學術產出-學位論文

題名 社團參與、政黨鑲嵌與政治行為之變遷─以台灣社會變遷調查為資料分析
the changes of civic engagement, embeddedness of political parties and political behaviors─an example of the Taiwan Social Change Surveys
作者 林亞鋒
Lin, Ya Feng
貢獻者 熊瑞梅
林亞鋒
Lin, Ya Feng
關鍵詞 社團參與
網絡分析
鑲嵌性
政黨
civic engagement
network analysis
embeddedness
political party
日期 2006
上傳時間 18-九月-2009 10:46:32 (UTC+8)
摘要 社團參與在當代社會早已成為非常重要的議題,不論是西方還是台灣學界都有許多相關的研究。不同於西方社團參與的形式,台灣距離政治民主化只有短短的數十年,社團參與在過去威權統治以及現在民主開放的影響下,產生了複雜的運作機制。一方面,政治上的開放使得社團參與遭遇的限制大幅減少,各式各樣社團呈現蓬勃發展的趨勢,目的性的結社成為了最重要的社團參與形式;另一方面傳統文化下的擬式血源性社團並沒有因為威權體制崩解而失去活力,在地方選舉中依舊保有關鍵的地位。
為了探究台灣解嚴後社團參與的獨特意義,以及民主化之後是否又面臨什麼樣的改變?本文以參與社團所形成的網絡結構作為分析方法,從社團和政黨的網絡鑲嵌性以及社團網絡的社會資本效果,嘗試找出社團網絡的結構及變遷。
透過研究本文呈現了幾個重要發現:首先,研究結果指出台灣社團參與沒有欣欣向榮的發展,在參與者的比例有下降的趨勢,而且教育程度並無顯著提高,反駁了先前的研究;其次,在1992、1997以及2002年三次調查中,政黨和社團的鑲嵌性變化不大,大致上國民黨是強烈鑲嵌在社團網絡之中,反之民進黨則一直處於邊陲的地位,政黨輪替並沒有造成太大的改變;第三,草根性社團仍是台灣很重要的社會力基礎,其成員參與其他社團的比例相當高,不過受限於成員特殊性的影響,使得連結性有不少的侷限;最後,社團網絡確實會有社會資本的效果,不論是從連結能力還是不同結構位置的社團都被證實,但是在台灣這樣的社會資本卻是帶有選擇性的,整體上參與社團的人確實會比較傾向投給泛藍的陣營。
Civic engagement in modern societies has been an important academic issue, both in Western countries and Taiwan. Unlike that in the Western societies, the civic engagement in Taiwan has a more complex operating mechanism in that authoritarian ruling in the past and democratization of Taiwan in the recent decades have a joint effect on the associations. On the one hand, because democratization greatly reduced the constraints on civic engagement, all kinds of associations have become prosperous and goal-oriented associations become the most important form of civic engagement. On the other hand, under the influence of traditional culture, primary associations still keep their power even with the collapse of authoritarian regime; they still play a key role in the local elections.
This thesis analyzes the network structure formed by associations to understand the special meaning of civic engagement in Taiwan after the abolition of martial laws and the changes the network may encounter after the democratization. It looks at three investigations of Social Change Survey in 1992, 1997, and 2002 to find the structure and change from the network embeddedness of associations and political parties and from the effects of social capital obtained by association network.
This thesis presents the following important findings: First, the associations in Taiwan are not as prosperous as mentioned in previous research. The data show that the proportion of participants among Taiwanese civilians decreases and the educational degree of the members does not significantly increase. Second, in the three surveys, the embeddedness of political parties and associations does not show obvious change. Generally speaking, KMT still strongly embed in association network, while DPP remains isolated from the network. The shift of political power does not cause strong effects. Third, the grassroots associations still are important basis of social forces, having a high ratio of members joining other associations. However, because of specialties of their members, the capacity of the grassroots associations is limited. Finally, association network has its effects on accumulating social capital, which can be shown by the capacity of association network and by the structural locations of different associations. However, such social capital in Taiwan is selective. Generally speaking, people who join the associations tend to support the pan-blue parties.
參考文獻 中文部分:
丁仁傑,2001,〈當代台灣社會中的宗教浮現:以社會分化過程為焦點所做的
初步考察〉。《台灣社會研究季刊》41。
王甫昌,1994,〈族群同化與動員:台灣民眾政黨支持之分析〉。《中央研究院民
族學研究所集刊》77,春。
───,2003,《當代台灣社會的族群想像》。台北:群學出版有限公司。
王順民,2001,《當代台灣地區宗教類非營利組織的轉型與發展》。台北:洪葉
文化事業有限公司。
王振寰,1996,《誰統治台灣:轉型中的國家機器與權力結構》。台北:巨流。
王業立,1998,〈選舉、民主化與地方派系〉。《選舉研究》5:1。
王中天,2003,〈社會資本:概念、起源與現況〉。《問題與研究》42:5。
王金壽,2004,〈瓦解中的地方派系:以屏東縣為例〉。《台灣社會學》7。
石元康,1998,〈市民社會與民主〉。頁1-18,收錄於殷海光基金會主編,《市民
社會與民主的反思》。台北:桂冠圖書公司。
江今葉,2005,〈準戒急用忍〉。經濟日報,台北第二版,4月7日。
朱雲漢,1989,〈寡占經濟與威權政治體制〉。頁139-160。收錄於《解剖台灣
經濟:威權體制下的壟斷宇剝削》。台北:前衛。
朱柔若,1996,《政經發展與工運變遷之跨國分析》。台北:華泰書局。
