相對於製造商而言,增加經銷商能增加經銷商促銷其產品的意願,總體來說,製造商也能增加利潤。尤其,對品牌弱勢、或新進市場的製造商,維持下游經銷商銷售利潤是刺激經銷商促銷、幫助品牌建立的有效方式。此外,品牌內垂直非價格限制亦可解決搭便車問題,製造商因此能確保下游經銷商之銷售不會受到搭便車者的折扣行為而受到影響。
      品牌內垂直非價格限制雖有上述功能,惟畢竟其為以合意方式限制品牌內競爭,故對強調「維護自由競爭機能」的反托拉斯法來說,仍有所疑慮。雖說,是否管制此類限制,學說上仍有爭論。事實上,目前多數國家皆將品牌內垂直限制列入管制。但也因為其對競爭是否有影響並未有絕對定論下,如何管制、具體準則如何,似乎仍沒有形成一套明確的準則。尤其在我國,因公平交易法施行未久,實務案例累積數量有限,離標準的建立似仍有一段距離。本文認為,無論從立法歷史、實務管制經驗、經濟理論發達程度與相關探討文獻數量等觀點,美國法確為我國法往後執法的良好參考,適度參酌該國法經驗應有助我國法執法基準之建立。有鑑於此,本文以深入介紹美國法管制品牌內垂直限制為方法,內容中不乏對美國重要司法判決與學說理論之論述,希冀藉此作為我國往後立法、執法的借鏡。
     品牌內垂直限制因僅影響品牌內競爭,故美國在Sylvania(1977)案,最高法院已確定將垂直非價格限制以「合理原則」審查。在合理原則下,訴訟原告必須負擔極為沈重的舉證責任,始能獲得勝訴。故往後原告多將品牌內垂直非價格限制定位為「當然違法」之行為類型,如水平限制、垂直約價(垂直價格限制)、聯合杯葛等,以求勝訴。垂直非價格限制與水平限制、垂直價格限制、聯合杯葛如何區分,為即具探討實益的問題。
     品牌內垂直限制依芝加哥學派的見解,不論其限制內容為價格或非價格,一律為有助競爭、有效率的競爭方式。芝加哥學派的見解,對近幾十年美國反托拉斯法院,有相當重要的影響。故對芝加哥學派的思想,實有必要加以介紹,始能窺知美國法之全貌。除經濟理論外,從美國法院判決不難看出,非經濟因素對垂直非價格限制合法性的影響實不容忽視。雖說美國法院近來於反托拉斯案件中,多以經濟分析方式決定系爭限制之合法性,但事實上,倫理、社會、道德等價值,最高法院仍無法完全擺脫。而經濟、非經濟因素如何影響、甚至決定品牌內垂直非價格限制合法性,亦為本文的討論重點。
     按我國管制品牌內垂直非價格限制之法規,為公平交易法第十九條第六款。該條款性質屬「限制競爭法」領域,但體例上卻列於不正競爭法,似有失當。又,構成該條款之不法限制須有「有限制競爭之虞」之共通要件、且具「不正當限制」之個別要件。此二要件如何具體適用、相互間有何影響,則有檢討之必要。依公平會見解,此二要件判斷標準相若,並無法區分。在如此見解下,導致公平會於執法時僅對「不正當限制」為檢驗,忽略對「有限制競爭之虞」作進一步分析。而是否「不正當限制」又常以無法標準化之非經濟因素,如不公平地位、限制相對人經營自由,為審查重心,卻忽略了限制競爭法管制的基礎—競爭機能受損害。故本文除評論此不合理的現象外,並參酌美國法的執法經驗,提出本文對我國法往後立法與執法的建言。
Intrabrand vertical nonprice restraints, including territorial and customer restraints, are regarded as those of the best ways that can help a manufacturer to make the distribution of his products efficient. These restraints can lessen or eliminate the intrabrand competition of single manufacturer’s products. Therefore, the downstream dealers could make more profits by raising price. As far as a manufacturer is concerned, these restraints can stimulate dealers’ will of promoting his products by providing showrooms, more service, personnel and so on. After all, the more quantity of a manufacturer’s products dealers sell, the more profits a manufacturer earns. Especially when a manufacturer has weak brand or is new in the market, a manufacturer imposing intrabrand vertical nonprice restrains can build its brand rapidly and easily. Besides, they can solve the problem of free-riding between dealers.
