1. NCCU Academic Hub
  2. 學術產出
  3. 外國語文學院
  4. 學位論文
  5. Item

學術產出-學位論文

文章檢視/開啟

書目匯出

Google ScholarTM

政大圖書館

引文資訊

TAIR相關學術產出

題名 漢語親子對話中打斷現象之研究
A Study of Interruption Behavior in Mandarin Mother-child Conversation
作者 呂佩君
貢獻者 黃瓊之
呂佩君
關鍵詞 語言習得
母子互動
打斷
language acquisition
mother-child interaction
interruption
日期 2005
上傳時間 17-九月-2009 16:29:15 (UTC+8)
摘要 本研究的目的為瞭解母子對話中的打斷現象，分析的語料來自於兩對以漢語為母語的母子對話，兩位小孩皆為三歲。首先，為瞭解母親與小孩打斷句之本質，我們採用Goldberg (1990:891)的分類來做判斷，結果顯示兩者在對談中皆大多使用rapport-oriented interruptions，代表在母子對話中，兩方傾向在打斷句中表達對對方話語的興趣與投入，並且藉由著打斷一同建立談話主題。再者，小孩的打斷句更進一步的用Dunn and Shatz’s (1989)的研究方法來分析其與對話言談的語意關連，結果發現小孩的打斷句多數都包含了與之前相關並且新的訊息，而這類的打斷句是最有可能得到母親的注意並且回應。
The purpose of this study is to investigate the nature and function of mother-to-child and child-to-mother interruptions in conversation. The data analyzed are natural conversations from two Mandarin-speaking mother-child dyads. The children are about three years old. Goldberg’s (1990:891) categorization of interruptions is adopted to examine the nature of the mothers’ and children’s interruptions. The results show that both the mothers and the children use more rapport-oriented interruptions than other types of interruptions, which indicates that in mother-child interaction, both parties tend to use interruptions to signal their involvement and interest and to construct a shared topic cooperatively. In addition, the children’s interruptions are further examined based on Dunn and Shatz’s (1989) framework in order to investigate the semantic relations between the children’s interruptions and the conversational discourse. The findings show that most of the children’s interruptions contain relevant new information. Such interruptions are likely to succeed in getting the attention and response from the mothers.
參考文獻 Beattie, G. W. (1981). Interruptions in conversational interaction, and its relation to the sex and status of the interactants. Linguistics, 19, 15-35.
Bedrosian, Jan L. (1985). An approach to developing conversational competence. In D. N. Ripich & F. M. Spinelli (Eds.), School discourse problems (pp.231-255). San Diego: College-Hill Press.
Bennett, A. (1981). Interruptions and the interpretation of conversation. Discourse Processes, 4:2.171-199.
Bilous, R., & Krauss, M. (1988). Dominance and accommodation in the conversational behavior of same- and mixed-gender dyads. Language and Communication, 8, 183-194.
Bonvillain, N. (2003). The acquisition of communicative competence. Language, Culture, and Communication: The meaning of messages (pp. 272-279). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Bresnahan, M., & Cai, D. (1996). Gender and aggression in the recognition of interruption. Discourse Processes, 21, 171-198.
Brooks, V. (1982). Sex differences in student dominance behaviours in female and male professors’ classrooms. Sex Roles, 8, 683-690.
Bruner, J. S. (1983). Child’s talk: Learning to use language. Walton Street, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Camaioni, L. (1979) Child-adult and child-child conversation: An Interactional Approach. In E. Ochs & B.B. Schieffelin (Eds.), Developmental Pragmatics. New York: Academic press.
Coates, J. (1989). Gossip revisited: Language in all-female group. In J. Coates & D. Cameron (Eds.), Women in their speech community (pp. 94-122). New York: Longman.
Cook-Gumperz, J. (1977). Situated instructions: Language socialization of school age children. In S. Ervin-Tripp & C. Mitchell-Kernan (Eds.), Child Discourse (pp. 103-121). New-York: Academic Press.
Coon, A., & Schwanenflugel, P. (1996). Evaluation of interruption behavior by naïve encoders. Discourse Processes, 22, 1-24.
Dindia, Kathryn. (1987). The effects of sex of student and sex of partner on interruptions. Human Communication Research, 13, 345-371.
Drass, Kriss A. (1986). The effect of gender identity on conversation. Social Psychology Quarterly, 49,294-301.
Drummond, Kent (1989). A backward glance at interruptions. Western Journal of Speech Communication, 53, 150-166.
Dunn, J., & Shatz, M. (1989). Becoming a conversationalist despite (or because of) having an older sibling. Child Development, 60, 399-410.
Ervin-Tripp, S. (1979). Children’s verbal turn-taking. In E. Ochs & B.B. Schieffelin (Eds.), Developmental Pragmatics (pp. 391-414). New York: Academic Press.
Esposito, A. (1979). Sex differences in children’s conversation. Language and Speech, 22, 213-220.
Feldstein, S., & Welkowitz, J. (1987). A chronography of conversation: In defense of an objective approach. In A. W. Siegman & S. Feldstein (Eds.), Nonverbal Behavior and Communication (2nd ed., pp. 435-499). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Ferguson, N. (1977). Simultaneous speech, interruptions and dominance. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 16, 295-302.
Gleason, J. B., & Greif, E. B. (1983). Men’s speech to young children. In Barrie Thorne, Cheris Kramarae, & Nancy Henley (Eds), Language, gender and society (pp. 140-150). Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
Gleason, J. B. (1987). Sex difference in parent-child interaction. In S. Philip, S. Steele, & C. Tanz (Eds.), In language, Gender and Sex in Comparative Perspective (pp. 189-199). New York: Cambridge University.
Goldberg, J. (1990) Interrupting the discourse on interruptions. Journal of Pragmatics, 14, 883-903.
Greenwood, A. (1989). Discourse variation and social comfort: A study of topic initiation and interruption patterns in the dinner conversation of preadolescent children. Ph.D. diss. City University of New York.
Heath, S. (1982). What no bedtime story means. Language in Society, 11, 49-77.
Hus, Joseph H. (2000). A study of the acquisition of communicative competence: Social appropriateness in interactional speech. National Science Council project report.
Huang, Chiung-chih. (2004). Conversational contingency and topic management in Mandarin child language. Taiwan Journal of Linguistics, Monograph Series No. 1.
Hung, Brooke, M., & Dunne M. (1995). Interruption and influence in discussion groups. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 14:4, 369-381.
Hymes, D. H. (1972). On communication competence. In J.B. Pride & J. Holmes (Eds.), Sociolinguistics (pp. 269-293). Penguin.
James, D., & Clarke, S. (1993). Women, men and interruptions: A critical review. In D. Tannen (Ed.), Gender and Conversational Interaction (pp. 231-280). New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Jefferson, G.. (1973). A case of precision timing in ordinary conversation: Overlapped tag-positioned address terms in closing sequences. Semiotica, 9, 47-96.
Johnstone, B., Freedle, Roy O. & Kirk, A. (1994). Repetition in discourse: A dialogue. Repetition in Discourse: Interdisciplinary perspectives. 47 & 48. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Kennedy, W., & Camden, C. (1983). A new look at interruptions. Western Journal of Speech Communication, 47, 45-58.
McTear, M. (1985). Conversational processes: turn-taking and repairs. Children’s Conversation (pp. 159-200). Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Murray, Stephen O. (1985). Toward a model of member’s method for recognizing interruptions. Language in Society, 13, 31-41.
Murray, S., & Covelli, L. H. (1988). Women and men speaking at the same time. Journal of Pragmatics, 12, 103-111.
Ninio, A., & Snow, C. E. (1996). Children as conversationalist. Pragmatic Development (pp. 143-170). Boulder, Colorado: Westview.
Nohara, M. (1992). Sex differences in interruption: An experimental reevaluation. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 21:2, 127-146.
Ochs, E., & Schieffelin, B. B. (1984). Language acquisition and socialization: Three developmental stories and their implications. In R. Shweder & R. Levine (Eds.), Culture theory: Essays in mind, self and emotion (pp. 276-320). New-York: Cambridge University Press.
Octigan, M., & Niederman, S. (1975). Male dominance in conversation. Frontiers, 4, 50-54.
Piaget, J. (1926). The language and thought of the child. New York: Harcourt Brace.
Roger, B. & Nesshoever, W. (1987). Individual differences in dyadic conversational strategies: A further study. British Journal of Social Psychology, 26, 247-255.
Roger, D. B., & Schumacher, A. (1983). Effects of individual differences in dyadic conversational strategies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 700-705.
Rosenblum, K. E. (1986). Revelatory or purposive? Making sense of a ‘female register’. Semiotica, 59, 157-170.
Sacks, Harvey, et al. (1974). A simplest systematics for the organization of turn-taking for conversation. Language, 50, 696-735.
Smith-Lovin, L., & Brody, C. (1989). Interruption in group discussion: the effects of gender and group composition. American Sociology Review, 54, 424-453.
Tannen, D (1983). When is an overlap not an interruption? One component of conversational style. In Robert J. DiPietro, William Frawley & Alfred Wedel (Eds.) The First Delaware Symposium on Language Studies (pp. 119-129). Newark, DE: University of Delaware Press.
Tannen, D. (1989). Talking voice: Repetition, dialogue, and imagery in conversational discourse. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
West, C., & Zimmerman, Don H. (1977). Women’s place in everyday talk: Reflection on parent-child interaction. Social Problems, 24, 521-528.
West, C., & Zimmerman, Don H. (1983). Small insults: A study of interruptions in cross-sex conversations between unacquainted persons. In Barrie Thorne, Cheris Kramarae, & Nancy Henley (Eds.), Language, gender and society (pp. 102-117). Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
Wiens, A. N., Thompson, S. M., Matarazzo, J. D., Matarazzo, R. G., & Saslow, G. (1965). Interview interaction behavior of supervisors, head nurses, and staff nurses. Nursing Research, 14, 322-329.
Wu, Hsiu Chin. (2002). A Development Study of Chinese Children’s Conversational Overlapping. MA thesis: Fu Jen Catholic University.
Zimmerman, D.H., & West, C. (1975). Sex roles, interruptions and silences in conversation. In B. Thorne & N. Henley (Eds.), Language and sex: Difference and dominance (pp. 105-129). Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
語言學研究所
92555005
94
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0925550051
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 黃瓊之zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (作者) 呂佩君zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) 呂佩君zh_TW
dc.date (日期) 2005en_US
dc.date.accessioned 17-九月-2009 16:29:15 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 17-九月-2009 16:29:15 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 17-九月-2009 16:29:15 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0925550051en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/33402-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 語言學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 92555005zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 94zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本研究的目的為瞭解母子對話中的打斷現象，分析的語料來自於兩對以漢語為母語的母子對話，兩位小孩皆為三歲。首先，為瞭解母親與小孩打斷句之本質，我們採用Goldberg (1990:891)的分類來做判斷，結果顯示兩者在對談中皆大多使用rapport-oriented interruptions，代表在母子對話中，兩方傾向在打斷句中表達對對方話語的興趣與投入，並且藉由著打斷一同建立談話主題。再者，小孩的打斷句更進一步的用Dunn and Shatz’s (1989)的研究方法來分析其與對話言談的語意關連，結果發現小孩的打斷句多數都包含了與之前相關並且新的訊息，而這類的打斷句是最有可能得到母親的注意並且回應。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) The purpose of this study is to investigate the nature and function of mother-to-child and child-to-mother interruptions in conversation. The data analyzed are natural conversations from two Mandarin-speaking mother-child dyads. The children are about three years old. Goldberg’s (1990:891) categorization of interruptions is adopted to examine the nature of the mothers’ and children’s interruptions. The results show that both the mothers and the children use more rapport-oriented interruptions than other types of interruptions, which indicates that in mother-child interaction, both parties tend to use interruptions to signal their involvement and interest and to construct a shared topic cooperatively. In addition, the children’s interruptions are further examined based on Dunn and Shatz’s (1989) framework in order to investigate the semantic relations between the children’s interruptions and the conversational discourse. The findings show that most of the children’s interruptions contain relevant new information. Such interruptions are likely to succeed in getting the attention and response from the mothers.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Acknowledgements ………………………………………iv
Chinese Abstract ………………………………………ix
English Abstract ………………………………………x
Chapter 1 Introduction ……………………………1
Chapter 2 Review on interruption ……………5
2.1 The definition of interruption ………5
2.1.1 Interruption and overlap …………6
2.1.2 The classification of interruptions ……8
2.2 The nature and function of interruption ……12
2.3 Interruption and gender/power/status ………14
2.4 Interruption in child language ………………16
Chapter 3 Method ………………………………………………21
3.1 Subjects and data ……………………………………21
3.2 Analytic framework …………………………………22
3.3 Reliability ……………………………………………25
Chapter 4 Result and discussion …………………………27
4.1 Rapport-oriented, power-oriented or neutral …27
4.1.1 Mother-to-child interruptions …………………28
4.1.1.1 Rapport-oriented interruptions …………28
4.1.1.2 Power-oriented interruptions ……………34
4.1.1.3 Neutral interruptions ………………………41
4.1.2 Child-to-mother interruptions …………………44
4.1.2.1 Rapport-oriented interruptions …………44
4.1.2.2 Power-oriented interruptions ……………47
4.1.2.3 Neutral interruptions ………………………53
4.2 Relevance, information status and success ………55
4.2.1 Relevance ……………………………………………..55
4.2.2 Information status ……………………………………60
4.2.3 Success ……………………………………………………63
Chapter 5 Conclusion …………………………………………………67
5.1 Summary ………………………………………………………67
5.2 Limitations and suggestions…………………………70
Appendix …………………………………………………………………73
Reference …………………………………………………………….75		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 61031 bytes-
dc.format.extent 42861 bytes-
dc.format.extent 18284 bytes-
dc.format.extent 16201 bytes-
dc.format.extent 16005 bytes-
dc.format.extent 57306 bytes-
dc.format.extent 17061 bytes-
dc.format.extent 23392 bytes-
dc.format.extent 56855 bytes-
dc.format.extent 29839 bytes-
dc.format.extent 169932 bytes-
dc.format.extent 28188 bytes-
dc.format.extent 17224 bytes-
dc.format.extent 31510 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0925550051en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 語言習得zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 母子互動zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 打斷zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) language acquisitionen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) mother-child interactionen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) interruptionen_US
dc.title (題名) 漢語親子對話中打斷現象之研究zh_TW
dc.title (題名) A Study of Interruption Behavior in Mandarin Mother-child Conversationen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Beattie, G. W. (1981). Interruptions in conversational interaction, and its relation to the sex and status of the interactants. Linguistics, 19, 15-35.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bedrosian, Jan L. (1985). An approach to developing conversational competence. In D. N. Ripich & F. M. Spinelli (Eds.), School discourse problems (pp.231-255). San Diego: College-Hill Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bennett, A. (1981). Interruptions and the interpretation of conversation. Discourse Processes, 4:2.171-199.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bilous, R., & Krauss, M. (1988). Dominance and accommodation in the conversational behavior of same- and mixed-gender dyads. Language and Communication, 8, 183-194.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bonvillain, N. (2003). The acquisition of communicative competence. Language, Culture, and Communication: The meaning of messages (pp. 272-279). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bresnahan, M., & Cai, D. (1996). Gender and aggression in the recognition of interruption. Discourse Processes, 21, 171-198.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Brooks, V. (1982). Sex differences in student dominance behaviours in female and male professors’ classrooms. Sex Roles, 8, 683-690.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bruner, J. S. (1983). Child’s talk: Learning to use language. Walton Street, Oxford: Oxford University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Camaioni, L. (1979) Child-adult and child-child conversation: An Interactional Approach. In E. Ochs & B.B. Schieffelin (Eds.), Developmental Pragmatics. New York: Academic press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Coates, J. (1989). Gossip revisited: Language in all-female group. In J. Coates & D. Cameron (Eds.), Women in their speech community (pp. 94-122). New York: Longman.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cook-Gumperz, J. (1977). Situated instructions: Language socialization of school age children. In S. Ervin-Tripp & C. Mitchell-Kernan (Eds.), Child Discourse (pp. 103-121). New-York: Academic Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Coon, A., & Schwanenflugel, P. (1996). Evaluation of interruption behavior by naïve encoders. Discourse Processes, 22, 1-24.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dindia, Kathryn. (1987). The effects of sex of student and sex of partner on interruptions. Human Communication Research, 13, 345-371.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Drass, Kriss A. (1986). The effect of gender identity on conversation. Social Psychology Quarterly, 49,294-301.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Drummond, Kent (1989). A backward glance at interruptions. Western Journal of Speech Communication, 53, 150-166.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dunn, J., & Shatz, M. (1989). Becoming a conversationalist despite (or because of) having an older sibling. Child Development, 60, 399-410.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ervin-Tripp, S. (1979). Children’s verbal turn-taking. In E. Ochs & B.B. Schieffelin (Eds.), Developmental Pragmatics (pp. 391-414). New York: Academic Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Esposito, A. (1979). Sex differences in children’s conversation. Language and Speech, 22, 213-220.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Feldstein, S., & Welkowitz, J. (1987). A chronography of conversation: In defense of an objective approach. In A. W. Siegman & S. Feldstein (Eds.), Nonverbal Behavior and Communication (2nd ed., pp. 435-499). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ferguson, N. (1977). Simultaneous speech, interruptions and dominance. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 16, 295-302.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gleason, J. B., & Greif, E. B. (1983). Men’s speech to young children. In Barrie Thorne, Cheris Kramarae, & Nancy Henley (Eds), Language, gender and society (pp. 140-150). Rowley, MA: Newbury House.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gleason, J. B. (1987). Sex difference in parent-child interaction. In S. Philip, S. Steele, & C. Tanz (Eds.), In language, Gender and Sex in Comparative Perspective (pp. 189-199). New York: Cambridge University.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Goldberg, J. (1990) Interrupting the discourse on interruptions. Journal of Pragmatics, 14, 883-903.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Greenwood, A. (1989). Discourse variation and social comfort: A study of topic initiation and interruption patterns in the dinner conversation of preadolescent children. Ph.D. diss. City University of New York.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Heath, S. (1982). What no bedtime story means. Language in Society, 11, 49-77.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hus, Joseph H. (2000). A study of the acquisition of communicative competence: Social appropriateness in interactional speech. National Science Council project report.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Huang, Chiung-chih. (2004). Conversational contingency and topic management in Mandarin child language. Taiwan Journal of Linguistics, Monograph Series No. 1.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hung, Brooke, M., & Dunne M. (1995). Interruption and influence in discussion groups. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 14:4, 369-381.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hymes, D. H. (1972). On communication competence. In J.B. Pride & J. Holmes (Eds.), Sociolinguistics (pp. 269-293). Penguin.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) James, D., & Clarke, S. (1993). Women, men and interruptions: A critical review. In D. Tannen (Ed.), Gender and Conversational Interaction (pp. 231-280). New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Jefferson, G.. (1973). A case of precision timing in ordinary conversation: Overlapped tag-positioned address terms in closing sequences. Semiotica, 9, 47-96.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Johnstone, B., Freedle, Roy O. & Kirk, A. (1994). Repetition in discourse: A dialogue. Repetition in Discourse: Interdisciplinary perspectives. 47 & 48. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kennedy, W., & Camden, C. (1983). A new look at interruptions. Western Journal of Speech Communication, 47, 45-58.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) McTear, M. (1985). Conversational processes: turn-taking and repairs. Children’s Conversation (pp. 159-200). Oxford: Basil Blackwell.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Murray, Stephen O. (1985). Toward a model of member’s method for recognizing interruptions. Language in Society, 13, 31-41.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Murray, S., & Covelli, L. H. (1988). Women and men speaking at the same time. Journal of Pragmatics, 12, 103-111.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ninio, A., & Snow, C. E. (1996). Children as conversationalist. Pragmatic Development (pp. 143-170). Boulder, Colorado: Westview.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Nohara, M. (1992). Sex differences in interruption: An experimental reevaluation. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 21:2, 127-146.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ochs, E., & Schieffelin, B. B. (1984). Language acquisition and socialization: Three developmental stories and their implications. In R. Shweder & R. Levine (Eds.), Culture theory: Essays in mind, self and emotion (pp. 276-320). New-York: Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Octigan, M., & Niederman, S. (1975). Male dominance in conversation. Frontiers, 4, 50-54.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Piaget, J. (1926). The language and thought of the child. New York: Harcourt Brace.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Roger, B. & Nesshoever, W. (1987). Individual differences in dyadic conversational strategies: A further study. British Journal of Social Psychology, 26, 247-255.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Roger, D. B., & Schumacher, A. (1983). Effects of individual differences in dyadic conversational strategies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 700-705.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Rosenblum, K. E. (1986). Revelatory or purposive? Making sense of a ‘female register’. Semiotica, 59, 157-170.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Sacks, Harvey, et al. (1974). A simplest systematics for the organization of turn-taking for conversation. Language, 50, 696-735.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Smith-Lovin, L., & Brody, C. (1989). Interruption in group discussion: the effects of gender and group composition. American Sociology Review, 54, 424-453.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Tannen, D (1983). When is an overlap not an interruption? One component of conversational style. In Robert J. DiPietro, William Frawley & Alfred Wedel (Eds.) The First Delaware Symposium on Language Studies (pp. 119-129). Newark, DE: University of Delaware Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Tannen, D. (1989). Talking voice: Repetition, dialogue, and imagery in conversational discourse. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) West, C., & Zimmerman, Don H. (1977). Women’s place in everyday talk: Reflection on parent-child interaction. Social Problems, 24, 521-528.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) West, C., & Zimmerman, Don H. (1983). Small insults: A study of interruptions in cross-sex conversations between unacquainted persons. In Barrie Thorne, Cheris Kramarae, & Nancy Henley (Eds.), Language, gender and society (pp. 102-117). Rowley, MA: Newbury House.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Wiens, A. N., Thompson, S. M., Matarazzo, J. D., Matarazzo, R. G., & Saslow, G. (1965). Interview interaction behavior of supervisors, head nurses, and staff nurses. Nursing Research, 14, 322-329.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Wu, Hsiu Chin. (2002). A Development Study of Chinese Children’s Conversational Overlapping. MA thesis: Fu Jen Catholic University.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Zimmerman, D.H., & West, C. (1975). Sex roles, interruptions and silences in conversation. In B. Thorne & N. Henley (Eds.), Language and sex: Difference and dominance (pp. 105-129). Rowley, MA: Newbury House.zh_TW