杜慶承,2005,〈中央政權輪替對地方派系的影響─彰化縣個案研究〉。《選舉研
究》12:1。
李丁讚、林文源,2000,〈社會力的文化根源:論環境權感受在台灣的歷史形成
〉。《台灣社會研究季刊》38。
───────,2003,〈社會力的轉化:台灣環保抗爭的組織技術〉。《台灣社
會研究季刊》52。
李丁讚,2004,〈導論:市民社會與公共領域在台灣的發展〉。頁1-62,收錄於
李丁讚主編,《公共領域在台灣》。台北:桂冠圖書公司
李丁讚、吳介民,2006,〈公民社會的概念史考察〉。論文發表於2006年「社
會學年會」,台中:東海大學,民國95年11月25日至26日。
李允傑,1999,《台灣工會政策的政治經濟分析》。台北:商鼎文化出版社。
李雅玲,2004,《解嚴後台灣民間社團的發展與社區文化重建--兼以台北市八頭
里仁協會為例》。台北:台灣師範大學歷史學研究所碩士論文。
呂亞力,2000,〈民主在美國導讀〉。收錄於《民主在美國》,台北:貓頭鷹出版
:城邦文化發行。
呂建吉,2004,〈台灣佛教傳播現況與傳播模式〉。論文發表於「海峽兩岸宗教
與社會學術研討會」,台北:國立台灣師範大學,民國93年10月2日。
吳乃德、林佳龍,1990,〈中產階級與社會運動〉。頁233-244,收錄於蕭新煌主
編,《變遷中臺灣社會的中產階級》。台北:巨流。
吳乃德,1993a,〈Convergence Or Polarization? : Ethnic Political Support In The
Post-Liberalization Stage〉。台北:行政院國家科學委員會科資中心。
───,1993b,〈省籍意識、政治支持和國家認同:台灣族群政治理論的初探〉。
頁27-51,收錄於張茂桂等著,《族群關係與國家認同》。台北:業強出版社。
───,2002,〈認同衝突和政治信任:現階段台灣族群政治的核心難題〉。《
台灣社會學》4。
───,2004,〈搜尋民主公民:社團參與的理論與實際〉。頁177-214,收錄
於李丁讚主編,《公共領域在台灣》。台北:桂冠。
吳重禮、鄭文智、崔曉倩,2006,〈交叉網絡與政治參與:2001年縣市長與立
法委員選舉的實證研究〉。《人文及社會科學集刊》18:4。
何明修,2003,〈政治民主化與環境運動的制度化〉。《台灣社會研究季刊》50。
何定照,2007,〈網路串連,部落客主導新社運〉。聯合報,A3版,4
月16日。
林佳龍,1989,〈威權侍從政體下的台灣反對運動:民進黨社會基礎的政治解釋〉
。《台灣社會研究季刊》2:1。
林南著,林佑聖、葉欣怡譯,2005,《社會資本》。台北:弘智文化事業有限公司。
邱瑜瑾,1996,《解嚴後台中市都市發展型塑的社會機制》。台中:東海大學社
會學研究所博士論文。
邱育琤、徐永明,2004,〈民進黨執政菁英的形成:以第一次中央政黨輪替為
觀察對象〉。《台灣政治學刊》8:2。
范雲,2003,〈政治轉型過程中的婦女運動:以運動者及其生命傳記背景為核
心的分析取向〉。《台灣社會學》5。
紀金山,1996,《社區爭議事件集體行動體系之結構分析》。台中:東海大學社
會學系碩士論文。
徐火炎,2001,〈政黨認同與投票抉擇:台灣地區選民的政黨印象、偏好與黨派
投票行為之分析〉。《人文及社會科學集刊》4:1。
徐永明、陳鴻章,2003,〈地方派系與國民黨:衰退還是深化?〉。《台灣社會學》
8.
郭承天、吳煥偉,1997,〈民主與經濟發展:結合質與量的研究方法〉。《問題
與研究》36:9。
張苙雲,1986,《組織社會學》。台北:三民。
張茂桂,1989,《社會運動與政治轉化》。台北:財團法人張榮發基金會、國家
政策研究中心。
張毅欽,2003,《從林合社區看台灣公民社會發展的困境與契機》。新竹:清華
大學社會學研究所碩士論文。
陳杏枝,1999,〈台灣宗教社會學研究之回顧〉。《台灣社會學刊》22。
陳義彥,1979,《台灣地區大學生政治社會化之研究》。台北:嘉新水泥文化基
金會。
陳義彥、蔡孟熹,1997,〈新世代選民的政黨取向與投票抉擇─首屆民選總統
的分析〉。《政治學報》66。
陳陽德,1981,《臺灣地方民選領導人物的變動》。台北:四季。
陳介玄,1994,〈派系網絡、樁腳網絡及俗民網絡─論台灣地方派系形成之社會
意義〉,頁31-67,收錄於東海大學東亞社會經濟研究中心編,《地方社會》。
台北:聯經。
陳宗逸,2006/9/1,「看報治國反撲,沉默螺旋發酵」,《新台灣新聞周刊》。台北
545。
陳東升,1995,《金權城市:地方派系、財團與台北都會發展的社會學分析》。
台北:巨流。
陳明通,1995,《派系政治與台灣政治變遷》。台北:月旦出版社。
陳雪玉,2003,《桃園閩客族群與地方政治關係的歷史探討(1950-1996)》。桃園
:中央大學歷史學研究所碩士論文。
陳陸輝,2000,〈台灣選民政黨認同的持續與變遷〉。《選舉研究》7:2。
陳家倫,2006,〈台灣新時代團體的網絡連結〉。《台灣社會學刊》36。
游清鑫,2002,〈政黨認同與政黨形象:面訪與焦點團體訪談的結合〉。《選舉研
究》9:2。
曾權林,2006,《地方派系組織與選舉關係之研究-以高雄市三民區為例》。高雄
:高雄師範大學成人教育研究所碩士論文。
彭家發、馮建三、蘇蘅、金溥聰,1997,《新聞學》。台北:國立空中大學。
黃毅志,1998,〈社會階層、社會網絡與心理幸福〉。《台灣社會學刊》21
傅仰止,2001,〈個人網絡中他人聯繫強度的結構原理〉。《台灣社會學》3。
───,2005,〈社會資本的概念化與運作:論家人重疊網絡中的時間投資機制〉
。《台灣社會學》9。
趙永茂,1978,《台灣地方派系與地方建設之關係》。高雄:德馨室。
熊瑞梅、邱瑜瑾,1995,〈都市政治菁英的社會資源與社會圈:台中市為例〉。頁
47-101,收錄於收於林松齡、王振寰主編,《台灣社會學研究的回顧與前
瞻論文集》,東海大學社會系。
熊瑞梅、紀金山,2002,〈師資培育法形成的政策範疇影響力機制〉。《台灣社會
學》4
熊瑞梅,2001a,〈都市行動體系的分析:以台中市為例〉。《台大社會學刊》29。
───,2001b,〈性別、個人網絡與社會資本〉。頁179-215,收錄於邊燕杰等
主編,《華人社會的調查研究》。Oxford:Hong Kong。
蔡明惠、張茂桂,1994,〈地方派系的形成與變遷:河口鎮的個案研究〉。《中央
研究院民族學研究所集刊》,77,春。
蔡長斌,2005,《寺廟組織與平安燈文化的建構:制度與網絡的機制》。台中:
東海大學社會學研究所碩士論文。
劉中興,2006,《地方政治生態對選舉影響之探討-以2001年及2005年兩屆
桃園縣長選舉為例》。台北:開南管理學院公共事務管理學研究所碩士論文。
劉佩怡,2005,〈台灣宗親政治形成的初探─以桃園縣為個案分析〉。《人文學報》
,29。
劉頂順,2001,《高雄市地方派系之研究─以澎湖派、台南派為例》。台南:台
南師範學院鄉土文化研究所碩士論文》。
劉滿娣,2004,《地方派系對選舉影響之研究─以美濃鎮1998年~2003年選
舉為例》。台北:台灣師範大學政治學研究所碩士論文。
鞠海濤,2006,《民進黨社會基礎研究》。台北:水牛圖書出版事業有限公司。
蕭新煌,1989,《社會力:台灣向前看》。台北:自立晚報。
蕭新煌,2004,〈台灣的非政府組織、民主轉型與民主治理〉。《台灣民主季刊》1:
1。
蕭全政,2004,〈經濟發展與台灣的政治民主化。《台灣民主季刊》1:1。
謝雨生、吳齊殷、李文傑,2006,〈青少年網絡特性、互動結構和友誼動態〉。《
台灣社會學》11。
瞿海源,1999,〈宗教〉。頁531-536,收錄於王振寰、瞿海源主編,《社會
學與台灣社會》。台北:巨流圖書公司。
顧忠華、林勝偉,2004,〈社會資本的理論定位與經驗意義:以戰後台灣社會變
遷為例〉。《國立政治大學社會學報》37。
顧忠華,1998,〈民主社會中的個人與社群〉。頁19-54,收錄於殷海光基金會主
編,《市民社會與民主的反思》。台北:桂冠圖書公司。
───,2000,〈台灣非營利組織的公共性與自主性〉。《台灣社會學研究》4。
───,2003,〈社會運動的機構化:兼論非營利組織在公民社會中的角色〉,
頁1-28,收錄於張茂桂、鄭永年主編,《兩岸社會運動分析》。台北:新自然
主義股份有限公司。
───,2004,〈公共領域的社會基礎〉。頁147-175,收錄於李丁讚主編,《公
共領域在台灣》。台北:桂冠圖書公司。
───,2005,《解讀社會力:台灣的學習社會與公民社會》。台北:左岸。
Coleman, James S. 著,鄧方譯,1992,《社會理論的基礎》。台北:五南出版社。
Habermas著,曹衛東譯,2002,《公共領域的結構轉型》。台北:聯經。
Putnam, Robert D. 著,王列、賴海榕譯,2001a,《使民主運轉起來 : 現代義大
利的公民傳統》。南昌:江西人民出版社。
Tocqueville, A. 著,秦修明、湯新楣、李宜培譯,2005,《民主在美國》。台北
:貓頭鷹出版:城邦文化發行。
英文部分:
Aberg, Martin. 2000. "Putnam`s Social Capital Theory Goes East: A Case Study of Western Ukraine and L`viv " Europe-Asia Studies 52:295-317.
