Publications-Theses

題名 參考價格的效果:以消費者認知需求程度探討
The moderating impact of need for cognition on the effect of reference prices - A contingency model
作者 李景浩
Li,Ching-how
貢獻者 張卿卿
Chang,Ching-ching
李景浩
Li,Ching-how
關鍵詞 參考價格
認知需求
價格品質推論
操弄意圖推論
reference price
nfc
need for cognition
imi
inferences of manipulative intent
日期 2004
上傳時間 17-Sep-2009 15:34:39 (UTC+8)
摘要 在各式各樣的銷售技巧中,誇張廠商建議價格是一種常見的手法,廠商漫天喊價誇大原始售價,無非是希望能讓消費覺得實際售價低廉且商品值得購買。但在廠商使用這樣的策略時,有些人會察覺到廠商操弄的意圖進而對廠商、商品產生負面的感覺。本研究認為消費者的認知需求程度是參考價格產生效果的重要調節變項,因此,本研究發展兩階段的實驗來探討消費者認知需求高低對其處理價格資訊的影響。研究方式與結果簡述如下:

在第一個階段中研究的是誇張的行銷訊息(誇張的廠商售價)對於認知需求程度不同的消費者的效果差異,以及廠商售價對於消費者的商品態度與購買意願的影響。研究結果發現,認知需求低者較易被廠商宣稱的誇張價格影響其對商品的推估價格,進而對商品產生較佳的態度與購買意願。

在第二個階段中,本研究設計讓已經受到廠商訂價影響的消費者接觸實際售價,探討消費者的認知需求程度對於其操弄意圖推論程度的影響及消費者操弄意圖推論程度對於其最終購買意願與商品態度產生的效果。結果發現,認知需求高的消費者其操弄意圖推論程度亦高,且消費者的操弄意圖推論程度愈高;對於消費者商品態度與購買意願負面的影響也愈大。
One main concern regarding the use of reference prices in advertisements relates to the possibility of perceived deception due to consumers` reaction towards exaggerated or implausible price claims. This paper examines the moderating roles of an individual level variable-need for cognition (NFC), in influencing consumers’ evaluation of the reference prices in a two-stage experiment. The results support the hypothesized effects of need for cognition and demonstrate that, in the first stage, consumers with a high need for cognition assimilate a smaller portion of the external reference points (ERPs) into their existing internal reference point (IRPs). In addition, for consumers with a low need for cognition, the increasing level of reference price results in positive effects on value perception, brand attitudes and purchase intention.

In the second stage, I introduced inferences of manipulative intent (IMI) as a dependant variable. The results suggest that for consumers with a high need for cognition, the greater the discrepancy between their estimated price and real price, the higher level of perceived manipulative intent of advertisers. This leads to negative attitudes toward the advertiser and results in negative effects on brand attitudes and purchase intention.