      Although intrabrand vertical nonprice restraints have functions of improving distributive efficiency of manufacturer’s products, they are made by agreement between manufacturer and dealer to eliminate competition, and may break antitrust laws that preserve the mechanism of competition. In fact, most of the countries in the world have laws to regulate them. Unfortunately, there is no firm and convincible theory can explain whether intrabrand vertical nonprice restraints harm competition or not. Because of this situation, it’s hard for the antitrust bureau to form a standard of enforcing the antitrust law related to them. Especially in Taiwan, Fair Trade Act (FTA) was made in 1991, so the number of cases accumulated by antitrust bureau, Fair Trade Commission (FTC), is not enough to build a concrete guideline to solve the complexity of intrabrand vertical nonprice restraints. It may be helpful for us to see the foreign regulation toward intrabrand vertical nonprice restraints. Take U.S. antitrust law for instance, there are a long history of regulating experience, abundance of economic theories and essays related to antitrust law. Regarding this point, U.S. law perhaps is a good model to Taiwan.
      Because intrabrand vertical restraints only effect competition of single brand, U.S. Supreme Court in Sylvania (1977) evaluates them by rule of reason. Under rule of reason, the plaintiff must show what damage of competition the restraint at issue has did. Because of being in heavy burden of evidence, the plaintiff is actually hard to win in any case. Later, many plaintiffs who want to get rid of the burden of evidence claim the restraint at issue as a per se illegal type such as parallel collusion, resale price maintenance (RPM), group boycott, but most of them fail.
     According to Chicago School, intrabrand restraints (price or nonprice) in all circumstances is procompetitive and efficient. The economic theory of Chicago School has had great influence on antitrust decision of Supreme Court in past decades, so it is essential to introduce Chicago School for studying the U.S. antitrust law. Addition to economic theory, non-economic concerns such as protection of small retailers and consumers also have some effect on Supreme Court. But unlike economic theory, non-economic concerns are usually involved with moral and social values, and not only hard to evaluate with economic concepts but with each other. Therefore, Chicago School’s advocates like Bork and Posner claim in antitrust case a judge should ignore about non-economic concerns. It’s, however, still a dispute between scholars.
      In Taiwan, regulating vertical nonprice restraints is Article 19(6) of FTA. Theoretically this Article belongs to antitrust law’s territory, but legislators put it mistakenly in ChapterⅢ “unfair competition.” Besides, there are two elements to meet Article 19(6), general and particular element. In other words, an illegal vertical restraint must meet “which is likely to lessen competition or to impede fair competition” called general element and “limiting its trading counterparts` business activity improperly by means of the requirements of business engagement” called particular element. According to the opinion of TFC, general and particular element can’t be distinguished from each other and should be judged by the same standard. Because general element is about the concepts of the market and competition and hard to investigate, in terms of the cost of enforcing laws, FTC will naturally judge Article 19(6) of FTA by focusing the particular element. But what’s “improper” in the particular element is not so clear and usually is involved with non-economic concerns such as the freedom of dealers’, the consumer’s rights of option. In fact, from seeing cases made by FTC, we can conclude that FTC usually put non-economic concerns in a key role in cases and ignore economic concerns. It’s a serious problem we need to discuss. After all, economic concern in the U.S. antitrust law is one of the most important reasons to punish the behavior of agreement. At the end of this thesis, we not only get a conclusion but present some advice of FTA and FTC by comparing with U.S. laws.
參考文獻 一、中文參考書目
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二、中文期刊
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三、中文碩士論文
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四、公平會出版物
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五、外文書目(books)
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六、外文期刊(periodical)
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描述 碩士