Baum, Joel A.C. and Jitendra V. Singh. 1996. "Dynamics of Organization Responses to Competition." Social Forces 74:1261-1297.
Bonacich, Philip. 1987. "Power and Centrality: A Family of Measures " American Journal of Sociology 92:1170-82.
Bourdieu, Pierre. 1986. Distinction : a social critique of the judgement of taste. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Boxman, EAW, PM De Graaf, and HD Flap. 1991. "The impact of social and human capital on the income attainment of Dutch managers." Social Networks 13:51-73.
Breiger, Ronald L. 1973. "The Duality of Persons and Groups." Social Forces 53:181-190.
Burris, Val. 2005. "Interlocking Directorates and Political Cohesion among Corporate Elites." American Journal of Sociology 111:249-83.
Burt, Ronald S. 1983. Corporate Profits and Cooperaton: Networks of Market Constraint and Directorate Ties in the American Economy. New York: Academic Press.
—──. 1992. Structure Holes: The Social Structure of Competition MA: Harvard University Press.
Coleman, James Samuel. 1988. "Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital." American Journal of Sociology 95:95-120.
Cornwell, Benjamin and Jill Ann Harrison. 2004. "Union Members and Voluntary Associations:Membership Overlap as a Case of Organizational Embeddedness." American Sociological Review 69:862-881.
Costa, D.L. and Khan, M.E. (2003) “Civic engagement and community heterogeneity: an economist’s perspective”, Perspectives on Politics, 1: 103–111.Dahl, Robert Alan. 1961. Who Governs? Democracy and Power in an American City. Newhaven, CT: Yale University Press.
Diamond, Larry. 1992. "Economic Development and Democracy Reconsidered." American Behavioral Scientist 35:450-499.
Durlauf, Steven N. 2002. "Bowling Alone: A Review Essay." Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 47:259-273.
Emirbayer, Mustafa and Jeff Goodwin. 1994. "Network Analysis, Culture, and the Problem of Agency." American Journal of Sociology 99:1141-1454.
Erick-Hans, Klijn. 1996. "Analyzing and Managing Policy Processes in Complex Networks: A Theoretical Examination of the Concept Policy Network and its Problems " Administration & Society 28:90-119.
Foley, Michael W. and Bob Edwards. 1998. "Civic Society and Social Capital beyond Putnam." American Behavioral Scientist 42:124-139.
Freeman, Linton C. 2004. The Development of Social Network Analysis. North Charleston, South Carolina: BookSurge, LLC.
Freitag, Markus. 2003. "Beyond Tocqueville: the Origins of Social Capital in Switzerland." European Sociology Review 19:217-232.
Fung, Archon. 2003. "Associations and Democracy: Between Theories, Hopes , and Realities." Annual Review of Sociology 29:515-539.
Galaskiewicz, Beth Duckles, and Olga Mayorova. 2007. "Strong Family and Embedded Consumption." in Contexts of Social Capital: Social Networks in Communities, Markets and Organizations, edited by H. R. May, L. Nan, and R. Breiger. London: Routledge.
Granovetter, Mark. 1973. "The Strength of Weak Ties." American Journal of Sociology 78:1360-1380.
—──. 1985. "Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness." American Journal of Sociology 91:481-510.
Gulati, Ranjay and Martin Gargiulo. 1999. "Where Do Interorganizational Networks Come From? ." American Journal of Sociology 104:1439-93.
H., Erickson B. 2004. "The Distribution of Gendered Social Capital." in Creation and Returns of Social Capital: A New Research Program, edited by F. H. and V. B. London: Routledge.
Hoffmann, Stefan-Ludwig. 2003. "Democracy and Associations in the Long Nineteenth Century: Toward a Transnational Perspective " The journal of Modern History 75:269-298.
Hsung, Ray-May and Yi-Jr Lin. 2007. "Social Capital of Personnel Managers: the Causes and Return of Position-Generated Networks and the Participation in Voluntary Associations." in Context of Social Capital: Social Networks in Communities, Markets and Organizations, edited by R.-M. Hsung, N. Lin, and R. Breiger. London: Routledge.
Ikeda, Ken`ichi and Tetsuro Kobayash. 2007. "Making democracy work via the functioning of heterogeneous personal networks: An empirical analysis based on a Japanese election study." in Contexts of Social Capital: Social Networks in Communities, Markets and Organizations edited by R. M. Hsung, N. Lin, and R. Breiger. London: Routledge.
Kalmijn, Matthijs and Henk Flap. 2001. "Assortative Meeting and Mating: Unintended Consequences of Organized Settings for Partner Choices " Social Forces 79:1289-1312.
Knoke, David. 1990. Organizaition of Collective action New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
—──. 1990 Political Networks: The Structural Perspective, Edited by M. Granovetter: Cambridge university press.
Knoke, David and James H. Kuklinski. 1982. Network analysis Beverly Hills, Calif Sage Publications.
Korkut, Umut. 2005. "The Relationship Between Democratization and Invigoration of Civil Society: The Case of Hungary and Poland." East European Quarterly 39:149-177.
Laumann, Edward O. and David Knoke. 1987. The Organizational States. Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press.
Lazarsfeld, Paul Felix and Elihu Katz. 1955. Personal Influence : The Part Played by People in The Flow of Mass Communications. NY: Free Press.