Implications for research and practitioners are discussed.
參考文獻 中文部分:
民生報(2003年6月10日)。〈拍賣網站人氣大較勁〉,A8版。
李卓穎 (2003)。《廠商建議售價、商店售價與商店價位印象對消費者行為之影響》。國立臺灣大學商學研究所碩士論文。
陳嘉琪 (2004)。《拍賣網站購物決策影響因素之研究:以產品類型、出價次數、與訊息來源為例》。國立政治大學廣告研究所碩士論文。
商業周刊(2004)。〈不要跟我談專業,Show me the money〉,854:92-97。
廖佩君 (2002)。《廣告參考價格與產品購買頻率對消費者行為之影響》。國立台灣大學商學研究所碩士論文。
英文部分:
Alba, Joseph W. & Hutchinson, J. Wesley (1987). Dimension of Consumer Expertise. Journal of Consumer Research, 13 (March), 411-454.
Anderson, Ronald D., Engledow, Jack L. & Becker, Helmut (1979). Evaluating the Relationships Among Attitude Toward Business, Product Satisfaction, Experience, and Search Effort. Journal of Marketing Research, 16, 394-400.
Axsom, D., Yates, S. M. & Chaiken, S. S. (1987). Audience Response as a Heuristic Cue in Persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psycchology, 53, 30-40.
Biswas, Abhijit & Blair, Edward A. (1991). Contextual Effects of Reference Prices in Retail Advertisements. Journal of Marketing, 55 (July), 1-12.
Biswas, A. & Sherrell, D. L. (1993). The Influence of Product knowledge and Brand Name on Internal Price Standards and Confidence. Psychology and Marketing, 10, 31-46.
Burman, Bidisha & Biswas Abhijit. (2004) Reference prices in retail advertisements: moderating effects of market price dispersion and need for cognition on consumer value perception and shopping intention. The Journal of Product and Brand Management, 13(6),379-390.
Cacioppo, J.T., Petty, R.E., & Morris, K. J. (1983). Effects of Need for Cognition on Message Evaluation, Recall, and Persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45(4), 805-818.
Campbell, M.C. (1995). When attention-getting advertising tactics elicit consumer inferences of manipulative intent: The importance of balancing benefits and investments. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 4(3), 225-254.
Chandrashekaran, Rajesh., & Grewal, Dhruv. (2003). Assimilation of advertised reference prices: The moderating role of involvement. Journal of Retailing. 79(1), 53-62.
Chernatony, L. and McWilliam, G. (1989) The strategic implications of clarifying how marketers interpret brands. Journal of Marketing Management, 5(2), 153-171.
Cohen, A.R., Stotland,E., & Wolfe, D.M.(1955). An experimental investigation of need for cognition. Journal of Abcdrmal and social Psychology, 51, 291-294.
Compeau, Larry D. & Grewal, Dhruv (1998). Comparative Price Advertising. An Integrative Review. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 17 (Fall), 257-273.
Della Bitta, Albert J., Monroe, Kent B. & McGinnis, John M. (1981). Consumer Perceptions of Comparative Price Advertisements. Journal of Marketing Research, 18 (November), 416-427.
Eagly, H. A., Wood, W. & Chaiken, S. (1978). Causal Inferences nout Communicators and their Effect on Opioion Change. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36(4), 424-435.
Emory, Fred (1970). Some Psychological Aspects of Price. Price Strategy. Bernard Taylor and Gordon Wills, eds. Princeton, NJ: Brandon/Systems, 98-111.
Friestad, Marian & Wright, Peter (1994). The Persuasion Knowledge Model: How People Cope with Persuasion Attempts. Journal of Consumer Research, 21 (June), 1–31.
Helson, Harry, (1964). Adaptation-Level Theory. Harper &Row, New York.
Jacobson, Robert & Obermiller, Carl (1990). The Formation of Expected Future Price: A Reference Price for Forward-Looking Consumers. Journal of Consumer Research, 16 (March), 420-32.
Johnson, E. J. & Russo, J. E.(1984). Product Familiarity And Learning New Information. Journal of Consumer Research, 11(1), 542-550.
Kahneman, Daniel & Tversky, Amos (1974). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science, 185, 1124-1131.
Kahneman, Daniel & Tversky, Amos (1979). Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decisions under Risk. Econometrica, 47 (March), 263-291.
Kahneman, Daniel, Slovic, Paul & Tversky, Amos. (1982). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kahneman, Daniel, Knetsch, J.L. & Thaler, R.H. (1986). Fairness and the Assumptions of Economics. Journal of Business, 59(4), 285-299.
Kalyanaram, Gurumurthy & Winer, Russell S. (1995). Empirical Generalizations From Reference Price Research. Marketing Science, 14(3), 161-169.
Katz D. (1960). The Functional Approach to the Study of Attitudes. Public Opinion Quarterly, 24, 163-204.
Klein, N. M.,& Oglethorpe, J. E. (1987). Cognitive Reference Point in Consumer Decision Making. Advances in Consumer Research, Melanie Wallendorf and Paul Anderson, eds. Provo, UT: Association, 14.