國立政治大學
法律學研究所
90651016
93
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0906510163
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 吳秀明zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 周振鋒zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Chou,Cheng-Fongen_US
dc.creator (作者) 周振鋒zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Chou,Cheng-Fongen_US
dc.date (日期) 2004en_US
dc.date.accessioned 17-Sep-2009 14:31:38 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 17-Sep-2009 14:31:38 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 17-Sep-2009 14:31:38 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0906510163en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/32824-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 法律學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 90651016zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 93zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 品牌內垂直非價格限制,一般係指地域限制與顧客限制,通認為製造商建立有效率、具忠誠度經銷通路的良好競爭手段。製造商藉由此類限制,抑制下游經銷商對單一品排牌產品彼此相互競爭,使得經銷商間品牌內競爭減弱,而隨著降低競爭,經銷商則有能力提高產品價格,增加銷售利潤。相對於製造商而言,增加經銷商能增加經銷商促銷其產品的意願,總體來說,製造商也能增加利潤。尤其,對品牌弱勢、或新進市場的製造商,維持下游經銷商銷售利潤是刺激經銷商促銷、幫助品牌建立的有效方式。此外,品牌內垂直非價格限制亦可解決搭便車問題,製造商因此能確保下游經銷商之銷售不會受到搭便車者的折扣行為而受到影響。
      品牌內垂直非價格限制雖有上述功能,惟畢竟其為以合意方式限制品牌內競爭,故對強調「維護自由競爭機能」的反托拉斯法來說,仍有所疑慮。雖說,是否管制此類限制,學說上仍有爭論。事實上,目前多數國家皆將品牌內垂直限制列入管制。但也因為其對競爭是否有影響並未有絕對定論下,如何管制、具體準則如何,似乎仍沒有形成一套明確的準則。尤其在我國,因公平交易法施行未久,實務案例累積數量有限,離標準的建立似仍有一段距離。本文認為,無論從立法歷史、實務管制經驗、經濟理論發達程度與相關探討文獻數量等觀點,美國法確為我國法往後執法的良好參考,適度參酌該國法經驗應有助我國法執法基準之建立。有鑑於此,本文以深入介紹美國法管制品牌內垂直限制為方法,內容中不乏對美國重要司法判決與學說理論之論述,希冀藉此作為我國往後立法、執法的借鏡。
     品牌內垂直限制因僅影響品牌內競爭,故美國在Sylvania(1977)案,最高法院已確定將垂直非價格限制以「合理原則」審查。在合理原則下,訴訟原告必須負擔極為沈重的舉證責任,始能獲得勝訴。故往後原告多將品牌內垂直非價格限制定位為「當然違法」之行為類型,如水平限制、垂直約價(垂直價格限制)、聯合杯葛等,以求勝訴。垂直非價格限制與水平限制、垂直價格限制、聯合杯葛如何區分,為即具探討實益的問題。
     品牌內垂直限制依芝加哥學派的見解,不論其限制內容為價格或非價格,一律為有助競爭、有效率的競爭方式。芝加哥學派的見解,對近幾十年美國反托拉斯法院,有相當重要的影響。故對芝加哥學派的思想,實有必要加以介紹,始能窺知美國法之全貌。除經濟理論外,從美國法院判決不難看出,非經濟因素對垂直非價格限制合法性的影響實不容忽視。雖說美國法院近來於反托拉斯案件中,多以經濟分析方式決定系爭限制之合法性,但事實上,倫理、社會、道德等價值,最高法院仍無法完全擺脫。而經濟、非經濟因素如何影響、甚至決定品牌內垂直非價格限制合法性,亦為本文的討論重點。
     按我國管制品牌內垂直非價格限制之法規,為公平交易法第十九條第六款。該條款性質屬「限制競爭法」領域,但體例上卻列於不正競爭法,似有失當。又,構成該條款之不法限制須有「有限制競爭之虞」之共通要件、且具「不正當限制」之個別要件。此二要件如何具體適用、相互間有何影響,則有檢討之必要。依公平會見解,此二要件判斷標準相若,並無法區分。在如此見解下,導致公平會於執法時僅對「不正當限制」為檢驗,忽略對「有限制競爭之虞」作進一步分析。而是否「不正當限制」又常以無法標準化之非經濟因素,如不公平地位、限制相對人經營自由,為審查重心,卻忽略了限制競爭法管制的基礎—競爭機能受損害。故本文除評論此不合理的現象外,並參酌美國法的執法經驗,提出本文對我國法往後立法與執法的建言。
zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Intrabrand vertical nonprice restraints, including territorial and customer restraints, are regarded as those of the best ways that can help a manufacturer to make the distribution of his products efficient. These restraints can lessen or eliminate the intrabrand competition of single manufacturer’s products. Therefore, the downstream dealers could make more profits by raising price. As far as a manufacturer is concerned, these restraints can stimulate dealers’ will of promoting his products by providing showrooms, more service, personnel and so on. After all, the more quantity of a manufacturer’s products dealers sell, the more profits a manufacturer earns. Especially when a manufacturer has weak brand or is new in the market, a manufacturer imposing intrabrand vertical nonprice restrains can build its brand rapidly and easily. Besides, they can solve the problem of free-riding between dealers.
      Although intrabrand vertical nonprice restraints have functions of improving distributive efficiency of manufacturer’s products, they are made by agreement between manufacturer and dealer to eliminate competition, and may break antitrust laws that preserve the mechanism of competition. In fact, most of the countries in the world have laws to regulate them. Unfortunately, there is no firm and convincible theory can explain whether intrabrand vertical nonprice restraints harm competition or not. Because of this situation, it’s hard for the antitrust bureau to form a standard of enforcing the antitrust law related to them. Especially in Taiwan, Fair Trade Act (FTA) was made in 1991, so the number of cases accumulated by antitrust bureau, Fair Trade Commission (FTC), is not enough to build a concrete guideline to solve the complexity of intrabrand vertical nonprice restraints. It may be helpful for us to see the foreign regulation toward intrabrand vertical nonprice restraints. Take U.S. antitrust law for instance, there are a long history of regulating experience, abundance of economic theories and essays related to antitrust law. Regarding this point, U.S. law perhaps is a good model to Taiwan.