Lin, Nan. 2001. "Social Capital: Social Networks, Civic Engagement, or Trust?" in annual meeting of the Hong Kong Sociological Association. Hong Kong.
Lipset, Seymour Martin. 1959. "Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy." American Political Science Review 53:69-105.
Mark, Noah. 1998. "Birds of a Feather Sing Together." Social Forces 77:453-485.
Marsh, Robert M. 2005. "Social Capital and Democracy in a New Democracy." The Sociological Quarterly 46:593-615.
McClenaghan, Pauline. 2000. "Social Capital: Exploring the Theoretical Foundations
of Community Development education." British Educational Research
Journal 26:565-582.
McPherosn, Miller J. and Pamela A. Popielarz. 1992. "Social Network and Organizational Dynamics." American Sociological Review 57:153-170.
McPherson, J. Miller and Pamela A. Popielarz. 1995. "On the Edge or in Between; Niche Position, Niche Overlap, and the Duration of Voluntary Association Memberships." American Journal of Sociology 101:698-720.
McPherson, Miller J. 1983. "An ecology of Affiliation." American Sociological Review 48:519-532.
—──. 2006. "Social Isolation in America: Changes in Core Discussion Networks over Two Decades." American Sociological Review 71:353-375.
McPherson, Miller J. and Thomas Rotolo. 1996. "Testing A Dynamic Model of Social Composition: Diversity an Change in Voluntary Groups." American Sociological Review 61:179-202.
McPherson, Miller J. and Lynn Smith-Lovin. 1986. "Sex Segregation in Voluntary Associations " American Sociological Review 51:61-80.
—──. 1987. "Homophily in Voluntary Organizations: Status Distance and The Composition of Facto to Face Groups." American Sociological Review 52:370-379.
Messner, Stevenson F., Eeic P. Baumer, and Richard Rosenfeld. 2004. "Dimensions of Social Capital and Rates of Criminal Homicide." American Sociological Review 69:882-903.
Moore, Gwen, Sarah Sobieraj, J Allen Whitt, Olga Mayorova, and Daniel Beaulieu. 2002. "Elite Interlocks in Three U.S. Sectors: Nonprofit, Corporate, and Government." Social Science Quarterly 83:726-744.
Moy, Patricia, Edith Manosevitch, Keith Stamm, and Kate Dunsmore. 2005. "Linking Dimensions of Internet use and Civic Engagement." Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 82:571-586.
Newton, Kenneth. 1997. "Social Capital and Democracy." American Behavioral Scientist 40:575-586.
Paxton, Pamela. 2002. "Social Capital and Democracy: an Interdependent Relationship " American Sociological Review 67:254-277.
Pescosolido, Bernice A. and Beth A. Rubin. 2000. "The Web of Group Affiliations Revisited: Social Life, Postmodernism, and Sociology " American Sociological Review 65:52-76.
Presthus, Robert Vance. 1978. The organizational society. New York St. Martin`s Press.
Putnam, Robert D. 2001. Bowling Alone: the Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York Simon & Schuster.
Riley, Dylan. 2005. "Civic Associations and Authoritarian Regimes in Interwar Europe: Italy and Spain in Comparative Perspective." American Sociological Review 70:288-310.
Rosenfeld, Richard, Steven F. Messner, and Eric P. Baumer. 2001. "Soical Capital and Homicide." Social Forces 80:283-309.
Rotolo, Thomas and John Wilson. 2004. "What Happened to the "Long Civic Generation" ?Explaining Cohrt Differences in Voluntarism " Social Forces 82:1091-1121.
Sampson, Robert J., Doug McAdam, Heather MacIndoe, and Simon Weffer-Elizondo. 2005. "Civil Society Reconsidered: The Durable Nature and Community Structure of Collective Civic Action." American Journal of Sociology 111:673-714.
Sandell, Rickard. 2001. "Organization Growth and Ecological Constraints: The Growth of Social movement in Sweden, 1881 To 1940." American Sociological Review 66:672-693.
Saxton, Gregory D. and Michelle A. Benson. 2005. "Social Capital and the Growth of the Nonprofit Sector " Social Science Quarterly 86:16-35.
Schofer, Evan and Marion Fourcade-Gourinchas. 2001. "The Structural Contexts of Civic Engagement: Voluntary Association Membership in Comparative Persepctive " American Sociological Review 66:806-828.
Schumpeter, Joseph A. 1942. Capitalism, Socialsim, and Democracy NY: Harper & Row.
Simmel, George. 1955. Conflict and the Web of Group Affiliations Translated by W. K. H. and B. R. New York: Free Press.
Skocpol, Theda, Marshall Ganz, and Ziad Munson. 2000. "A Nation of Organizers: The Institutional Origins of Civic Voluntarism in the United States." The American Political Science Review 94:527-546.
Stinchcombe, Arthor L. 1965. "Social Structure and Organization." in Handbook of Organizations edited by J. G. March. NY: Rand Mcnally.
Stolle, Dietlind and Thomas R. Rochon. 1998. "Are all Associations Alike." American Behavioral Scientist 42:47-65.
Tolbert, Charles M., Michael D. Irwin, Thomas A. Lyson, and Alfred R. Nucci. 2002. "Civic Community in Small-Town America: How Civic Welfare Is Influenced by Local Capitalism and Civic Engagement " Rural Sociology 67:90-113.
Woolcock, Michael and Deppa Narayan. 2000. "Social Capital : Implications for
Development Theory, Research, and Policy." The World Bank Research
Observer 15:225-249.
Wu, Nai-te. 1987. "The Politics of a Regim Patronage System: Mobilization and Control within an Authori-tarian Regime." Department of Political Science, Chicago.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
社會學研究所
94254003
95
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0094254003
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 熊瑞梅zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (作者) 林亞鋒zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (作者) Lin, Ya Fengen_US
dc.creator (作者) 林亞鋒zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Lin, Ya Fengen_US
dc.date (日期) 2006en_US
dc.date.accessioned 18-九月-2009 10:46:32 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 18-九月-2009 10:46:32 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 18-九月-2009 10:46:32 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0094254003en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/34627-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 社會學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 94254003zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 95zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 社團參與在當代社會早已成為非常重要的議題,不論是西方還是台灣學界都有許多相關的研究。不同於西方社團參與的形式,台灣距離政治民主化只有短短的數十年,社團參與在過去威權統治以及現在民主開放的影響下,產生了複雜的運作機制。一方面,政治上的開放使得社團參與遭遇的限制大幅減少,各式各樣社團呈現蓬勃發展的趨勢,目的性的結社成為了最重要的社團參與形式;另一方面傳統文化下的擬式血源性社團並沒有因為威權體制崩解而失去活力,在地方選舉中依舊保有關鍵的地位。
為了探究台灣解嚴後社團參與的獨特意義,以及民主化之後是否又面臨什麼樣的改變?本文以參與社團所形成的網絡結構作為分析方法,從社團和政黨的網絡鑲嵌性以及社團網絡的社會資本效果,嘗試找出社團網絡的結構及變遷。
透過研究本文呈現了幾個重要發現:首先,研究結果指出台灣社團參與沒有欣欣向榮的發展,在參與者的比例有下降的趨勢,而且教育程度並無顯著提高,反駁了先前的研究;其次,在1992、1997以及2002年三次調查中,政黨和社團的鑲嵌性變化不大,大致上國民黨是強烈鑲嵌在社團網絡之中,反之民進黨則一直處於邊陲的地位,政黨輪替並沒有造成太大的改變;第三,草根性社團仍是台灣很重要的社會力基礎,其成員參與其他社團的比例相當高,不過受限於成員特殊性的影響,使得連結性有不少的侷限;最後,社團網絡確實會有社會資本的效果,不論是從連結能力還是不同結構位置的社團都被證實,但是在台灣這樣的社會資本卻是帶有選擇性的,整體上參與社團的人確實會比較傾向投給泛藍的陣營。
zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Civic engagement in modern societies has been an important academic issue, both in Western countries and Taiwan. Unlike that in the Western societies, the civic engagement in Taiwan has a more complex operating mechanism in that authoritarian ruling in the past and democratization of Taiwan in the recent decades have a joint effect on the associations. On the one hand, because democratization greatly reduced the constraints on civic engagement, all kinds of associations have become prosperous and goal-oriented associations become the most important form of civic engagement. On the other hand, under the influence of traditional culture, primary associations still keep their power even with the collapse of authoritarian regime; they still play a key role in the local elections.