Lichtenstein, Donald R. & Burton, Scot (1989). The Relationship Between Perceived
and Objective Price-Quality. Journal of Marketing Research, 26(Nov), 429-443.
Lichtenstein, Donald R. & Bearden, William 0. (1989). Contextual Influences on Perceptions of Merchant-Supplied Reference Prices. Journal of Consumer Research, 16 (June), 55-66.
Mitchell, J. M. & Olson, J. C. (1981). Are Product Attribute Beliefs the Only Mediator of Advertising Effects on Brand Attribute Toward the Advertisement. Journal of Consumer Research, 13, 12-24.
Monroe, K. B. & Krishnan, R. (1985). The Effect of Price on Subjective Product Evaluations. Perceived Quality, J. Jacoby and J. Olson, eds., Lexington, MA:Lexington Books, 209-232.
Monroe, Kent B. (1990). The Effects of Buyers` Intentions to Learn Price Information on Price Encoding. Journal of Retailing 66 (Spring): 15-32.
Monroe, Kent B. & Suri, Rajneesh (2001). The Effects of Need for Cognition and Trait Anxiety on Price Acceptability. Psychology & Marketing, 18(1), 21-42.
Ofir, Chezy (2004). Reexamining Latitude of Price Acceptability and Price Thresholds: Predicting Basic Consumer Reaction to Price. Journal of Consumer Research, 30, 612-621.
Park, C.W. & Lessing, V. P. (1981). Familiarity and its Impacts on Consumer Decision Biases and Heuristics. Journal of Consumer Research, 8(Sep.), 223-230.
Petty, R. E & Cacioppo, J. T.(1982). The need for cognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 116-131.
Petty, Richard & Cacioppo, John T. (1986). The Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 19 (I), 123-205.
Rao, Akshay R. & Monroe,Kent B. (1988). The Moderating Effects of Prior Knowledge on Cue Utilization in Product Evaluations”, Journal of Consumer Research, 15(Sept), 253-264.
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Sagarin, Brad J., Sherman B. Serna & Cialdini, Robert B. & Rice, William E. (2002). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(3), 526-541.
Sanbonmatsu, D. & Kardes, F. R.(1988). The Effects of Physiological Arousal on Information Processing and Persuasion. Journal of Consumer Research, 15, 379-385.
Sherif, Muzafer & Hovland, Carl (1961). Social Judgment: Assimilation and Contrast Effects in Communication and Attitude Change. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Thaler, Richard (1985). Mental Accounting and Consumer Choice. Marketing Science, 4 (3), 199-214.
Urbany, Joel E., William O. Bearden, & Weilbaker, Dan C. (1988). The Effect of Plausible and Exaggerated Reference Prices on Consumer Perceptions and Price Search. Journal of Consumer Research, 14 (June), 95-110.
Wright, P. (1973). The cognitive process mediating acceptance of advertising. Journal of Marketing Research, 10, 53-62.
U.S. Department of Commerence. (2005, May 20). U. S. Census Bureau News. Washington, DC: Retrieved May 25, 2005, from the World Wide Web: http://www.census.gov/eos/www/ebusiness614.htm
Yadav, Manjit S. and Kathleen Seiders (1998), Is the Price Right? Understanding Contingent Processing in Reference Price Formation. Journal of Retailing, 74, No. 3, pp. 311-329.
Yi, Y.(1990). The Indirect Effects of Advertisements Designed to Change Product Attribute Beliefs. Psychology & Marketing, 7(1), 47-64.
Zhang, Yong (1996). Responses to Humorous Advertising: The Moderating Effect of Need for Cognition. Journal of Advertising, 25(1), 15-32.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
廣告研究所
92452002
93
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0924520021
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 張卿卿zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Chang,Ching-chingen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 李景浩zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Li,Ching-howen_US
dc.creator (作者) 李景浩zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Li,Ching-howen_US
dc.date (日期) 2004en_US
dc.date.accessioned 17-Sep-2009 15:34:39 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 17-Sep-2009 15:34:39 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 17-Sep-2009 15:34:39 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0924520021en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/33134-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 廣告研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 92452002zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 93zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 在各式各樣的銷售技巧中,誇張廠商建議價格是一種常見的手法,廠商漫天喊價誇大原始售價,無非是希望能讓消費覺得實際售價低廉且商品值得購買。但在廠商使用這樣的策略時,有些人會察覺到廠商操弄的意圖進而對廠商、商品產生負面的感覺。本研究認為消費者的認知需求程度是參考價格產生效果的重要調節變項,因此,本研究發展兩階段的實驗來探討消費者認知需求高低對其處理價格資訊的影響。研究方式與結果簡述如下:

在第一個階段中研究的是誇張的行銷訊息(誇張的廠商售價)對於認知需求程度不同的消費者的效果差異,以及廠商售價對於消費者的商品態度與購買意願的影響。研究結果發現,認知需求低者較易被廠商宣稱的誇張價格影響其對商品的推估價格,進而對商品產生較佳的態度與購買意願。

在第二個階段中,本研究設計讓已經受到廠商訂價影響的消費者接觸實際售價,探討消費者的認知需求程度對於其操弄意圖推論程度的影響及消費者操弄意圖推論程度對於其最終購買意願與商品態度產生的效果。結果發現,認知需求高的消費者其操弄意圖推論程度亦高,且消費者的操弄意圖推論程度愈高;對於消費者商品態度與購買意願負面的影響也愈大。
zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) One main concern regarding the use of reference prices in advertisements relates to the possibility of perceived deception due to consumers` reaction towards exaggerated or implausible price claims. This paper examines the moderating roles of an individual level variable-need for cognition (NFC), in influencing consumers’ evaluation of the reference prices in a two-stage experiment. The results support the hypothesized effects of need for cognition and demonstrate that, in the first stage, consumers with a high need for cognition assimilate a smaller portion of the external reference points (ERPs) into their existing internal reference point (IRPs). In addition, for consumers with a low need for cognition, the increasing level of reference price results in positive effects on value perception, brand attitudes and purchase intention.

In the second stage, I introduced inferences of manipulative intent (IMI) as a dependant variable. The results suggest that for consumers with a high need for cognition, the greater the discrepancy between their estimated price and real price, the higher level of perceived manipulative intent of advertisers. This leads to negative attitudes toward the advertiser and results in negative effects on brand attitudes and purchase intention.

Implications for research and practitioners are discussed.
en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機及目的 1
第二節 網路上的訂價策略研究 3
第三節 研究程序 5
第二章 文獻探討 7
第一節 參考價格 7
第二節 認知需求 13
第三節 價格-品質推論 17
第四節 操弄意圖推論 19
第三章 研究架構與假設 21
第一節 研究架構 21
第二節 研究假設 23
第四章 研究方法 29
第一節 研究方法選擇 29
第二節 實驗設計與實驗商品選擇 31
第三節 研究對象 33
第四節 研究流程 34
第五節 訊息內容設計 35
第六節 變項定義與測量 37
第七節 前測 40
第五章 研究結果 43
第一節 量表信度檢測 43
第二節 自變項操弄檢定 45
第三節 假設驗證 46
第六章 結論 67
第一節 主要發現與討論 67
第二節 研究限制 70
第三節 研究貢獻 71
參考文獻 77
附錄 83
zh_TW
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dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0924520021en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 參考價格zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 認知需求zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 價格品質推論zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 操弄意圖推論zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) reference priceen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) nfcen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) need for cognitionen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) imien_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) inferences of manipulative intenten_US
dc.title (題名) 參考價格的效果:以消費者認知需求程度探討zh_TW
dc.title (題名) The moderating impact of need for cognition on the effect of reference prices - A contingency modelen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 中文部分:zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 民生報(2003年6月10日)。〈拍賣網站人氣大較勁〉,A8版。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 李卓穎 (2003)。《廠商建議售價、商店售價與商店價位印象對消費者行為之影響》。國立臺灣大學商學研究所碩士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 陳嘉琪 (2004)。《拍賣網站購物決策影響因素之研究:以產品類型、出價次數、與訊息來源為例》。國立政治大學廣告研究所碩士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 商業周刊(2004)。〈不要跟我談專業,Show me the money〉,854:92-97。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 廖佩君 (2002)。《廣告參考價格與產品購買頻率對消費者行為之影響》。國立台灣大學商學研究所碩士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 英文部分:zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Alba, Joseph W. & Hutchinson, J. Wesley (1987). Dimension of Consumer Expertise. Journal of Consumer Research, 13 (March), 411-454.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Anderson, Ronald D., Engledow, Jack L. & Becker, Helmut (1979). Evaluating the Relationships Among Attitude Toward Business, Product Satisfaction, Experience, and Search Effort. Journal of Marketing Research, 16, 394-400.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Axsom, D., Yates, S. M. & Chaiken, S. S. (1987). Audience Response as a Heuristic Cue in Persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psycchology, 53, 30-40.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Biswas, Abhijit & Blair, Edward A. (1991). Contextual Effects of Reference Prices in Retail Advertisements. Journal of Marketing, 55 (July), 1-12.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Biswas, A. & Sherrell, D. L. (1993). The Influence of Product knowledge and Brand Name on Internal Price Standards and Confidence. Psychology and Marketing, 10, 31-46.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Burman, Bidisha & Biswas Abhijit. (2004) Reference prices in retail advertisements: moderating effects of market price dispersion and need for cognition on consumer value perception and shopping intention. The Journal of Product and Brand Management, 13(6),379-390.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cacioppo, J.T., Petty, R.E., & Morris, K. J. (1983). Effects of Need for Cognition on Message Evaluation, Recall, and Persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45(4), 805-818.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Campbell, M.C. (1995). When attention-getting advertising tactics elicit consumer inferences of manipulative intent: The importance of balancing benefits and investments. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 4(3), 225-254.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chandrashekaran, Rajesh., & Grewal, Dhruv. (2003). Assimilation of advertised reference prices: The moderating role of involvement. Journal of Retailing. 79(1), 53-62.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chernatony, L. and McWilliam, G. (1989) The strategic implications of clarifying how marketers interpret brands. Journal of Marketing Management, 5(2), 153-171.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cohen, A.R., Stotland,E., & Wolfe, D.M.(1955). An experimental investigation of need for cognition. Journal of Abcdrmal and social Psychology, 51, 291-294.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Compeau, Larry D. & Grewal, Dhruv (1998). Comparative Price Advertising. An Integrative Review. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 17 (Fall), 257-273.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Della Bitta, Albert J., Monroe, Kent B. & McGinnis, John M. (1981). Consumer Perceptions of Comparative Price Advertisements. Journal of Marketing Research, 18 (November), 416-427.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Eagly, H. A., Wood, W. & Chaiken, S. (1978). Causal Inferences nout Communicators and their Effect on Opioion Change. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36(4), 424-435.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Emory, Fred (1970). Some Psychological Aspects of Price. Price Strategy. Bernard Taylor and Gordon Wills, eds. Princeton, NJ: Brandon/Systems, 98-111.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Friestad, Marian & Wright, Peter (1994). The Persuasion Knowledge Model: How People Cope with Persuasion Attempts. Journal of Consumer Research, 21 (June), 1–31.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Helson, Harry, (1964). Adaptation-Level Theory. Harper &Row, New York.zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Johnson, E. J. & Russo, J. E.(1984). Product Familiarity And Learning New Information. Journal of Consumer Research, 11(1), 542-550.zh_TW
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