| dc.contributor.advisor | 黃銘傑 | zh_TW |
| dc.contributor.advisor | Huang, Ming-jye | en_US |
| dc.contributor.author (作者) | 湯亦敏 | zh_TW |
| dc.contributor.author (作者) | Tang, Yi-min | en_US |
| dc.creator (作者) | 湯亦敏 | zh_TW |
| dc.creator (作者) | Tang, Yi-min | en_US |
| dc.date (日期) | 2006 | en_US |
| dc.date.accessioned | 17-九月-2009 18:41:01 (UTC+8) | - |
| dc.date.available | 17-九月-2009 18:41:01 (UTC+8) | - |
| dc.date.issued (上傳時間) | 17-九月-2009 18:41:01 (UTC+8) | - |
| dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) | G0094361005 | en_US |
| dc.identifier.uri (URI) | https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/33872 | - |
| dc.description (描述) | 碩士 | zh_TW |
| dc.description (描述) | 國立政治大學 | zh_TW |
| dc.description (描述) | 智慧財產研究所 | zh_TW |
| dc.description (描述) | 94361005 | zh_TW |
| dc.description (描述) | 95 | zh_TW |
| dc.description.abstract (摘要) | 「沒有標準化就沒有現代經濟。」在知識經濟時代，掌握制定規則權力者，就占有主宰市場的領導地位。由於絕大多數標準係由政府或私人組織所制定，因此，研究標準制定組織具有重要意義。此外，觀察當代立法趨勢，政府以採訂私人組織或非政府組織所擬定之產業標準的方式，擴增其管制功能，在此潮流下，採訂私人草撰標準成為法律規範一環，此舉一方面可能形成授權立法之漏洞，另一方面將迫使個人暴露於著作權侵權行為之刑事、民事以及行政制裁大帽。同時，政府將產品標準及認證之工作委由產業協會等私人組織承擔亦成主流，該項¬「公益性」作業即可能成為事實標準制定者用來限制競爭、不當逐利的手段。 本文便以上述爭議問題為出發點，討論標準制定組織所擬定之標準，特別是經過政府機關以法律規範形式採用後，是否仍該當著作權的保護客體？並將研究延伸到網路產業中標準著作權保護的適當性問題，以及針對標準這類事實編輯物的資料庫保護進行分析；其次，本文將針對一國之產業標準制定組織為研究重心，探討例如標準制定與認證中的限制競爭及獨占管制的法律問題，以及隱然成為事實標準的市場領導者涉及智慧財產權的拒絕交易紛爭等課題。然而，針對上述命題的前提要件是對標準的概念與應用有相當之瞭解，以導入標準制定組織之運作、不同層級標準制定過程之影響及其所涉及之智慧財產爭議問題研究。因此，本文將對國家標準以及行業標準制定及運用過程所涉及之著作權及競爭法問題作深入且廣泛之瞭解，以此為基礎，分析各層級標準制定體系的規範內涵，繼而詮釋一國保護行業標準之著作權與競爭法之法律規定；並提出建言作為我國標準化體系之發展、參與國際標準制定活動、標準著作權保護分析架構、事實編輯物（資料庫）保護模式、競爭法對標準與認證活動之適用以及切入拒絕交易案件等之參考。 | zh_TW |
| dc.description.abstract (摘要) | In a knowledge-based economy, whoever dominates rules-developing overpowers the market. Most of the standards are set by the government and private organizations; therefore, a study on standard-setting organizations is of essential value. The Government leverages its regulatory function by adopting law standards promulgated and copyrighted by non-governmental actors. Despite governmental ambitions, no one is responsible for evaluating the legitimacy of this approach ex ante and no framework exists to facilitate analysis. On the other hand, standard-developing and conformity assessment increasingly falls on the shoulders of industry associations and lead to impartiality concerns from the antitrust law perspective. Regarding standards that are generated and controlled by private actors exposing citizens to criminal, civil and administrative sanctions, this paper contributes an analytical framework and proposes institutional mechanisms to implement it in terms of copyright. This paper extends by questioning if copyright would be an appropriate form to protect standards in the Internet industry. Then, it explores ways to protect compilation of facts and databases once they are de facto standards. Following the antitrust concerns, this paper focuses on industry standard-setting organizations within a specific territory to explore the antitrust and unfair competition problems confronting the role of the de facto standard-setters or the certification performers and the refusal to deal involving intellectual property issues.As foundations, this paper initiates by a detailed study of concepts and applications surrounding standardization; then, it leads to how a standards is produced, how standard-developing organizations