This thesis analyzes the network structure formed by associations to understand the special meaning of civic engagement in Taiwan after the abolition of martial laws and the changes the network may encounter after the democratization. It looks at three investigations of Social Change Survey in 1992, 1997, and 2002 to find the structure and change from the network embeddedness of associations and political parties and from the effects of social capital obtained by association network.
This thesis presents the following important findings: First, the associations in Taiwan are not as prosperous as mentioned in previous research. The data show that the proportion of participants among Taiwanese civilians decreases and the educational degree of the members does not significantly increase. Second, in the three surveys, the embeddedness of political parties and associations does not show obvious change. Generally speaking, KMT still strongly embed in association network, while DPP remains isolated from the network. The shift of political power does not cause strong effects. Third, the grassroots associations still are important basis of social forces, having a high ratio of members joining other associations. However, because of specialties of their members, the capacity of the grassroots associations is limited. Finally, association network has its effects on accumulating social capital, which can be shown by the capacity of association network and by the structural locations of different associations. However, such social capital in Taiwan is selective. Generally speaking, people who join the associations tend to support the pan-blue parties.
en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論…………………………………………………………1
第一節 研究動機……………………………………………………1
第二節 問題意識與研究目的………………………………………4
第二章 文獻探討……………………………………………………9
第一節 國家、社會及社團參與…………………………………11
第二節 社團參與和社會資本……………………………………22
第三節 小結………………………………………………………31
第三章 研究設計…………………………………………………33
第一節 研究架構與研究主題……………………………………33
第二節 研究資料…………………………………………………36
第三節 研究分析…………………………………………………44
第四章 社團成員利基特質和變遷………………………………47
第一節 市民參與社團的變遷……………………………………48
第二節 社團與政黨成員的基本特質和變化……………………51
第三節 小結………………………………………………………58
第五章 政黨和社團成員重疊網絡特質與變遷…………………59
第一節 社團和政黨的鑲嵌性與變化……………………………60
第二節 社團網絡位置與連結的變化……………………………69
第三節 小結………………………………………………………74
第六章 市民社團參與及政治行動效果與變遷…………………75
第一節 社團連結能力與政治參與行為…………………………77
第二節 社團類型及政治參與……………………………………84
第三節 個別社團與投票的關連…………………………………87
第四節 地方派系與社團…………………………………………92
第五節 小結………………………………………………………94
第七章 結論………………………………………………………97
第一節 主要研究發現……………………………………………99
第二節 限制與建議……………………………………………101
參考文獻…………………………………………………………103











圖 次
圖1 組織層次研究架構圖…………………………………………35
圖2 個人層次研究架構圖…………………………………………35
圖3 社團分類concor圖……………………………………………42
圖4 台灣1992年至1997年市民參與狀況(1)………48
圖5 台灣1992年至1997年市民參與狀況(2)………49
圖6 三種形式社團參與率的變化…………………………………50
圖7 各種社團三次調查參與率之變化……………………………50
圖8 社團和政黨在閩南人與男性比例利基圖……………………56
圖9 社團和政黨在年齡和教育年數利基圖………………………57
圖10 全部樣本位置鑲嵌性………………………………………62
圖11 全部樣本結構鑲嵌性………………………………………62
圖12 1992年位置鑲嵌圖……………………………………66
圖13 1992年結構鑲嵌圖……………………………………66
圖14 1997年位置鑲嵌圖……………………………………67
圖15 1997年結構鑲嵌圖……………………………………67
圖16 2002年位置鑲嵌圖……………………………………68
圖17 2002年結構鑲嵌圖……………………………………68
圖18 1992年志願性社團網絡MDS圖……………………70
圖19 1997年志願性社團網絡MDS圖……………………71
圖20 2002年志願性社團網絡MDS圖……………………71
圖21 1992年志願性社團網絡圖……………………………72
圖22 1997年志願性社團網絡圖……………………………73
圖23 2002年志願性社團網絡圖……………………………73



















表 次
表1 三期調查中社團分布情況表…………………………………38
表2 台灣1992年至1997年參與社團及政黨者特質變化 ……………………………………………………………………53
表3 全部樣本11種社團統計表…………………………………61
表4 1992年11種社團統計表………………………………64
表5 1997及2002年11種社團統計表…………………65
表6 社團連結能力迴歸……………………………………………79
表7 連結能力對參與政黨之影響…………………………………82
表8 連結能力對參與投票之影響…………………………………83
表9 社團類型對參與政黨之影響…………………………………85
表10 社團類型對投票之影響……………………………………86
表11 參與社團與投票政黨之相關分析…………………………88
表12 1991年及2001年投票政黨迴歸…………………89
表13 2000年總統選舉投票政黨……………………………90
表14 2004年總統選舉投票政黨……………………………91
表15 1992年立委選舉社團與政治參與之相關分析………92
表16 1992年立委選舉社團參與對政治行為之影響………93
表17 歷次選舉與社團參與之相關………………………………96
表18 1991年國代選舉參與社團與投票對象交叉表………96
zh_TW
dc.format.extent 48612 bytes-
dc.format.extent 100623 bytes-
dc.format.extent 81282 bytes-
dc.format.extent 74748 bytes-
dc.format.extent 206789 bytes-
dc.format.extent 332173 bytes-
dc.format.extent 265787 bytes-
dc.format.extent 170162 bytes-
dc.format.extent 406305 bytes-
dc.format.extent 337754 bytes-
dc.format.extent 136865 bytes-
dc.format.extent 158763 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0094254003en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 社團參與zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 網絡分析zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 鑲嵌性zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 政黨zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) civic engagementen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) network analysisen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) embeddednessen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) political partyen_US
dc.title (題名) 社團參與、政黨鑲嵌與政治行為之變遷─以台灣社會變遷調查為資料分析zh_TW
dc.title (題名) the changes of civic engagement, embeddedness of political parties and political behaviors─an example of the Taiwan Social Change Surveysen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 中文部分:zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 丁仁傑,2001,〈當代台灣社會中的宗教浮現:以社會分化過程為焦點所做的zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 初步考察〉。《台灣社會研究季刊》41。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 王甫昌,1994,〈族群同化與動員:台灣民眾政黨支持之分析〉。《中央研究院民zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 族學研究所集刊》77,春。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ───,2003,《當代台灣社會的族群想像》。台北:群學出版有限公司。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 王順民,2001,《當代台灣地區宗教類非營利組織的轉型與發展》。台北:洪葉zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 文化事業有限公司。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 王振寰,1996,《誰統治台灣:轉型中的國家機器與權力結構》。台北:巨流。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 王業立,1998,〈選舉、民主化與地方派系〉。《選舉研究》5:1。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 王中天,2003,〈社會資本:概念、起源與現況〉。《問題與研究》42:5。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 王金壽,2004,〈瓦解中的地方派系:以屏東縣為例〉。《台灣社會學》7。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 石元康,1998,〈市民社會與民主〉。頁1-18,收錄於殷海光基金會主編,《市民zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 社會與民主的反思》。台北:桂冠圖書公司。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 江今葉,2005,〈準戒急用忍〉。經濟日報,台北第二版,4月7日。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 朱雲漢,1989,〈寡占經濟與威權政治體制〉。頁139-160。收錄於《解剖台灣zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 經濟:威權體制下的壟斷宇剝削》。台北:前衛。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 朱柔若,1996,《政經發展與工運變遷之跨國分析》。台北:華泰書局。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 杜慶承,2005,〈中央政權輪替對地方派系的影響─彰化縣個案研究〉。《選舉研zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 究》12:1。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 李丁讚、林文源,2000,〈社會力的文化根源:論環境權感受在台灣的歷史形成zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 〉。《台灣社會研究季刊》38。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ───────,2003,〈社會力的轉化:台灣環保抗爭的組織技術〉。《台灣社zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 會研究季刊》52。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 李丁讚,2004,〈導論:市民社會與公共領域在台灣的發展〉。