      Because intrabrand vertical restraints only effect competition of single brand, U.S. Supreme Court in Sylvania (1977) evaluates them by rule of reason. Under rule of reason, the plaintiff must show what damage of competition the restraint at issue has did. Because of being in heavy burden of evidence, the plaintiff is actually hard to win in any case. Later, many plaintiffs who want to get rid of the burden of evidence claim the restraint at issue as a per se illegal type such as parallel collusion, resale price maintenance (RPM), group boycott, but most of them fail.
     According to Chicago School, intrabrand restraints (price or nonprice) in all circumstances is procompetitive and efficient. The economic theory of Chicago School has had great influence on antitrust decision of Supreme Court in past decades, so it is essential to introduce Chicago School for studying the U.S. antitrust law. Addition to economic theory, non-economic concerns such as protection of small retailers and consumers also have some effect on Supreme Court. But unlike economic theory, non-economic concerns are usually involved with moral and social values, and not only hard to evaluate with economic concepts but with each other. Therefore, Chicago School’s advocates like Bork and Posner claim in antitrust case a judge should ignore about non-economic concerns. It’s, however, still a dispute between scholars.
      In Taiwan, regulating vertical nonprice restraints is Article 19(6) of FTA. Theoretically this Article belongs to antitrust law’s territory, but legislators put it mistakenly in ChapterⅢ “unfair competition.” Besides, there are two elements to meet Article 19(6), general and particular element. In other words, an illegal vertical restraint must meet “which is likely to lessen competition or to impede fair competition” called general element and “limiting its trading counterparts` business activity improperly by means of the requirements of business engagement” called particular element. According to the opinion of TFC, general and particular element can’t be distinguished from each other and should be judged by the same standard. Because general element is about the concepts of the market and competition and hard to investigate, in terms of the cost of enforcing laws, FTC will naturally judge Article 19(6) of FTA by focusing the particular element. But what’s “improper” in the particular element is not so clear and usually is involved with non-economic concerns such as the freedom of dealers’, the consumer’s rights of option. In fact, from seeing cases made by FTC, we can conclude that FTC usually put non-economic concerns in a key role in cases and ignore economic concerns. It’s a serious problem we need to discuss. After all, economic concern in the U.S. antitrust law is one of the most important reasons to punish the behavior of agreement. At the end of this thesis, we not only get a conclusion but present some advice of FTA and FTC by comparing with U.S. laws.
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dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 概論 ………………………………………………………………1
     第一節 題目說明 …………………………………………………………1
     第二節 研究動機與目的 …………………………………………………2
     第三節 研究架構 ………………………………………………………… 4
     第四節 研究限制 ……………………………………………………… 4
     第二章 經銷體系概述 ………………………………………………………6
     第一節 經銷通路說明………………………………………………………6
     一、中間商的作用 ………………………………………………………7
     二、經銷體系的角色定位與行文說明 …………………………………8
     三、通路的型態選擇與垂直限制 ………………………………………9
     四、通路衝突……………………………………………………………10
     第二節 通路整合—垂直整合與垂直限制 ………………………………12
     一、垂直整合 …………………………………………………………12
     二、垂直限制 …………………………………………………………13
     第三章 品牌內垂直限制之意義、類型與判斷 ………………………16
     第一節 說明 ………………………………………………………………16
     第二節 水平與垂直限制之區別與判斷 …………………………………19
     一、意義…………………………………………………………………19
     二、水平與垂直限制之判斷……………………………………………19
     三、違法性之判斷………………………………………………………25
     四、垂直與水平限制之合意……………………………………………26
     第三節 品牌內垂直價格限制與非價格限制 ……………………………28
     一、意義…………………………………………………………………28
     (一)品牌內垂直價格限制……………………………………………28
     (二)品牌內垂直非價格限制…………………………………………29
     二、品牌內垂直價格與非價格限制之判斷……………………………32
     (一)說明………………………………………………………………32
     (二)垂直價格與非價格限制的牽連…………………………………33
     (三)美國司法判決的發展……………………………………………34
     (四)小結………………………………………………………………37
     三、違法性判斷…………………………………………………………38
     第四節 品牌內與品牌間競爭之限制 ……………………………………40
     一、意義…………………………………………………………………40
     (一)品牌內競爭與限制………………………………………………42
     (二)品牌間競爭與限制………………………………………………42
     二、品牌內競爭的優點…………………………………………………43
     (一)套利功能 ………………………………………………………43
     (二)維持經銷效率與創新……………………………………………43
     (三)品牌內競爭的上游利益…………………………………………43
     (四)減低濫用資訊不對稱的危險……………………………………44
     三、評價品牌內垂直限制………………………………………………45
     (一)製造商與經銷商之關係…………………………………………45
     (二)競爭之抑制與違法性判斷………………………………………46
     (三)小結………………………………………………………………48
     第五節 選擇、獨家經銷與品牌內垂直限制 ……………………………50
     一、意義…………………………………………………………………50
     二、與品牌內垂直限制之關聯…………………………………………51
     三、小結…………………………………………………………………52
     第六節 杯葛、拒絕交易與品牌內垂直限制 ……………………………53
     一、說明…………………………………………………………………53
     二、杯葛的類型…………………………………………………………54
     三、與品牌內垂直限制關聯 …………………………………………55
     四、美國重要司法判決 ………………………………………………55
     (一)Klor’s(1959)案…………………………………………………55
     (二)General Motors(1966)案 ………………………………………56
     (三)NYNEX(1999)案……………………………………………………56
     五、小結 ………………………………………………………………56
     第七節 雙重經銷下之品牌內垂直限制 …………………………………58
     一、意義 ………………………………………………………………58
     二、合法性爭議 ………………………………………………………58
     三、合理性 ……………………………………………………………59
     四、美國法院見解 ……………………………………………………59
     (一)早期見解 …………………………………………………………59
     (二)Sylvania(1977)案以後 …………………………………………60
     (三)Abadir(1981)案 …………………………………………………60
     五、小結 ………………………………………………………………61
     第四章 品牌內垂直限制的經濟考量 ……………………………………62
     第一節 說明 ………………………………………………………………62
     第二節 製造商使用品牌內垂直限制之動機 ……………………………64
     一、防止搭便車問題 …………………………………………………65
     二、有效率的地域規模 ………………………………………………65
     三、使製造商卡特爾順利運作 ………………………………………65
     四、便利經銷商卡特爾 ………………………………………………66
     五、經銷商專業化與差別取價 ………………………………………67
     六、排除對手競爭 ……………………………………………………67
     七、差別取價 …………………………………………………………68
     八、市場穿透 …………………………………………………………69
     九、產品品質與安全 …………………………………………………69
     十、促進進入市場 ……………………………………………………70
     十一、促進品牌間競爭 ………………………………………………70
     十二、作為第二限制之補償 …………………………………………70
     十三、作為經銷商維持存貨、投資的誘因 …………………………71
     第三節 品牌內垂直限制的經濟分析……………………………………72
     一、說明 ………………………………………………………………72
     二、芝加哥學派的觀點 ………………………………………………74
     (一)基本立場 ………………………………………………………74
     (二)芝加哥學派下的製造商施用動機 ……………………………75
     (三)品牌內垂直限制極少反競爭 …………………………………77
     (四)小結 ……………………………………………………………77
     三、搭便車問題 ………………………………………………………78
     (一)產品促銷與搭便車問題 ………………………………………78
     (二)搭便車問題之解決 ……………………………………………80
     (三)搭便車理論之經濟分析 ………………………………………81
     (四)搭便車理論之缺失 ……………………………………………81
     四、品牌內垂直限制的反對意見 ……………………………………82
     (一)說明 ……………………………………………………………82
     (二)產品差異 ………………………………………………………83
     (三)經銷商卡特爾 …………………………………………………83
     (四)製造商卡特爾 …………………………………………………85
     (五)差別取價 ………………………………………………………86
     (六)限制產出 ………………………………………………………86
     (七)獲取高利潤 ……………………………………………………86
     (八)保護消費者 ……………………………………………………86
     (九)小結 ……………………………………………………………87
     第五章 品牌內垂直限制的非經濟考量 …………………………………89
     第一節 說明………………………………………………………………89
     第二節 相關非經濟因素…………………………………………………90
     一、保護小型事業 ……………………………………………………90
     二、限制經銷商之經營自由 …………………………………………91
     三、基於財產權之觀點 ………………………………………………92
     四、基於競爭公平性之觀點 …………………………………………92
     五、限制消費者選擇自由 ……………………………………………93
     第三節 小結 ……………………………………………………………94
     第六章 美國法對品牌內垂直非價格限制之管制 ………………………97
     第一節 反托拉斯法對(垂直)限制之管制歷史說明 ………………97
     一、普通法時期 ………………………………………………………97
     二、休曼法時期 ………………………………………………………97
     (一)說明 ……………………………………………………………97
     (二)當然違法與合理原則分析 ……………………………………97
     (三)早期休曼法下之管制…………………………………………100
     (四)高露潔原則……………………………………………………103
     (五)品牌內垂直非價格限制之司法判決…………………………107
     三、品牌內垂直非價格限制重要判決 ……………………………107
     (一)White Motors(1963)案………………………………………107
     (二)Schwinn(1967)案 ……………………………………………110
     (三)Sylvania(1977)案……………………………………………113
     四、Sylvania(1977)案對下級法院的影響 ………………………118
     (一)說明……………………………………………………………118
     (二)各法院作法有異………………………………………………119
     (三)使用合理原則之結果…………………………………………119
     五、垂直限制指導原則 ……………………………………………124
     (一)說明……………………………………………………………124
     (二)垂直限制指導原則的產生……………………………………124
     第二節 地域限制發展之類型…………………………………………128
     一、說明………………………………………………………………128
     二、純粹的地域限制…………………………………………………128
     三、獨家地域…………………………………………………………120
     四、地點條款…………………………………………………………131
     五、主要責任區………………………………………………………131
     六、利益移轉條款……………………………………………………132
     七、差別定價或權利金系統…………………………………………133
     八、密閉的地域………………………………………………………133
     九、卸貨控制…………………………………………………………133
     第三節 顧客限制發展之類型 …………………………………………135
     一、說明………………………………………………………………135
     二、僅在專業市場……………………………………………………135
     三、禁止轉售…………………………………………………………136
     四、全國性客戶………………………………………………………136
     五、不干涉期間………………………………………………………136
     六、僅能販售特許商或指定顧客……………………………………136
     七、禁止郵購或線上銷售……………………………………………137
     第四節 小結 ……………………………………………………………138
     第七章 我國法對品牌內垂直非價格限制之管制………………………143
     第一節 概說 ……………………………………………………………143
     一、公平法之體例與立法目的………………………………………143
     (一)說明……………………………………………………………143
     (二)公平法之體例…………………………………………………145
     (三)公平法之立法目的……………………………………………146
     二、公平法下之品牌內垂直限制……………………………………145
      (一)說明……………………………………………………………147
      (二)品牌內垂直價格與非價格限制之區分………………………147
      (三)本文意見………………………………………………………149
     第二節 品牌內垂直非價格限制之要件 ………………………………151
     一、說明………………………………………………………………151
     二、共通要件…………………………………………………………151
     (一)公平會第七十一次委員會決議………………………………152
     (二)公平會第三八二委員會議決議………………………………155
     (三)公平會第四八一次委員會議決議……………………………156
     (四)學者意見………………………………………………………157
     (五)小結與建議……………………………………………………159
     三、個別要件…………………………………………………………161
      (一)說明……………………………………………………………161
      (二)行為當事人須為事業…………………………………………162
     (三)行為須構成限制………………………………………………162
     (四)限制須「不正當」……………………………………………164
     第三節 條文之適用問題 ………………………………………………170
     一、說明………………………………………………………………170
     二、與獨占規範之關聯………………………………………………170
     三、與杯葛之關聯……………………………………………………170
     四、與第二十四條之關聯……………………………………………171
     第四節 實務案例評析……………………………………………………172
     一、說明………………………………………………………………172
     二、案例簡介與評析…………………………………………………172
     (一)太平洋百貨案…………………………………………………172
     (二)南一書局案……………………………………………………178
     (三)高昇案…………………………………………………………180
     (四)其他案例………………………………………………………181
     三、小結………………………………………………………………183
     第八章 結論與建議………………………………………………………186
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dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0906510163en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 垂直限制zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 品牌內zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 非價格zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 地域限制zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 顧客限制zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) vertical restraintsen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) intrabranden_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) nonpriceen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) territorial restraintsen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) customer restraintsen_US
dc.title (題名) 論品牌內垂直非價格限制-以美國法為中心zh_TW
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 一、中文參考書目zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1、林立,波斯納與法律經濟分析,學林,2004年4月。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 2、范建得、莊春發,公平交易法系列二—不公平競爭,1992年。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 3、吳秀明,競爭法制之發軔與展開,元照,2004年11月。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 4、呂榮海、謝穎青、張嘉真著,公平交易法解讀—空前的經濟憲法,元照,2000年10月。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 5、何之邁,公平交易法實論,2001年8月。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 6、陳家駿、羅怡德,公平交易法與智慧財產權—以專利追索為中心,五南,1999年11月。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 7、簡資修,經濟推理與法律,元照,2004年4月。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 8、黃茂榮,公平交易法理論與實務,1993年。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 9、葉日武,行銷學理論與實務,1997年8月。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 10、廖義男,公平交易法之理論與立法,1995年。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 11、廖義男,公平交易法之釋論與實用,1994年。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 12、廖義男等著,公平交易法施行九週年學術研討會論文集,元照,2002年。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 13、劉玉琰,行銷學理論與實務,1999年10月。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 14、劉孔中,公平交易法,元照,2003年。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 15、賴源河編審,公平交易法新論,元照,2002年10月,二版。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 二、中文期刊zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1、李憲佐、吳翠鳳、沈麗玉,公平交易法第十九條規範之檢討—以「有限制競爭或妨礙公平競爭之虞」為中心,文收於《公平交易法施行十周年回顧與前瞻學術研討會論文集》。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 2、林廷機,公平法有關不公平競爭行為,應如何適用「合理原則」或「當然違法」原則,文收於《第二屆競爭政策與公平交易法學術研討會論文集》。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 3、黃營杉、范建得,事業垂直限制行為之公平法適用問題研究—以非價格垂直限制交易限制為核心,文收於《第五屆競爭政策與公平交易法學術研討會論文集》。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 4、顏廷棟,論垂直性交易限制在競爭法上之規範,公平交易季刊,第六卷第二期,2000年4月zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 5、吳秀明,獨占事業濫用市場地位價格行為認定方法之研究,文收於《競爭法制之發軔與展開》。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 6、吳秀明,從依賴性理論探討相對市場優勢地位,文收於《競爭法制之發軔與展開》。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 7、吳秀明,避難到不公平競爭的聯合行為管制—公平法第十四條與第十九條第四款適用關係之釐清,文收於《競爭法制之發軔與展開》。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 8、吳秀明,聯合行為理論與實務之回顧與展望,文收於《競爭法制之發軔與展開》。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 9、黃銘傑,維持轉售價格規範之再檢討,臺大法學論叢,第二十九卷第一期,1999年10月。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 10、黃銘傑,公平交易法第十九條之規範原理與架構,文收於《公平交易法施行九週年學術研討會論文集》。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 11、黃銘傑,相對優勢地位濫用與公平交易法之規範,臺大法學論叢,第三十卷第五期,2001年9月。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 12、楊永明,公平交易法對經銷關係之影響(三)—地域條款,萬國法律,第五十九期,1991年10月。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 13、劉姿汝,百貨公司限制專櫃廠商設櫃區域之行為—談「太平洋百貨案」之地域限制條款,萬國法律,第134期,2004年4月。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 14、蘇永欽,論不正競爭和限制競爭的關係—試從德國現行法觀察,國立臺灣大學法學論叢,第十一卷第一期,1981年12月。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 15、蘇永欽,私法自治與公平法的管制—公平法第二十四條的功用與濫用,文收於《公平交易法施行九週年學術研討會論文集》。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 三、中文碩士論文zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1、 王銘勇,限制轉售價格法制之研究,國立政治大學法律學系研究所博士論文,2000年。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 2、 楊宏暉,競爭法對於搭售行為之規範,國立政治大學法律學研究所碩士論文,2001年12月。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 3、顏廷棟,論垂直性交易限制在競爭法上之規範,國立中興大學法律學研究所碩士論文,1996年。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 3、 劉俊儀,公平交易法垂直交易限制之研究—以美國、歐盟垂直交易限制規範為中心,國立臺北大學法學研究所博士論文,2001年。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 四、公平會出版物zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1、行政院公平交易委員會,公平交易法施行十周年回顧與前瞻學術研討會論文集,2002年。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 2、行政院公平交易委員會,公平交易法修法沿革彙編(一),2003年。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 3、行政院公平交易委員會,第四屆競爭政策與公平交易法學術研討會論文集,1999年6月。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 4、行政院公平交易委員會,第五屆競爭政策與公平交易法學術研討會論文集,1999年11月。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 5、行政院公平交易委員會,第十屆競爭政策與公平交易法學術研討會論文集,2003年5月。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 6、行政院公平交易委員會,認識公平交易法,2002年,增訂九版。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 7、行政院公平交易委員會,廖義男等著公平交易法之註釋研究系列(二),2004年11月。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 8、公平交易委員會,美國公平交易法相關法規彙編。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 9、公平會第二處,我國公平交易法垂直限制行為執法實務之檢討—兼論歐盟、德、法、美、日垂直限制規範,文收於《第四屆競爭政策與公平交易法學術研討會論文集》。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 五、外文書目(books)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1、Phillip E. Areeda, Antitrust Law: An Analysis of Antitrust Principles and Their Application Vol.Ⅷ (1989).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 2、Philip Areeda & Louis Kaplow, Antitrust Analysis: problems, text, cases (1997).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 3、Phillip E. Areeda & Herbert Hovenkamp, Fundamentals of Antitrust Law Vol.Ⅱ(2002).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 4、Theodore L. Banks, Distribution Law: Antitrust Principles and Practice, 2nd ed. (1999).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 5、Joseph P. Bauer & William H. Page, Kintner Federal Antitrust Law Vol.Ⅱ(2002).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 6、Robert H. Bork, The Antitrust Paradox: A Policy at War with Itself (1978).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 7、Antonio Cucinotta & Roberto Pardolesi & Roger Van den Bergh, Post-Chicago Developments in Antitrust Law (2002).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 8、Franklin M. Fisher, Antitrust and Regulation: Essays in Memory of John J. Mcgowan (1985).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 9、Bryan a. Garner, Black’s Law Dictionary, 7th ed. (1999).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 10、Ernest Gellhorn & William E. Kovacic, Antitrust Law and Economics in a Nutshell, 4th ed. (1994).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 11、Mark R. Joelson, An International Antitrust Primer, 2nd ed. (2001).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 12、Julian O. von Kalinowski, Peter Sullivan, Maureen McGuirl, Antitrust Law and Trade Regulation (1999).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 13、William C. Holmes, Antitrust Law Handbook 2000 Edition (2000).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 14、William C. Holmes, Antitrust Law Handbook 2004 Edition (2004).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 15、Herbert Hovenkamp, Federal Antitrust Policy: The Law of Competition and Its Practice, 2nd ed. (1999).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 16、Massimo Motta, Competition Policy Theory and Practice (2004).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 17、Richard A. Posner, Antitrust Law, 2nd ed. (2000).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 18、Stephen F. Ross, Principles of Antitrust Law (1993).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 19、Louis B. Schwarts & John J. Flynn & Harry First, Free Enterprise and Economic Organization: Antitrust (1983).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 20、E. Thomas Sullivan & Jeffrey L. Harrison, Understanding Antitrust and Its Economic Implications, 3rd ed. (1998).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 21、Lawrence A. Sullivan & Warren S. Grimes, The Law of Antitrust: An Integrated Handbook (2000).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 22、Don E. Waldman, The Economics of Antitrust Cases and Analysis (1986).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 六、外文期刊(periodical)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1、 William J. Baer & David A. Balto, Do Politics Corrupt Antitrust Enfrocement? The Politics of Federal Antitrust Enforcement, 23 Harv. J. L. & Pub. Pol"y 111 (1999).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 2、 David A. Balto, Antitrust Enforcement in the Clinton Administration, 9 Cornell J. L. & Pub. Pol"y 61 (1999).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 3、William S. Comanor, Vertical Arrangement and Antitrust Analysis, 62 N.Y.U.L. Rev. 1153 (1987).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 4、William S. Comanor, Vertical Market Restriction, and the New Antitrust Policy, 98 Harv. L. Rev. 983 (1985)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 5、William S. Comanor, Vertical Territorial and Customer Restriction: White Motor and Its Aftermath, 81 Harv. L. Rev. 1419 (1968).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 6、F. Easterbrook, Vertical Arrangement and the Rule of Reason, 53 Antitrust L. J. 135 (1984).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 7、Herbert Hovenkamp, Vertical Restriction and Monopoly power, 64 B.U.L. Rev. 521 (1984).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 8、Marina Lao, Tortious Interference and the Federal Antitrust Law of Vertical Restraints, 83 Iowa L. Rev. 35 (1997).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 9、Wesley J. Liebeler, The Distinction Between Price and Nonprice Restriction, 31 U.C.L.A. 384 (1983).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 10、William E. Kovacic, Reagan"s Judicial Appointees and Antitrust in the 1990s, 60 Fordham L. Rev. 49 (1991).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 11、Alan J. Meese, Price Theory and Vertical Restraints: A Misunderstand Relation, 45 UCLA L. Rev. 143 (1997).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 12、Pitofsky, The Political Content of Antitrust, 127 U. PA. L. Rev. 1051 (1979).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 13、Thomas A. Piraino, The Case for Presuming the Legality of Quailty Motivated Restrictions on Distribution, 63 Notre Dame L. Rev. 1 (1988).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 14、Richard A. Posner, The Next Step in the Antitrust Treatment of Restricted Distribution: Per Se Legality, 48 U. Chi. L. Rev. 6 (1981).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 15、Michael H. Orbison, Vertical Restraint in the Brewing Industry: Is the Malt Beverage Interbrand Competition Act the Answer, 50 Brooklyn L. Rev. 143(1983).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 16、Val D. Ricks & R. Chet Loftis, Seeing the Diagnal Clearly: Telling Vertical from Horizotal in Antitrust Law, 28 U. Tol. L. Rev. 151(1996).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 17、Adrew M. Rosenfield, The Use of Economic Analysis in Antitrust Litigation and counseling, 1986 Colum. Bus. L. Rev. 49 (1986).zh_TW