in various levels affect the market, and how the intellectual property problems involves in standardization. In conclusion, based upon in-depth coverage of copyright and antitrust predicaments facing applications of national standards and industry standards, this paper interprets how copyright and antitrust laws work to protect business standards. At the same time, it delivers suggestions for the development of our standardization system, involvement of international standard-setting activities, an analytical framework for standards in copyright, protection for compilation of facts and databases, and how antitrust laws works when it comes to non-governmental standard-setting actors. | en_US |
| dc.description.tableofcontents | 第一章 緒論……………………………………………………………………..1 第一節 研究背景與動機………………………………………………………1 第二節 研究目的與問題………………………………………………………3 第三節 研究範圍與限制………………………………………………………4 第四節 分析架構與章節安排…………………………………………………4第二章 標準制定組織…………………………………………………………..7 第一節 論標準…………………………………………………………………7 壹、標準之概念……………………...........................................................8 貳、標準之發展史…………………………………………………….…..9 參、標準從法律角度之分類……………………………………………..18肆、標準化工作的層級………………………………………………….24 陸、標準化之社會效益…………………………………………………..37 柒、標準戰爭的類型……………………………………………………..43 第二節 事實標準之智慧財產權策略及問題研究…………………………..47 壹、形成的標準之智慧財產權策略及問題研究………………………..47 貳、標準制定組織之智慧財產權策略研究……………………………..67 第三節 各層級標準制定組織之運作及其著作權保護政策………………..79 壹、國際標準組織（ISO）標準著作權保護政策的產生及發展…………80 貳、區域性標準：三大歐洲標準制定組織之運作及其著作權保護策93 參、國家標準制定組織：英國標準協會（BSI）之運作及其發展策..126 第四節 美國標準制定體系…………………………………………………141 壹、美國標準化的歷史沿革………….………………………………...141 貳、標準化體系……………………….………………………………..144 參、符合性評鑑機制……………………………………………...……159 肆、標準化管理和運作體系………………………………………...…165 伍、標準化服務體系……………………………………………………180 陸、美國國家標準發展戰略……………………………………………185 柒、結論：美國自願性標準體系的特色………………………………193第三章 標準制定之著作權問題研析………………………………………..197 第一節 私有標準進入公法規範領域之問題探討…………………………198 壹、法律屬性三階分類架構之提出……………………………………198 貳、法律文件非著作權之保護標的……………………………………209 參、司法判決之發展……………………………………………………215 第二節 網路產業中標準著作權保護的適當性……………………………..236 壹、著作權權保護範圍界定的原則：觀念和表達二分法……………237 貳、大陸著作權法上的觀念和表達二分法…………………………...247 參、網路效應對觀念和表達二分法的影響……………………………250 第三節 事實編輯物（資料庫）著作權法保護之分析……………………258 壹、事實編輯物著作權保護之分析……………………………………258 貳、資料庫之保護模式探析……………………………………………266 參、資料庫的著作權法保護……………………………………………271 肆、歐盟創設的特殊權利保護資料庫之案例探討………………...…286 伍、資料庫的法律爭議…………………………………………………299第四章 標準制定涉及競爭法之問題研究………………………………….305 第一節 標準化與限制競爭的法律規制……………………………………305 壹、標準化涉及限制競爭之問題探究………………….……………….306 貳、結論與建議…………………………………………………………..317 第二節 智慧財產權人拒絕交易的競爭法分析……………………………323 壹、拒絕交易的反競爭效果……………………………………...……..323 貳、智慧財產權人拒絕交易行為的類型………………………………..334 參、智慧財產權人拒絕交易行為的競爭法適用………………………..339第五章 結論與建議…………………………………………………………..351 第一節 結論…………………………………………………………………351 壹、關於標準之形成過程……………………………………………….351 貳、標準在法律規範體系中呈現形式………………………………….351 參、標準化之社會效益………………………………………………….351 肆、國際標準制定組織之智慧財產授權策略………………………….351 伍、美國標準制定體系之啟示………………………………………….353 陸、網路產業中標準著作權保護之適當性…………………………….356 柒、握有核心智慧財產標準制定者從事拒絕交易行為之競爭法觀點357 第二節 建議…………………………………………………………………358 壹、針對國際標準制定組織智慧財產策略之回應………………….....358 貳、針對產業標準組織進行標準制定與認證活動涉及限制競爭問題359 肆、事實編輯物（資料庫）之保護模式…………………………….....363參考文獻………………………………………………………………………..366 目 錄（詳目）第一章 緒論……………………………………………………………………..1 第一節 研究背景與動機………………………………………………………1 壹、ISO針對日常使用標準之行為索取高額版稅……………………...1 貳、國外討論SSO所面對相關智慧財產權問題的文章之啟發………2 第二節 研究目的與問題………………………………………………………3 第三節 研究範圍與限制………………………………………………………4 第四節 分析架構與章節安排…………………………………………………4第二章 標準制定組織…………………………………………………………..7 第一節 論標準…………………………………………………………………7 壹、標準之概念……………………………………………………….…..8 貳、標準之發展史…………………………………………………….