頁1-62,收錄於zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 李丁讚主編,《公共領域在台灣》。台北:桂冠圖書公司zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 李丁讚、吳介民,2006,〈公民社會的概念史考察〉。論文發表於2006年「社zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 會學年會」,台中:東海大學,民國95年11月25日至26日。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 李允傑,1999,《台灣工會政策的政治經濟分析》。台北:商鼎文化出版社。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 李雅玲,2004,《解嚴後台灣民間社團的發展與社區文化重建--兼以台北市八頭zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 里仁協會為例》。台北:台灣師範大學歷史學研究所碩士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 呂亞力,2000,〈民主在美國導讀〉。收錄於《民主在美國》,台北:貓頭鷹出版zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) :城邦文化發行。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 呂建吉,2004,〈台灣佛教傳播現況與傳播模式〉。論文發表於「海峽兩岸宗教zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 與社會學術研討會」,台北:國立台灣師範大學,民國93年10月2日。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 吳乃德、林佳龍,1990,〈中產階級與社會運動〉。頁233-244,收錄於蕭新煌主zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 編,《變遷中臺灣社會的中產階級》。台北:巨流。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 吳乃德,1993a,〈Convergence Or Polarization? : Ethnic Political Support In Thezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Post-Liberalization Stage〉。台北:行政院國家科學委員會科資中心。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ───,1993b,〈省籍意識、政治支持和國家認同:台灣族群政治理論的初探〉。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 頁27-51,收錄於張茂桂等著,《族群關係與國家認同》。台北:業強出版社。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ───,2002,〈認同衝突和政治信任:現階段台灣族群政治的核心難題〉。《zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 台灣社會學》4。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ───,2004,〈搜尋民主公民:社團參與的理論與實際〉。頁177-214,收錄zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 於李丁讚主編,《公共領域在台灣》。台北:桂冠。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 吳重禮、鄭文智、崔曉倩,2006,〈交叉網絡與政治參與:2001年縣市長與立zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 法委員選舉的實證研究〉。《人文及社會科學集刊》18:4。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 何明修,2003,〈政治民主化與環境運動的制度化〉。《台灣社會研究季刊》50。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 何定照,2007,〈網路串連,部落客主導新社運〉。聯合報,A3版,4zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 月16日。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 林佳龍,1989,〈威權侍從政體下的台灣反對運動:民進黨社會基礎的政治解釋〉zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 。《台灣社會研究季刊》2:1。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 林南著,林佑聖、葉欣怡譯,2005,《社會資本》。台北:弘智文化事業有限公司。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 邱瑜瑾,1996,《解嚴後台中市都市發展型塑的社會機制》。台中:東海大學社zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 會學研究所博士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 邱育琤、徐永明,2004,〈民進黨執政菁英的形成:以第一次中央政黨輪替為zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 觀察對象〉。《台灣政治學刊》8:2。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 范雲,2003,〈政治轉型過程中的婦女運動:以運動者及其生命傳記背景為核zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 心的分析取向〉。《台灣社會學》5。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 紀金山,1996,《社區爭議事件集體行動體系之結構分析》。台中:東海大學社zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 會學系碩士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 徐火炎,2001,〈政黨認同與投票抉擇:台灣地區選民的政黨印象、偏好與黨派zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 投票行為之分析〉。《人文及社會科學集刊》4:1。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 徐永明、陳鴻章,2003,〈地方派系與國民黨:衰退還是深化?〉。《台灣社會學》zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 8.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 郭承天、吳煥偉,1997,〈民主與經濟發展:結合質與量的研究方法〉。《問題zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 與研究》36:9。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 張苙雲,1986,《組織社會學》。台北:三民。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 張茂桂,1989,《社會運動與政治轉化》。台北:財團法人張榮發基金會、國家zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 政策研究中心。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 張毅欽,2003,《從林合社區看台灣公民社會發展的困境與契機》。新竹:清華zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 大學社會學研究所碩士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 陳杏枝,1999,〈台灣宗教社會學研究之回顧〉。《台灣社會學刊》22。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 陳義彥,1979,《台灣地區大學生政治社會化之研究》。台北:嘉新水泥文化基zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 金會。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 陳義彥、蔡孟熹,1997,〈新世代選民的政黨取向與投票抉擇─首屆民選總統zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 的分析〉。《政治學報》66。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 陳陽德,1981,《臺灣地方民選領導人物的變動》。台北:四季。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 陳介玄,1994,〈派系網絡、樁腳網絡及俗民網絡─論台灣地方派系形成之社會zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 意義〉,頁31-67,收錄於東海大學東亞社會經濟研究中心編,《地方社會》。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 台北:聯經。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 陳宗逸,2006/9/1,「看報治國反撲,沉默螺旋發酵」,《新台灣新聞周刊》。台北zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 545。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 陳東升,1995,《金權城市:地方派系、財團與台北都會發展的社會學分析》。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 台北:巨流。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 陳明通,1995,《派系政治與台灣政治變遷》。台北:月旦出版社。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 陳雪玉,2003,《桃園閩客族群與地方政治關係的歷史探討(1950-1996)》。桃園zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) :中央大學歷史學研究所碩士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 陳陸輝,2000,〈台灣選民政黨認同的持續與變遷〉。《選舉研究》7:2。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 陳家倫,2006,〈台灣新時代團體的網絡連結〉。《台灣社會學刊》36。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 游清鑫,2002,〈政黨認同與政黨形象:面訪與焦點團體訪談的結合〉。《選舉研zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 究》9:2。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 曾權林,2006,《地方派系組織與選舉關係之研究-以高雄市三民區為例》。高雄zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) :高雄師範大學成人教育研究所碩士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 彭家發、馮建三、蘇蘅、金溥聰,1997,《新聞學》。台北:國立空中大學。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 黃毅志,1998,〈社會階層、社會網絡與心理幸福〉。《台灣社會學刊》21zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 傅仰止,2001,〈個人網絡中他人聯繫強度的結構原理〉。《台灣社會學》3。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ───,2005,〈社會資本的概念化與運作:論家人重疊網絡中的時間投資機制〉zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 。《台灣社會學》9。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 趙永茂,1978,《台灣地方派系與地方建設之關係》。高雄:德馨室。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 熊瑞梅、邱瑜瑾,1995,〈都市政治菁英的社會資源與社會圈:台中市為例〉。頁zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 47-101,收錄於收於林松齡、王振寰主編,《台灣社會學研究的回顧與前zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 瞻論文集》,東海大學社會系。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 熊瑞梅、紀金山,2002,〈師資培育法形成的政策範疇影響力機制〉。《台灣社會zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 學》4zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 熊瑞梅,2001a,〈都市行動體系的分析:以台中市為例〉。《台大社會學刊》29。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ───,2001b,〈性別、個人網絡與社會資本〉。頁179-215,收錄於邊燕杰等zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 主編,《華人社會的調查研究》。Oxford:Hong Kong。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 蔡明惠、張茂桂,1994,〈地方派系的形成與變遷:河口鎮的個案研究〉。《中央zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 研究院民族學研究所集刊》,77,春。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 蔡長斌,2005,《寺廟組織與平安燈文化的建構:制度與網絡的機制》。台中:zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 東海大學社會學研究所碩士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 劉中興,2006,《地方政治生態對選舉影響之探討-以2001年及2005年兩屆zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 桃園縣長選舉為例》。台北:開南管理學院公共事務管理學研究所碩士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 劉佩怡,2005,〈台灣宗親政治形成的初探─以桃園縣為個案分析〉。《人文學報》zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ,29。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 劉頂順,2001,《高雄市地方派系之研究─以澎湖派、台南派為例》。台南:台zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 南師範學院鄉土文化研究所碩士論文》。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 劉滿娣,2004,《地方派系對選舉影響之研究─以美濃鎮1998年~2003年選zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 舉為例》。台北:台灣師範大學政治學研究所碩士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 鞠海濤,2006,《民進黨社會基礎研究》。台北:水牛圖書出版事業有限公司。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 蕭新煌,1989,《社會力:台灣向前看》。台北:自立晚報。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 蕭新煌,2004,〈台灣的非政府組織、民主轉型與民主治理〉。《台灣民主季刊》1:zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 蕭全政,2004,〈經濟發展與台灣的政治民主化。《台灣民主季刊》1:1。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 謝雨生、吳齊殷、李文傑,2006,〈青少年網絡特性、互動結構和友誼動態〉。《zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 台灣社會學》11。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 瞿海源,1999,〈宗教〉。頁531-536,收錄於王振寰、瞿海源主編,《社會zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 學與台灣社會》。台北:巨流圖書公司。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 顧忠華、林勝偉,2004,〈社會資本的理論定位與經驗意義:以戰後台灣社會變zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 遷為例〉。《國立政治大學社會學報》37。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 顧忠華,1998,〈民主社會中的個人與社群〉。頁19-54,收錄於殷海光基金會主zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 編,《市民社會與民主的反思》。台北:桂冠圖書公司。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ───,2000,〈台灣非營利組織的公共性與自主性〉。《台灣社會學研究》4。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ───,2003,〈社會運動的機構化:兼論非營利組織在公民社會中的角色〉,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 頁1-28,收錄於張茂桂、鄭永年主編,《兩岸社會運動分析》。台北:新自然zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 主義股份有限公司。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ───,2004,〈公共領域的社會基礎〉。頁147-175,收錄於李丁讚主編,《公zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 共領域在台灣》。台北:桂冠圖書公司。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ───,2005,《解讀社會力:台灣的學習社會與公民社會》。台北:左岸。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Coleman, James S. 著,鄧方譯,1992,《社會理論的基礎》。台北:五南出版社。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Habermas著,曹衛東譯,2002,《公共領域的結構轉型》。台北:聯經。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Putnam, Robert D. 著,王列、賴海榕譯,2001a,《使民主運轉起來 : 現代義大zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 利的公民傳統》。南昌:江西人民出版社。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Tocqueville, A. 著,秦修明、湯新楣、李宜培譯,2005,《民主在美國》。台北zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) :貓頭鷹出版:城邦文化發行。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 英文部分:zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Aberg, Martin. 2000. "Putnam`s Social Capital Theory Goes East: A Case Study of Western Ukraine and L`viv " Europe-Asia Studies 52:295-317.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Baum, Joel A.C. and Jitendra V. Singh. 1996. "Dynamics of Organization Responses to Competition." Social Forces 74:1261-1297.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bonacich, Philip. 1987. "Power and Centrality: A Family of Measures " American Journal of Sociology 92:1170-82.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bourdieu, Pierre. 1986. Distinction : a social critique of the judgement of taste. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Boxman, EAW, PM De Graaf, and HD Flap. 1991. "The impact of social and human capital on the income attainment of Dutch managers." Social Networks 13:51-73.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Breiger, Ronald L. 1973. "The Duality of Persons and Groups." Social Forces 53:181-190.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Burris, Val. 2005. "Interlocking Directorates and Political Cohesion among Corporate Elites." American Journal of Sociology 111:249-83.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Burt, Ronald S. 1983. Corporate Profits and Cooperaton: Networks of Market Constraint and Directorate Ties in the American Economy. New York: Academic Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) —──. 1992. Structure Holes: The Social Structure of Competition MA: Harvard University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Coleman, James Samuel. 1988. "Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital." American Journal of Sociology 95:95-120.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cornwell, Benjamin and Jill Ann Harrison. 2004. "Union Members and Voluntary Associations:Membership Overlap as a Case of Organizational Embeddedness." American Sociological Review 69:862-881.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Costa, D.L. and Khan, M.E. (2003) “Civic engagement and community heterogeneity: an economist’s perspective”, Perspectives on Politics, 1: 103–111.Dahl, Robert Alan. 1961. Who Governs? Democracy and Power in an American City. Newhaven, CT: Yale University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Diamond, Larry. 1992. "Economic Development and Democracy Reconsidered." American Behavioral Scientist 35:450-499.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Durlauf, Steven N. 2002. "Bowling Alone: A Review Essay." Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 47:259-273.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Emirbayer, Mustafa and Jeff Goodwin. 1994. "Network Analysis, Culture, and the Problem of Agency." American Journal of Sociology 99:1141-1454.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Erick-Hans, Klijn. 1996. "Analyzing and Managing Policy Processes in Complex Networks: A Theoretical Examination of the Concept Policy Network and its Problems " Administration & Society 28:90-119.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Foley, Michael W. and Bob Edwards. 1998. "Civic Society and Social Capital beyond Putnam." American Behavioral Scientist 42:124-139.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Freeman, Linton C. 2004. The Development of Social Network Analysis. North Charleston, South Carolina: BookSurge, LLC.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Freitag, Markus. 2003. "Beyond Tocqueville: the Origins of Social Capital in Switzerland." European Sociology Review 19:217-232.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Fung, Archon. 2003. "Associations and Democracy: Between Theories, Hopes , and Realities." Annual Review of Sociology 29:515-539.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Galaskiewicz, Beth Duckles, and Olga Mayorova. 2007. "Strong Family and Embedded Consumption." in Contexts of Social Capital: Social Networks in Communities, Markets and Organizations, edited by H. R. May, L. Nan, and R. Breiger. London: Routledge.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Granovetter, Mark. 1973. "The Strength of Weak Ties." American Journal of Sociology 78:1360-1380.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) —──. 1985. "Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness." American Journal of Sociology 91:481-510.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gulati, Ranjay and Martin Gargiulo. 1999. "Where Do Interorganizational Networks Come From? ." American Journal of Sociology 104:1439-93.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) H., Erickson B. 2004. "The Distribution of Gendered Social Capital." in Creation and Returns of Social Capital: A New Research Program, edited by F. H. and V. B. London: Routledge.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hoffmann, Stefan-Ludwig. 2003. "Democracy and Associations in the Long Nineteenth Century: Toward a Transnational Perspective " The journal of Modern History 75:269-298.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hsung, Ray-May and Yi-Jr Lin. 2007. "Social Capital of Personnel Managers: the Causes and Return of Position-Generated Networks and the Participation in Voluntary Associations." in Context of Social Capital: Social Networks in Communities, Markets and Organizations, edited by R.-M. Hsung, N. Lin, and R. Breiger. London: Routledge.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ikeda, Ken`ichi and Tetsuro Kobayash. 2007. "Making democracy work via the functioning of heterogeneous personal networks: An empirical analysis based on a Japanese election study." in Contexts of Social Capital: Social Networks in Communities, Markets and Organizations edited by R. M. Hsung, N. Lin, and R. Breiger. London: Routledge.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kalmijn, Matthijs and Henk Flap. 2001. "Assortative Meeting and Mating: Unintended Consequences of Organized Settings for Partner Choices " Social Forces 79:1289-1312.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Knoke, David. 1990. Organizaition of Collective action New York: Aldine de Gruyter.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) —──. 1990 Political Networks: The Structural Perspective, Edited by M. Granovetter: Cambridge university press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Knoke, David and James H. Kuklinski. 1982. Network analysis Beverly Hills, Calif Sage Publications.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Korkut, Umut. 2005. "The Relationship Between Democratization and Invigoration of Civil Society: The Case of Hungary and Poland." East European Quarterly 39:149-177.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Laumann, Edward O. and David Knoke. 1987. The Organizational States. Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lazarsfeld, Paul Felix and Elihu Katz. 1955. Personal Influence : The Part Played by People in The Flow of Mass Communications. NY: Free Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lin, Nan. 2001. "Social Capital: Social Networks, Civic Engagement, or Trust?" in annual meeting of the Hong Kong Sociological Association. Hong Kong.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lipset, Seymour Martin. 1959. "Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy." American Political Science Review 53:69-105.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Mark, Noah. 1998. "Birds of a Feather Sing Together." Social Forces 77:453-485.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Marsh, Robert M. 2005. "Social Capital and Democracy in a New Democracy." The Sociological Quarterly 46:593-615.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) McClenaghan, Pauline. 2000. "Social Capital: Exploring the Theoretical Foundationszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) of Community Development education." British Educational Researchzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Journal 26:565-582.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) McPherosn, Miller J. and Pamela A. Popielarz. 1992. "Social Network and Organizational Dynamics." American Sociological Review 57:153-170.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) McPherson, J. Miller and Pamela A. Popielarz. 1995. "On the Edge or in Between; Niche Position, Niche Overlap, and the Duration of Voluntary Association Memberships." American Journal of Sociology 101:698-720.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) McPherson, Miller J. 1983. "An ecology of Affiliation." American Sociological Review 48:519-532.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) —──. 2006. "Social Isolation in America: Changes in Core Discussion Networks over Two Decades." American Sociological Review 71:353-375.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) McPherson, Miller J. and Thomas Rotolo. 1996. "Testing A Dynamic Model of Social Composition: Diversity an Change in Voluntary Groups." American Sociological Review 61:179-202.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) McPherson, Miller J. and Lynn Smith-Lovin. 1986. "Sex Segregation in Voluntary Associations " American Sociological Review 51:61-80.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) —──. 1987. "Homophily in Voluntary Organizations: Status Distance and The Composition of Facto to Face Groups." American Sociological Review 52:370-379.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Messner, Stevenson F., Eeic P. Baumer, and Richard Rosenfeld. 2004. "Dimensions of Social Capital and Rates of Criminal Homicide." American Sociological Review 69:882-903.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Moore, Gwen, Sarah Sobieraj, J Allen Whitt, Olga Mayorova, and Daniel Beaulieu. 2002. "Elite Interlocks in Three U.S. Sectors: Nonprofit, Corporate, and Government." Social Science Quarterly 83:726-744.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Moy, Patricia, Edith Manosevitch, Keith Stamm, and Kate Dunsmore. 2005. "Linking Dimensions of Internet use and Civic Engagement." Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 82:571-586.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Newton, Kenneth. 1997. "Social Capital and Democracy." American Behavioral Scientist 40:575-586.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Paxton, Pamela. 2002. "Social Capital and Democracy: an Interdependent Relationship " American Sociological Review 67:254-277.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Pescosolido, Bernice A. and Beth A. Rubin. 2000. "The Web of Group Affiliations Revisited: Social Life, Postmodernism, and Sociology " American Sociological Review 65:52-76.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Presthus, Robert Vance. 1978. The organizational society. New York St. Martin`s Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Putnam, Robert D. 2001. Bowling Alone: the Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York Simon & Schuster.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Riley, Dylan. 2005. "Civic Associations and Authoritarian Regimes in Interwar Europe: Italy and Spain in Comparative Perspective." American Sociological Review 70:288-310.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Rosenfeld, