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題名 1992至1997年俄羅斯轉型期間所得不均之研究
A Study on Income Inequality of Russia during Transition: 1992-1997
作者 王光絜
貢獻者 洪美蘭
王光絜
關鍵詞 俄羅斯
所得不均
私有化
自由化
穩定化
社會救助政策
Russia
Income Inequality
Privatization
Liberalization
Stabilization
Social Assistance Policy
日期 2007
上傳時間 17-九月-2009 17:46:01 (UTC+8)
摘要 經濟效率與經濟公平，是經濟學中最具爭議性的議題之一。俄羅斯自1992年開始由計劃經濟轉型為市場經濟，政府的首要目標就是追求經濟效率的提升，相較而言對於經濟公平的問題較不重視，因此，在轉型的過程中社會所得分配差距持續擴大，最終導致兩極化分配結果。
本文透過文獻整理和統計數據對比分析論證方法探究1992至1997年間俄羅斯轉型政策對其所得不均惡化之影響。首先，藉由俄羅斯轉型前、後所得不均指標之對比，以及其與同時期其他中所得國家和轉型國家之比較，暸解俄羅斯所得不均情況，證明俄國轉型後所得分配惡化程度。其次，由私有化政策、自由化政策、穩定化政策以及社會救助政策等四個層面，分析俄羅斯轉型政策如何影響其所得分配。最後，說明已經是市場經濟體且被譽為金磚四國之一的俄羅斯，其近年來亮麗的經濟成長表現和普欽總統之社會救助政策，對其所得不均皆尚未產生改善效果，故1998年後的俄國所得分配狀況仍値得改以市場因素和相關政策等方面作為觀察重點，進行後續研究。



關鍵詞：俄羅斯、所得不均、私有化、自由化、穩定化、社會救助政策
Economic efficiency and equity have always been one of the most controversial issues in the economics. Russia began the transformation from a planned economy to a market economy since 1992, and during the process of transformation, the primary objective of the Russian government was to enhance economic efficiency, by contrast, the economic equity was less emphasized. Therefore, the inequality of income distribution had become more and more serious. At the end, it led to the polarization of income distribution.
In this study, literature review, comparative analysis and statistical data analysis methods will be used to explore how Russian transformation policies had resulted in the aggravation of income inequality between 1992 and 1997.
First of all, in order to clarify the income inequality in Russia, some income inequality indexes of Russia before and after the transformation will be compared, and by the comparison with other mid-income and transformation countries in the same era, we can identify the aggravation of income distribution after the transformation.
Secondly, how Russian transformation policies had influenced income distribution will be analyzed from four aspects: privatization policy, liberalization policy, stabilization policy, and social assistance policies.
Finally, author interpret that although Russia has moved towards a market economy and become one of the BRICs (Brazil, Russia, India and China) countries in recent years, its brilliant economic performance with Putin’s social assistance policies have not yet improved the situation. Therefore, author suggests that the further research on Russian income distribution after 1998 is better to focus on market factors and related economic policies.

Keyword: Russia, Income Inequality, Privatization, Liberalization, Stabilization, Social Assistance Policy
參考文獻 中文資料：
專書
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3. 陳厚文，《蘇聯「職官名錄」制度之研究》，台北：國立政治大學碩士論文，1998年。
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5. 許新，《重塑超級大國―俄羅斯經濟改革和發展道路》，南京：江蘇人民出版社，2004年。
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期刊
1. 王大波，｢俄羅斯經濟轉型過程中的養老保險制度改革及其反思｣，《市場與人口分析》，2003年第9卷第4期。
2. 徐元宮，｢轉型時期中俄貧富分化及其對策比較｣， 《俄羅斯研究》 ，上海：俄羅斯研究中心，2004年第4期。
3. 劉文革、伍楠林，｢從企業改革透視俄羅斯社會制度變遷｣，《哈爾濱工業大學學報》，哈爾濱：哈爾濱工業大學，2002年第4卷第4期。
4. 關海庭，｢中俄兩國轉型時期貧富分化問題比較研究—兼論中國漸進體制轉型模式的合理性｣，《當代中國史研究》，北京：中國社會科學院，2003年第10卷第6期。
5. РойМедведев 著，徐元宮 譯，｢俄羅斯社會階級分化新趨勢｣，《當代世界與社會主義》，北京：當代世界與社會主義雜誌社，1998年第4期。
西文資料 ：
專書
1. Aslund, Anders. How Russia became a market economy, Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1995.
2. Aslund, Anders eds., Russian Economic Reform at Risk, New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1995.
3. Avtonomov, V. S., and Soubbotina, T. P. (Editors), The World and Russia, Material for Reflection and Discussion, Washington D.C.: The World Bank, 1999.
4. Braithwaute, Jeanine, Grootatert, Christiaan, and Milanovic, Branko, Poverty and Social Assistance in Transition Countries, London: Macmillan Press, 2000.
5. Commander, Simon, and Une Lee, How Does Public Policy Affect the Income Distribution? Evidence from Russia 1992–96, London: European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 1998.
6. Davydov, Oleg D., and Oreshikin, Valeriy A., Liberalization of Russian Foreign Trade, New York: Fordham University Press, 2000.
7. Gregory, Paul R., and Stuart, Robert C., Russian and Soviet Economic Performance and Structure 6th edition, New York: Addison-Wesley Longman, 1998.
8. Ledeneva, Alena V., Russia’s Economy of Favours, Blat, Networking and Informal Exchange, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
9. Shorrocks, Anthony, and Hoeven, Rolph Van Der (Editors), Growth, Inequality, and Poverty: Prospect for Pro-Poor Economic Development, New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
10. Tikhomirov, Vladimir, The Political Economy of Post-Soviet Russia, London: Macmillan Press, 2000.
11. The World Bank, Making Transition Work for Everyone: Poverty and Inequality in Europe and Central Asia, Washington D.C.: The World Bank, 2000.
期刊
1. Aghion, Philippe, and Commander, Simon, and “On the dynamics of inequality in the transition”, Economics of Transition, vol. 7(2), Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 1999.
2. Alesina, Alberto, and Rodrik, Dani, “Distributive Politics and Economic Growth”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 109(2), 1994.
3. Alexeev, Michael, “The effect of privatization on wealth distribution in Russia”, Economics of Transition, vol. 7(2), Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1999.
4. Atdinson, Anthony B., and Andrea, Brandolini, “Promise and Pitfalls in the Use of Secondary Data-Sets: Income Inequality in OECD Countries as a Case Study”, Journal of Economic Literature, vol. 39(3), 2001.
5. Barro, Robert J., “Inequality and Growth in a Panel of Countries”, Journal of Economic Growth, vol. 5(1), 2000.
6. Boss, Dieter, and Harms, Philipp, “Mass Privatization, Management Control and Efficiency”, Journal of Public Economics, vol. 64(3), 1997.
7. Cagan, Phillip, “The Monetary Dynamics of Hyperinflation“, in Milton Friedman eds., Studies in the Quantity Theory of Money, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1956.
8. Commander, Simon, Tolstopiatenko, Anderi, and Yemtsov, Ruslan, “Channels of Redistribution: Inequality and Poverty in the Russian Transition”, Economics of Transition, vol. 7(2), 1999, The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
9. Dolinskaya, Irina, “Transition and Regional Inequality in Russia: Reorganization or Procrastination”, IMF working paper, wp/02/169, Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund, 2002.
10. Forbes, Kristin J., “A Reassessment of the Relationship Between Inequality and Growth”, The American Economic Review, September, vol. 90(4), 2000.
11. Gaidar, Yegor, Russia Economy in 2006 (Issue28): Trends and Outlooks, Moscow: Instiute for the Economy in Transition, 2007.
12. Gerry, Christopher J., and Mickiewicz, Tomasz, “Inequality, Fiscal Capacity and the Political Regime Lessons from the Post-Communist Transition”, William Davidson Institute Working Paper Number 831, Michigan: The William Davidson Institute, 2006.
13. Havrylyshyn, Oleh and Srnee, John Odling, “Political Economy of Stalled Reforms”, Finance & Development, vol. 37 (3), September 2000.
14. Keane, Michael P., and Prasad, Eswar S., “Poland: Inequality, Transfers, and Growth in Transition”, Finance and Development, vol. 38(1), Washington D.C.: International Monetary Fund, 2001.
15. Klugman, Jeni, Micklewright, John, and Redmond, Gerry, “Poverty in the Transition: Social Expenditures and The Working-Age Poor”, Innocenti Working Paper No.91, Florence: UNICEF Innocent Research Centre, 2002.
16. McFaul, Michael “The Allocation of Property Rights in Russia: The First Round“, Communist and Post-Communist Studies, vol. 29(3), September 1996.
17. Milanovic, Branko, “Explaining the Increase in Inequality during Transition”, Economics of Transition, vol. 7(2), Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1999.
18. Perotti, Roberto, “Political Equilibrium, Income Distribution, and Growth”, Review of Economic Studies, vol. 60(4), Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 1993.
19. Richard H. Jr., Adams, “Economic Growth, Inequality, and Poverty: Findings from a New Data Set”, Policy Research Working Paper Series 2972, Washington D.C.: The World Bank, 2003.
20. Steelman, Aaron and Weinberg, John A., “What’s Driving Wage Inequality?”, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond Economic Quarterly, vol. 91(3), Richmond: Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, 2005.
21. Torsten, Persson and Tabellini, Guido, “Is Inequality Harmful for Growth? Theory and evidence”, in Robert Moffitt eds., American Economic Review, vol. 84(3), 1994.
22. UNICEF, “A decade of Transition”, Regional Monitoring Report Series. 8, Florence: UNICEF Innocent Research Centre, 2001.
網路資料 ：
1. 王立新，｢俄羅斯股份改革評析｣，《東歐中亞研究》， http://euroasia.cass.cn/Chinese/Magazine/Yanjiu/1998/19980506.htm。
2. 中華民國經濟部，｢當前俄羅斯經濟情勢分析｣，《今日經濟季刊》，1998年，http://www.moea.gov.tw/~ecobook/ecotoday/et372/b6.htm。
3. 中國社會科學院俄羅斯東歐中亞研究所，｢金融工業集團與政權｣，http://euroasia.cass.cn/chinese/Production/Rus_lyjt/003.html。
4. 中國國際電子商務網，｢俄聯邦租賃法｣，http://zcq.ec.com.cn/article/hwgbsc/hwzcfg/200609/200891_1.html。
5. 史妍嵋，｢俄羅斯的影子經濟｣， http://www.china.org.cn/chinese/OP-c/417288.htm。
6. 石泱，｢我國社會救助政策：從安貧到脫貧｣，www.cares.org.tw/Workshop/Social%20Relief/Treatise/我國社會救助政策：從安貧到脫貧--石泱.htm。
7. 成之約，｢貿易自由化的影響與因應策略之探討｣， http://www.npf.org.tw/PUBLICATION/SS/091/SS-R-091-012.htm。
8. 林建甫，｢經濟公平與效率｣， http://linshi.twbbs.org/usr/n/ntussc/20041004.ppt。
9. 陳映芳，｢轉型期社會開放度的中俄比較｣，http://www.frchina.net/data/personArticle.php?id=3693。
10. 陳慎慶，｢從倫理學的進路討論經濟問題｣，http://www.edb.gov.hk/FileManager/TC/Content_5642/be.ppt。
11. 張五常，經濟解釋全文，http://economicexplanation.tripod.com/Economic_explanation.html。
12. 張樹華，｢私有化的社會後果與社會評價｣，《俄羅斯私有化：社會衝突與社會評價》，北京：中國社會科學院俄羅斯東歐中亞研究所，http://euroasia.cass.cn/chinese/Production/projects28/003.html。
13. 韓麗，｢中國立法的非正式性及其功能｣，http://www.xslx.com/htm/mzfz/fxtt/2002-10-16-10494.htm。
14. Central Bank of Russia (CBR), Annual Report 2004, http://www.cbr.ru/today/annual_report/ar_2004_4.pdf.
15. Central Bank of Russia (CBR), Statistics, http://www.cbr.ru/eng/statistics/credit_statistics.
16. Center for International Private Enterprise (CIPE), Publications, Annual report, http://www.cipe.org/publications/report/index.php.
17. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), Selected economic indicator data, http://www.ebrd.com/country/sector/econo/stats/sei.xls.
18. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), Transition reports online, http://transitionreport.co.uk/TRO/a/archives.
19. Galbraith, James K., and Krytynskaia, Ludmila and Qifei Wang, “The Experience of Rising Inequality in Russia and China during the Transition”, The European Journal of Comparative Economics, vol. 1(1), Cattaneo University (LIUC), 2004, http://eaces.liuc.it/18242979200401/182429792004010104.pdf.
20. Guriev, Sergei and Rachinsky, Andrei, “WIDER Research Paper 2006-120 The Evolution of Personal Wealth in the Former Soviet Union and Central and Eastern Europen”, http://www.wider.unu.edu/publications/rps/rps2006/rp2006-120.pdf.
21. IAS Plus, Standards, IAS 29, http://www.iasplus.com/standard/ias29.htm.
22. Independent Instiute for Social Policy, “Inequality and Poverty in Russia in Transition”, http://www.socpol.ru/eng/research_projects/pdf/proj10a.pdf.
23. Institute for the Economy in Transition, “Russia: Political and Institutional Determinants of Economic Reforms”, http://www.gdnet.org/pdf2/gdn_library/annual_conferences/seventh_annual_conference/mau_parallel_4_4.pdf
24. International Monetary Fund (IMF), Data and statistics, World Economic Outlook Database, http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2007/01/data/index.aspx.
25. Internet Center for Corruption Research, Corruption Perceptions Index, Older Indices, http://www.icgg.org/corruption.cpi_olderindices.html.
26. Russian Federal State Statics Servic, http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/2007/b07_12/07-01.htm.
27. Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS), http://www.cpc.unc.edu/projects/rlms.
28. Shapre, Andrew, “Linkages between Economic Growth and Inequality: Introduction and Overview”, http://www.csls.ca/cpp/2/Sharpe.pdf.
29. The World Bank, Data and Research, http://econ.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTDEC/0,,menuPK:476823~pagePK:64165236~piPK:64165141~theSitePK:469372,00.html.
30. Theodore P. Gerber and Michael Hout, “More Than Shock Therapy: Market Transition, Employment, and Income in Russia, 1991-1995”, Center for Culture, Organizations and Politics, Paper wps-1999-03.
http://repositories.cdlib.org/iir/ccop/wps-1999-03
31. United Nations (UN), Publications, Stamps, Databases, online publication, http://www.un.org/Pubs/onlinepubs.htm.
32. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Human Development Report for the Russian Federation 2004, Table 3.2, p.51, http://hdr.undp.org/docs/reports/national/RUS_Russian_Federation/Russia_Federation_2004_en.pdf.
33. United Nations Statistics Division, http://unstats.un.org/unsd/default.htm.
34. United Nations University (UNU), World Institute Development Economics Research (WIDER), World Income Inequality Database V 2.0a June 2005, http://www.wider.unu.edu/wiid/WIID2a.zip.
35. Vecernik, Jiri, “From Needs to the Market: Changing Inequality of Household Income in the Czech Transition”, William Davidson Institute Working Paper No. 370, Michigan: The William Davidson Institute, 2001.
36. Центрального банка Российской Федерации, Годовой отчет Центрального банка Российской Федерации за 1999; 2001; 2004; 2006, (Central Bank of Russia, CBR Annual Report 1999; 2001; 2004; 2006.) http://www.cbr.ru/publ/main.asp?Prtid=God.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
俄羅斯研究所
93263011
96
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0932630112
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 洪美蘭zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (作者) 王光絜zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) 王光絜zh_TW
dc.date (日期) 2007en_US
dc.date.accessioned 17-九月-2009 17:46:01 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 17-九月-2009 17:46:01 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 17-九月-2009 17:46:01 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0932630112en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/33642-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 俄羅斯研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 93263011zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 96zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 經濟效率與經濟公平，是經濟學中最具爭議性的議題之一。俄羅斯自1992年開始由計劃經濟轉型為市場經濟，政府的首要目標就是追求經濟效率的提升，相較而言對於經濟公平的問題較不重視，因此，在轉型的過程中社會所得分配差距持續擴大，最終導致兩極化分配結果。
本文透過文獻整理和統計數據對比分析論證方法探究1992至1997年間俄羅斯轉型政策對其所得不均惡化之影響。首先，藉由俄羅斯轉型前、後所得不均指標之對比，以及其與同時期其他中所得國家和轉型國家之比較，暸解俄羅斯所得不均情況，證明俄國轉型後所得分配惡化程度。其次，由私有化政策、自由化政策、穩定化政策以及社會救助政策等四個層面，分析俄羅斯轉型政策如何影響其所得分配。最後，說明已經是市場經濟體且被譽為金磚四國之一的俄羅斯，其近年來亮麗的經濟成長表現和普欽總統之社會救助政策，對其所得不均皆尚未產生改善效果，故1998年後的俄國所得分配狀況仍値得改以市場因素和相關政策等方面作為觀察重點，進行後續研究。



關鍵詞：俄羅斯、所得不均、私有化、自由化、穩定化、社會救助政策		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Economic efficiency and equity have always been one of the most controversial issues in the economics. Russia began the transformation from a planned economy to a market economy since 1992, and during the process of transformation, the primary objective of the Russian government was to enhance economic efficiency, by contrast, the economic equity was less emphasized. Therefore, the inequality of income distribution had become more and more serious. At the end, it led to the polarization of income distribution.
In this study, literature review, comparative analysis and statistical data analysis methods will be used to explore how Russian transformation policies had resulted in the aggravation of income inequality between 1992 and 1997.
First of all, in order to clarify the income inequality in Russia, some income inequality indexes of Russia before and after the transformation will be compared, and by the comparison with other mid-income and transformation countries in the same era, we can identify the aggravation of income distribution after the transformation.
Secondly, how Russian transformation policies had influenced income distribution will be analyzed from four aspects: privatization policy, liberalization policy, stabilization policy, and social assistance policies.
Finally, author interpret that although Russia has moved towards a market economy and become one of the BRICs (Brazil, Russia, India and China) countries in recent years, its brilliant economic performance with Putin’s social assistance policies have not yet improved the situation. Therefore, author suggests that the further research on Russian income distribution after 1998 is better to focus on market factors and related economic policies.

Keyword: Russia, Income Inequality, Privatization, Liberalization, Stabilization, Social Assistance Policy		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機與目的 1
第二節 研究方法與架構 4
第三節 研究範圍 4
第二章 文獻回顧 10
第一節 所得分配與經濟成長 10
第二節 最適所得分配 13
第三節 轉型與所得不均 15
第四節 所得重分配政策 20
第五節 黨國精英與所得不均 23
第六節 小結 26
第三章 俄羅斯所得分配 28
第一節 俄羅斯所得分配情況 28
第二節 與其他國家之比較 39
第四章 所得分配惡化的原因 47
第一節 私有化政策的影響 47
第二節 自由化政策的影響 58
第三節 穩定化政策與社會救助政策 77
第五章 結論與未來研究方向 89
參考文獻 95



表目錄
表1-1：1991～2006年實質GDP成長率 2
表1-2：1991～1999年俄羅斯所得不均度指標 6
表2-1：指令經濟及市場經濟所得分配的差異 16
表2-2：轉型國家消費面與所得面計算不均度指標 18
表3-1：1980～1991年俄羅斯與原蘇聯官方估算之不均度指標 28
表3-2：1980～1992年中國、印度和美國的吉尼係數 30
表3-3：1992～1996年俄國所得不均指數(經地區物價指數平減) 32
表3-4：1990～1997年收入階層人口比例(％) 37
表3-5：1992～1994年中收入國家吉尼係數 40
表3-6：俄羅斯、巴西和匈牙利五分位指標 41
表4-1：私有化方式與所得分配不均程度 49
表4-2：1992～1993年私有企業前100名經理人出身比例(％) 54
表4-3：轉型國家貪污指數 58
表4-4：價格自由化時間表 59
表4-5：1992～1997年物價指數年變動率 61
表4-6：1992～1994年消費者物價指數月增率(％) 63
表4-7：1992和1994年薪資不均度指數 69
表4-8：1990～1997年居民就業結構(百萬人) 71
表4-9：1990～1997年產業部門間薪資平均(％) 72
表4-10：俄羅斯失業人口數與貧窮的相關性 (1988～1992年) 74
表4-11：1992～1997年失業率(％) 75
表4-12：家計單位所得來源組成比例(％) 76
表4-13：穩定化政策進程 78
表4-14：1992～1996年政府現金移轉性支付占GDP比例 84
表4-15：1992～1995年政府支出占GDP百分比 84
表4-16：俄羅斯與中東歐轉型國家現金移轉性支付占GDP比例(％) 85
表4-17：現金移轉性支付流失率(％) 86
表4-18：俄羅斯與中東歐轉型國家社會救濟制度成效比較 88
表5-1：1998～2006年俄羅斯主要經濟社會指標 92


圖目錄
圖2-1：1992～1996年吉尼係數 17
圖3-1：1992～1996年不均度指標變化趨勢 35
圖3-2：1990～1997年各收入階層人口比例變動趨勢 38
圖3-3：轉型國家轉型初期吉尼係數(1987～1990與1993～1994年) 43
圖3-4：1997年轉型國家吉尼數 44
圖4-1：中東歐及中亞國家吉尼係數與私有化指數回歸分析 48
圖4-2：企業所有權形式 51
圖4-3：低薪資員工占全體員工比例(1989與1997～1999年) 68
圖4-4：1992～1994年消費者物價指數月增率變動趨勢 82		zh_TW
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dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0932630112en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 俄羅斯zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 所得不均zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 私有化zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 自由化zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 穩定化zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 社會救助政策zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Russiaen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Income Inequalityen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Privatizationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Liberalizationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Stabilizationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Social Assistance Policyen_US
dc.title (題名) 1992至1997年俄羅斯轉型期間所得不均之研究zh_TW
dc.title (題名) A Study on Income Inequality of Russia during Transition: 1992-1997en_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
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