…..9 一、古代標準化……………………………………………………….…..9 二、近代標準化……………………………………………………….…..11 三、近代標準化發展的特色……………………………………………..14 四、現代標準化…………………………………………………………..16 參、標準從法律角度之分類……………………………………………..18 一、形成的標準：QWERTY鍵盤配置之事實標準地位形成………….20 二、創設的標準之市場滲透策略：MPEG標準………………………..22 肆、標準化工作的層級………………………………………………….24 一、國際標準化…………………………………………………………..24 二、區域標準化………………………………………………………….24 三、國家標準化…………………………………………………………..25 四、行業標準化..…………………………………………………….......25 五、企業標準化…………………………………………………………..26 伍、標準在法律規範中之實踐…………………………………………..26 一、ISO/INFCO檢驗標準之實施成果…………………………………..27 二、標準在法律規範（技術法規）之實踐……………………………..27 （一）WTO《TBT協定》之規定…………………………………………28 （二）歐洲標準為實施技術法規的主要方法…………………… ………29 （三）美國在技術法規中引用標準的方式……………………… ………31 （四）中國大陸在技術法規中引用標準的方式………………… ………34 （五）小結………………………………………………………… ………37 陸、標準化之社會效益…………………………………………………..37 一、標準化對社會發展之功能…………………………………………..37 （一）標準化有助於保障消費者的基本安全健康……………...………..37 （二）標準化有助於便利消費者生活……………………………………..38 （三）標準化有助於促進競爭……………………………………………..38 （四）標準化有助於廠商提高企業經濟效益……………………………..39 二、由產業協會承擔標準化工作之弊端……………………………….40 （一）標準化有可能阻礙技術創新……….………………………………40 （二）標準化易於形成價格聯合…………………………………………..41 （三）標準化限制消費者的選擇………….…………………………….....42 （四）標準化可能誤導消費者……………………………………………..42 （五）標準化可能限制競爭………………………………………………..42 柒、標準戰爭的類型……………………………………………………..43 一、不含智慧財產的標準戰爭………………………………………….43 （一）消防栓和消防水龍帶的螺釘緊固件標準…………………………..44 （二）鍋爐和壓力容器標準………………………………………………..44 二、包含智慧財產權的標準戰爭…………………………………….....45 （一）乙太網路成為網核心技術…………………………………………..46 三、小結：標準戰爭的基本前提…………………………………………46 （一）正確認識標準戰爭…………………………………………………..46 （二）我國標準制定組織應該打好不含專利的標準戰爭………………..47 （三）業界應成為含專利的標準戰爭主體………………………………..47 第二節 事實標準之智慧財產權策略及問題研究…………………………..47 壹、形成的標準之智慧財產權策略及問題研究………………………..47 一、由經濟角度解析事實標準地位之形成……………………………..48 （一）網路效應結合相容性形成之事實標準地位……………………….48 （二）標準化之經濟效益………………………………………………….50 （三）小結………………………………………………………………….51 二、市場選擇私有協定及其智慧財產權策略…………………………..51 （一）「養、套、殺」的策略…………………………………………….52 （二）微軟Windows作業系統稱霸全球………………………………....54 （三）思科之網路通信協定發展策略…………………………………….56 （四）小結…………………………………….……………………………57 三、事實標準涉及的智慧財產權問題………………………………….58 （一）事實標準與智慧財產權之關係…………………………………….58 （二）事實標準中的智慧財產授權……………………………………….59 （三）事實標準中智慧財產權人的訊息揭露義務……………………….60 （四）事實標準策略運用產生之智慧財產權問題……………………….61 １、強制授權制度………………………………………………………..61 ２、獨占禁止原則………………………………………………………..65 ３、權利濫用禁止原則…………………………………………………..66 （五）結論………………………………………………………………….67 貳、標準制定組織之智慧財產權策略研究……………………………..67 一、標準制定組織及其智慧財產策略地位：兩個基本前提…………..67 （一）私人標準制定組織是產業標準的主要制定者……………………..67 （二）智慧財產權是私人標準制定組織之主要挑戰……………………..68 １、網路標準制定組織智慧財產權策略之例子……………………….69 （三）小結…………………………………………………………………..71 二、標準制定組織智慧財產權策略之分析……………………………..72 （一）智慧財產權策略問題之提出………………………………………..72 （二）標準制定組織之採樣………………………………………………..72 （三）分析結果……………………………………………………………..75 １、智慧財產權的範圍………………………………………………......75 ２、標準制定組織會員的智慧財產權義務……………………………..76 （１）揭露義務……………………………………………………………..76 （２）資訊揭露的內容和程序……………………………………………..77 ３、標準制定組織會員的智慧財產權及其限制………………………..77 （１）針對會員擁有標準所包含的智慧財產權………………………….77 （２）RAND授權條款…………………………………………………….77 （四）結論：對我國的借鑒……………………………………………….78 （１）應積極參與標準競爭以建立競爭性的多元標準體系……………..78 （２）重視對標準制定組織的智慧財產策略分析…………………....…..79 （３）在標準策略中應充分調動各種資源………………………………..79第三節 各層級標準制定組織之運作及其著作權保護政策………………......79 壹、國際標準組織（ISO）標準著作權保護政策的產生及發展…………80 一、國際標準組織（ISO）標準著作權保護策略之產生………………80 （一）創新技術對著作權策略之影響………………………………….....80 （二）國際標準組織（ISO）財務狀況……………………………………81 二、國際標準組織（ISO）標準著作權保護策略之發展…..…………..82 （一）1993年《ISO/IEC共同著作權、文本使用權和銷售政策》…….83 （二）1995年《多國著作權使用協議》…………………………………84 （三）1996年《ISO智慧財產權保護指南和政策》…………………….85 （四）有關ISO國際標準制定過程個階段工作文件之著作權保護.........85 （五）歷年ISO/IEC POCOSA之補充………….………………………....86 （六）其他有關著作權保護之策略……………………………………….87 （七）小結………………………………………………………….………87 三、國際標準組織（ISO）標準著作權保護政策分析…………….…….88 （一）著作權保護政策的基本原則…………………………………….....88 （二）著作權保護政策之評析…………………………………………….88 １、關於1996年《ISO智慧財產權保護指南和政策》………………..88 ２、關於《ISO POCOSA:2005》………………………………………..90 ３、關於《藉由網際網路和其他電腦網路分發ISO文件的建議》….91 （三）小結………………………………………………………………….91 貳、區域性標準：三大歐洲標準制定組織之運作及其著作權保護策93 一、歐盟的技術性貿易措施體系………………………………………..95 （一）歐盟的技術法規體系……………………………………………….96 （二）歐盟技術協調指令的制定類型…………………………………….99 １、舊方法指令（Old Approach Directives）………………………….99 ２、《關於技術協調與標準的新方法的決議》（New Approach Directives）…………………………………………………………99 （三）歐盟的標準體系……………….…………………………………....100 （四）歐盟的符合性評鑑體系……….…………………………………..101 二、歐盟技術性貿易措施體系中三要素的關係…….………………..102 （一）三要素的主要區別……………………………….………………..102 １、制定主體…………………………………………………………...102 ２、強制性與自願性…………………………………………………...103 ３、呈現形式……………………………………………………………103 ４、約束範圍……………………………………………………………104 ５、對貿易的影響………………………………………………………104 ６、透明度要求…………………………………………………………104 ７、可協調性……………………………………………………………105 （二）三要素的主要聯繫…………………………………………………105 １、內容上的相關性……………………………………………………106 ２、措施制定的原因……………………………………………………106 ３、措施的作用…………………………………………………………106 （三）小結………………………………………………………………...106 三、三大歐洲標準制定組織之運作……………………………………106 （一）歐洲標準之概念…………………………………………………...107 （二）歐洲標準化委員會（CEN）……………………………………...108 １、歐洲標準化委員會（CEN）組織架構……………………………108 ２、歐洲標準化委員會（CEN）制定歐洲標準之程序………………109 （三）歐洲電工標準化委員會（CENCLEC）…………………………..112 １、歐洲電工標準化委員會（CENCLEC）組織架構…….…………112 ２、歐洲電工標準化委員會（CENCLEC）制定歐洲標準之程序.....113 （四）歐洲電信標準協會（ETSI）………………………………………113 １、歐洲電信標準協會（ETSI）組織架構……………………………114 ２、歐洲電信標準協會（ETSI）制定歐洲標準之程序………………116 四、歐洲標準制定組織之著作權保護策略……………..…………….117 （一）電子標準之著作權保護問題……………………..……………….117 （二）歐洲標準之運作方式…………………………………….………..118 （三）歐洲標準化組織之標準著作權轉移制度分析……………….......119 １、歐洲標準化委員會（CEN）之著作權移轉模式………………...120 ２、歐洲電工標準化委員會（CENCLEC）之著作權移轉模式….....120 ３、歐洲電信標準協會（ETSI）之著作權移轉模式…………….......120 （四）歐洲標準著作權保護政策分析……………………………….......121 １、CEN/CENELEC標準著作權保護政策分析………………...........121 （１）關於「使用權」……………………………………………………122 （２）關於「銷售策略」…………………………………………………122 （３）鼓勵歐洲以外國家採用歐洲標準………………………………...123 ２、ETSI的標準著作權保護政策分析……………………..................123 ３、綜合分析……………………………………………………………125 參、國家標準制定組織：英國標準協會（BSI）之運作及其發展策126 一、英國國家標準制定機構：BSI英國國家標準……………………126 二、英國國家標準制定準則及程序…………………………………...127 三、英國標準協會（BSI）技術標準組織架構….......………………..128 （一）標準政策和策略委員會（SPSC）………………………………....128 （二）技術委員會…………………………………………………………131 （三）英國標準學會（BSI）以歐洲標準和國際標準為重..……………133 四、英國標準協會（BSI）與政府的關係……………………………..134 （一）英國標準協會（BSI）的皇家憲章……………………..………...135 （二）英國標準協會（BSI）與英國政府簽署的備忘錄……..………...136 （三）政府代表參與英國標準協會（BSI）標準制定…………………..136 五、英國標準學會（BSI）其他業務………………………………….137 六、英國國家標準化戰略框架…………………………………………138 （一）制定國家標準化戰略框架之緣由…………………….…………..138 （二）國家標準化戰略框架的主要內容………………………………...138 １、國家標準化總體戰略目標和任務………………………………...138 ２、各方的戰略目標和任務……………………………………………139 ３、國家標準化戰略框架成功與否之衡量標準………………………140 ４、國家標準戰略框架實施的三個階段………………………………140 第四節 美國標準制定體系…………………………………………………141 壹、美國標準化的歷史沿革………….………………………………..141 貳、標準化體系……………………….………………………………..144 一、美國自願性標準體系……………...………………………………144 二、技術法規體系（強制性標準）….………………………………..145 （一）技術法規的制定與管理………………………………..…….……146 （二）進口法規………………………………………………..…….……147 （三）出口法規………………………………………………..………….153 三、技術法規與自願性標準之關係……………………………………154 （一）1996年《國家技術移轉與升級法》……………………….…….154 （二）1998年《A-119號行政通告》………………………………...….156 １、關於參與者之規定………………………………………………...157 ２、關於參與形式之規定…………………………………………...…158 ３、其他規定…………………………………………………………...158 （三）小結………………………………………………………….……..159 參、符合性評鑑機制……………………………………………...……159 一、符合性評鑑機構………………………………………………...…161 二、符合性評鑑內容…………………………………………………...163 肆、標準化管理和運作體系………………………………………...…165 一、全國自願性標準體系管理和協調機構：美國國家標準學會（ANSI）…………………………………………………………..165 二、全國標準和技術研究機構：國家標準與和技術研究院（NIST）167 三、美國政府標準制定機構：與標準相關的政府部門或機構………169 四、其它標準制定組織…………………………………..………….…170 （一）美國材料試驗協會（ASTM International）………………………170 （二）美國農業與生物工程師學會（ASABE）……………………...…173 （三）美國機動車工程師協會（SAE International）……………………175 （四）美國機械工程師協會（ASME）…………………………….……177 （五）小結：美國標準化機構之特點………………....…………………179 伍、標準化服務體系……………………………………………………180 一、美國國家標準學會（ANSI）之服務體系………………………..180 二、美國材料試驗協會（ASTM International）..…………………….183 陸、美國國家標準發展戰略……………………………………………185 一、美國國家標準化體推動美國國家標準戰略之頒……...................186 （一）美國國家標準學會（ANSI）係業界自治的核心機構…………..186 （二）政府干預：強制性標準和指導性標準………………….………..187 １、強制性標準…………………………………………………………187 ２、指導性標準…………………………………………………………187 （三）國家標準與和技術研究院（NIST）之政府對技術標準推廣角色189 二、美國國家標準戰略（NSS）……………………………………….190 （一）美國國家標準戰略的基本原則…………………………………...191 （二）美國國家標準戰略的任務………………………………………...191 （三）加強國際性推廣………………………………………………...…191 三、美國標準戰略（USSS）…………………………………………..192 柒、結論：美國自願性標準體系的特色………………………………193第三章 標準制定之著作權問題研析………………………………………..197 第一節 私有標準進入公法規範領域之問題探討…………………………198 壹、法律屬性三階分類架構之提出……………………………………198 一、法律屬性三階分類架構……………………………………………200 二、研究範圍與目的…………………………………………………...202 三、著作權之保護範圍…………………………………………………204 四、三段分類架構之理論基礎…………………………………………206 （一）促進科學發展之公益目的…………………………………………206 （二）誘因理論…………………………………………………..……….207 （三）鼓勵衍生著作的創作……………………….……………..………208 （四）小結…………………………………………………………………208 貳、法律文件非著作權之保護標的……………………………………209 一、羅馬法之觀念………………………………………………………209 二、當代標準……………………………………………………………211 （一）半強勢法律屬性模式的商業標準………………………………...211 （二）弱勢法律屬性模式的商業標準…………………………………...213 （三）強勢法律屬性模式的商業標準…………………………………...213 （四）小結：三段分類架構之自由使用與誘因動機之關係……….......215 參、司法判決之發展……………………………………………………215 一、Building Official and Code Administration v. Code Technology Inc.（1980）……………………………………………………………..216 二、CCC Information Services, Inc. v. Maclean Hunter Market（1994）218 三、Practice Management Information Corp. v. American Medical Association（1997）……………………………………………….223 四、Veeck v. Southern Building Code Congress International, Inc（2002） …………………………………………………………..229 五、County of Suffolk, New York v. First American Real Estate Solutions（2001）…………………………………………………………….234 六、小結…………………………………………………………………236 第二節 網路產業中標準著作權保護的適當性……………………………236 壹、著作權權保護範圍界定的原則：觀念和表達二分法……………237 一、Baker v. Selden（1879）…………………………………………..237 二、Nichols v. Universal Pictures Corporation et al（1931）…………..238 三、美國1976年著作權法…………………………………………….239 四、構想與表達合併原則………………………………………………239 五、觀念和表達二分法之運用…………………………………………240 （一）整體觀念及感覺測試法……………………………………………241 １、Roth Greeting Cards v. United Card Co.（1970）………………….241 ２、Whelan Associates, Inc. v. Jaslow Dental Laboratory, Inc（1987）242 ３、Broderbund Software, Inc. v. Unison World, Inc.（1986）……….242 （二）分析解構法…………………………………………………………243 １、Computer Associates Int’l, Inc. v. Altai, Inc.（1991）……………..243 ２、Apple Computer Inc. v. Microsoft Corp.（1994）…………………245 六、小結………………………………………………………………...245 貳、大陸著作權法上的觀念和表達二分法…………………………...247 一、法律之規定………………………………………………………...247 二、李淑賢訴賈英華案………………………………………………...248 三、瑞得集團公司訴東方資訊服務有限公司（1999）………………248 四、北京創聯通信網路有限公司訴北京匯盟國際商務諮詢有限公司（1999）……………………………………………………………..249 五、小結：著作權法應當將行業標準界定為不受保護的構想………249 參、網路效應對觀念和表達二分法的影響……………………………250 一、網路效應的應用……………………………………………………250 二、軟體和網路產業的標準化模式……………………………………251 （一）國家標準………………………………………………………...…251 （二）行業標準………………………………………………………..….251 （三）事實標準………………………………………………………..….252 （四）小結………………………………………………………………...253 三、網路產業中著作權保護的適當性…………………………………254 （一）著作權保護對網路效應的影響……………………………………254 １、阻礙標準化的行程或延遲標準化的進展…………………………255 ２、惡化標準化所引起的技術鎖定現象………………………………256 （二）行業標準以專利制度保護較為妥適………………………………257 （三）結論…………………………………………………………………257 第三節 事實編輯物（資料庫）著作權法保護之分析………………………258 壹、事實編輯物著作權保護之分析……………………………………258 一、作品中所涵蓋的事實不受著作權係基於公共領域觀點…………259 二、早期發展：Learned Hand 法官的觀點……………………………259 三、加入付出勞動的考慮因素…………………………………………260 四、Feist Publications, Inc. v. Rural Telephone Service Co.（1991）…261 五、Feist（1991）案之評析與影響…………………………………….263 六、小結…………………………………………………………………265 貳、資料庫之保護模式探析……………………………………………266 一、資料庫的概念………………………………………………………266 二、資料庫之製作程序…………………………………………………267 三、資料庫產業結構簡介………………………………………………269 四、Feist 案（1994）對資料庫保護之影響…………………………..269 五、中國廣西電視節目預報表案（1991）……………………………270 六、歐洲Magill v. European Commission（1995）……………………270 七、小結…………………………………………………………………271 參、資料庫的著作權法保護……………………………………………271 一、資料庫的獨創性標準……………………………………………....271 二、資料庫受著作權法保護的要素…………………………………....274 三、歐體授予特別權保護予不具獨創性的資料庫………………........274 四、美國對資料庫的法律保護之發展…………………………………277 （一）美國1976年著作權法之規定………………………………….....277 （二）Feist Publications v. Rural Telephone Service Co., Inc.（1991）案之影響…..……………………………………………………………278 （三）1996年《H.R. 3531號法案》…………………………….………278 （四）1997年《H.R. 2652號法案》…………………………………….280 （五）1999年《H.R. 354號法案》…………………………………...…281 （六）1999年《H.R. 1858號法案》…………………………………….283 （七）未有任何資料庫立法保護前提下之法律規範…………………...283 五、小結：對資料庫特殊權利保護體制的分析與評論…………..…285 肆、歐盟創設的特殊權利保護資料庫之案例探討………………...…286 一、StepStone GmbH v. OFiR Deutschland GmbH（2001）…………286 二、National Nespaper（PCM）v. Kranten.com（2000）……………287 三、De Telegraaf v. Dutch Association of Real Estate Agents（2002）288 四、British Horseracing Board Ltd. v. William Hill Organization Ltd.（2001）…………………………………………………………….289 五、歐盟立法與案例之應用……………………………………………294 （一）ProCD Inc. v. Zeidenberg（1996）………………………………..294 （二）Specht v. Netscape Communications Corp.（2001）……………..297 六、小結…………………………………………………………………298 伍、資料庫的法律爭議…………………………………………………299 一、北京陽光資訊公司SIC即時金融系統案（1996）……………….299 （一）案件背景及法院判決………………………………………………299 （二）評析……………………………………………………………....…301 二、海南經天資訊有限公司《中國大法規數據庫》案（1999）…….302 （一）案件背景及法院判決………………………………………………303 三、結論與建議…………………………………………………………304第四章 標準制定涉及競爭法之問題研究…………………………………..305 第一節 標準化與限制競爭的法律規制……………………………………305 壹、標準化涉及限制競爭之問題探究………………….……………..306 一、因標準化而涉及價格聯合…………………………………………306 （一）Milk and Ice Cream Can Institute v. FTC（1946）………………..306 （二）Tag Manufacturers Institute v. Federal Trade Commission（1949）307 二、因錯誤認證引起的限制競爭………………………………………308 （一）American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Inc. v. Hydrolevel Corp. （1982）…………………………………………………………….308 （二）Consolidated Metal Products v. American Petroleum Institu（1988）……………………………………………………………309 （三）Eliason Corp. v. National Sanitation Foundation（1980）………..310 （四）小結………………………………………………………………...311 三、透過標準化實行杯葛行為…………………………………………312 （一）Radiant Burners, Inc. v. Peoples Gas Light & Coke Co.（1961）…312 四、運用標準來限制品質競爭…………………………………………313 （一）National Macaroni Manufacturers Association v. Federal Trade Commission（1965）…………………………………………….313 五、標準化被用來限制競爭……………………………………………314 （一）Fashion Originators’ Guild of America, Inc. v. Federal Trade Commission（1941）………………………………………………314 六、標準化涉及安全或健康的問題……………………………………315 （一）National Society of Professional Engineers v. U.S.（1978）………315 （二）Chester A. Wilk et al. v. American Medical Association (1990).…..316 （三）小結…………………………………………………………………317 貳、結論與建議…………………………………………………………317 一、標準自願性與強制性之爭議………………………………………317 （一）自願性標準合法，強制性標準違法……………………………….318 （二）標準制定組織市場力量之影響……………………………………318 （三）小結…………………………………………………………………319 二、我國標準化限制競爭管制的若干構想……………………………319 （一）從由國家主導轉向產業協會主導的模式…………………...……319 （二）建立競爭性的多元標準體制………………………………...……320 （三）運用合理原則分析標準化中的限制競爭問題………..………….321 １、審查產業協會的市場力量…………………………………………321 ２、審視標準化的目的…………………………………………………321 ３、考察標準化的制定過程及認證程式是否公正……………………322 ４、檢視標準的主觀性和客觀性………………………………………322 ５、審視標準是否是最低限制競爭的標準……………………………322 ６、進行成本效益分析…………………………………………………322 （四）改組獨占管制機構的制度設計……………………………………323 第二節 智慧財產權人拒絕交易的競爭法分析……………………………323 壹、拒絕交易的反競爭效果……………………………………...……323 一、獨占延伸（monopoly leveraging）……………………………….324 （一）Berkey Photo, Inc. v. Eastman Kodak Co.（1980）…………..…..324 （二）Berkey Photo, Inc. v. Eastman Kodak Co.案後之發展……………325 二、關鍵設施理論（essential facility doctrine）………………….…..326 （一）美國對涉及關鍵設施的拒絕交易的發展……………………..….328 １、United State v.Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis（1912）328 ２、Otter Tail Power Co. v. United States（1973）…………………….329 ３、MCI Communications Corp. v. AT&T（1983）……………………330 ４、小結…………………………………………………………………331 （二）歐盟對涉及關鍵設施的拒絕交易的發展………………………...332 １、Commercial Solvents v. Commission (1974)………………………332 ２、Untied Brand v.Commission (1978)………………………………..333 ３、小結…………………………………………………………………333 （三）結論…………………………………………………………………334 貳、智慧財產權人拒絕交易行為的類型………………………………334 一、拒絕授權……………………………………………………………335 （一）英國Ford Motor Co Ltd.（1985）案…………………………..….334 二、阻礙相鄰市場上的競爭………………………………………...…336 （二）歐洲法院Magill Decision（1995）案……………………………336 １、案件背景及法院判決………………………………………………336 ２、影響及評析…………………………………………………………339 參、智慧財產權人拒絕交易行為的競爭法適用………………………339 一、智慧財產權相關市場的界定………………………………………340 （一）智慧財產權的相關產品市場………………………………………340 １、United States v. Microsoft Corp.（1999）………………………….341 ２、Untied Brand v.Commission（1978）………………………………341 ３、Commercial Solvents v. Commission（1974）…………………….342 （二）智慧財產權的相關地理市場………………………………………342 １、Untied Brand v.Commission（1978）……………………………..343 ２、United States v. Microsoft Corp.（1999）………………………….343 ３、IMS Health GmbH & Co OHG v. NDC Health GmbH & Co OHG（2004）……………………………………………………………..343 （三）小結…………………………………………………………………344 二、智慧財產權的市場支配地位………………………………………344 （一）市場占有率………………………………………………………….345 １、美國之規定…………………………………………………………345 ２、歐盟之規定…………………………………………………………346 （二）進入障礙和關鍵設施………………………………………………347 １、Hugin Kassaregister AB and Hugin Cash Registers Ltd. v. Commission （1979）………………………………………………………………348 三、拒絕交易：構成濫用支配地位的界定……………………………348 （一）AB Volvo v. Erik Veng（UK）Ltd.（1988）………………………349 （二）Magill v. Commission（1995）…………………………………….349 （三）小結…………………………………………………………………350第五章 結論與建議…………………………………………………………..351 第一節 結論…………………………………………………………………351 壹、關於標準之形成過程………………………………………………351 貳、標準在法律規範體系中呈現形式…………………………………351 參、標準化之社會效益…………………………………………………352 肆、國際標準制定組織之智慧財產授權策略…………………………352 伍、美國標準制定體系之啟示…………………………………………353 陸、網路產業中標準著作權保護之適當性……………………………356 柒、握有核心智慧財產標準制定者從事拒絕交易行為之競爭法觀點357 第二節 建議…………………………………………………………………359 壹、針對國際標準制定組織智慧財產策略之回應…………………...359 一、應積極參與標準競爭以建立競爭性的多元標準體系…………...359 二、重視對標準制定組織的智慧財產權策略分析…………………...359 三、在標準策略中應充分調動各種資源……………………………..359 貳、針對產業標準組織進行標準制定與認證活動涉及限制競爭問題360 一、從由國家主導轉向產業協會主導的模式…………………………360 二、建立競爭性的多元標準體制………………………………………361 三、運用合理原則分析標準化中的限制競爭問題…………………...361 四、改組我國獨占管制機構的制度設計…………………………....…362 參、評估政府採納私人起草標準成為法律規範之著作權分析架構...363 肆、事實編輯物（資料庫）之保護模式……………………………...364 一、事實編輯物之保護模式…………………………………………...364 二、資料庫之保護模式………………………………………………...365參考文獻………………………………………………………………………..367附錄一、標準制定組織之介紹…………………………………………………367參考文獻………………………………………………………………………..376 圖目錄【圖2-1】標準制定組織之體系………………………………………..……….26【圖2-2】標準制定組織在標準制定過程中之利益權衡………………………72【圖2-3】國際標準組織（ISO）自1990-2000年之技術文件銷售收入…..…81【圖2-4】歐洲標準化委員會（CEN）組織架構圖及標準制定流程……….109【圖2-5】與ISO平行的歐洲標準化委員會（CEN）標準制定程序………..112【圖2-6】歐洲電信標準協會（ETSI）之組織架構圖………………………..115【圖2-7】專家工作小組（Specialist Task Force）在標準制定工作之角色…..115【圖2-8】歐洲電信標準協會（ETSI）之歐洲標準（EN）制定流程及時間對照表……………………………………………………………………………..119【圖2-9】英國標準學會（BSI）標準制定程序………………………………..127【圖2-10】標準政策和策略委員會（SPSC）組織架構圖…………………….130【圖2-11】英國標準學會（BSI）最高層技術委員會組織結構…………….131【圖2-12】英國標準學會（BSI）技術委員會組織架構………………………132【圖2-13】英國標準學會FSH/12火災監測和警報系統技術委員會組織圖133【圖2-14】英國標準學會（BSI）標準制定重心之轉變……………………..134【圖2-15】英國標準學會（BSI）組織架構圖（依業務區分）……………..135【圖2-16】英國政府部門與英國標準學會（BSI）之政策資訊流動圖…….137【圖2-17】符合性評鑑架構……………………………………………..…….161【圖2-18】美國國家標準學會（ANSI）會員構成圖…………………………167【圖2-19】美國機械工程師協會（ASME）標準之分工和審查流程……….178【圖2-20】美國國家標準學會（ANSI）經費來源及營運收入……………..182【圖2-21】美國材料試驗協會（ASTM International）經費來源及營運收入184【圖3-1】三段分類架構之自由使用與誘因動機之關係圖…………………..215 表目錄【表2-1】近代標準化之例子……………………...…………………………….12【表2-2】標準之二分法……………………………...………………………….20【表2-3】標準與技術法規之比較……………………...……………………….28【表2-4】技術法規引用標準之模式……………………...…………………….29【表2-5】標準制定組織的智慧財產權策略之比較….….......………………….73【表2-6】國際標準組織（ISO）財務資料…………………..…………………..82【表2-7】歷年歐洲電工標準化委員會（CENCLEC）制定歐洲標準類型比例………………………………………………………..………………………101【表2-8】傳統與數位時代之資訊組織方式………………...…….…………..117【表2-9】歐洲電信標準協會（ETSI）之標準制定程序以及其出版物……...118【表2-10】歐洲電信標準協會（ETSI）出版之技術標準文件類型………......124【表2-11】美國自願性標準體系依層級分類…………………………………145【表2-12】美國自願性標準呈現形式之區別…………………………………145【表2-13】美國食品與藥物管理局（FDA）各年度違規產品處理情形……...151【表2-14】常見認證與驗證程式之術語定義……………………………..….160【表2-15】美國聯邦政府機構參加美國國家標準學會（ANSI）的會員數及標準引用次數……………………………………………………………………..172【表3-1】資料庫產業結構簡介………………………………………………..268 | zh_TW |
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| dc.source.uri (資料來源) | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0094361005 | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 標準制定組織 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 標準 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 事實標準 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 法定標準 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 網路效應 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 標準化體系 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 觀念和表達二分法 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 事實編輯物 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 資料庫 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 限制競爭 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 關鍵設施理論 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 拒絕交易 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | standard-setting organizations（SSOs） | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | standard | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | de facto standards | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | de jure standards | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | netwok effect | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | standardization system | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | the idea/expression dichotomy | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | compilation of facts | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | databases | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | restraint of competition | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | essential facility doctrine | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | refusal to deal | en_US |
| dc.title (題名) | 標準制定組織之智慧財產保護政策及競爭法問題探討 | zh_TW |
| dc.title (題名) | A Study on Intellectual Property Protection Strategies and Antitrust Issues of Standard-Setting Organizations | en_US |
| dc.type (資料類型) | thesis | en |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 中文文獻 | zh_TW |
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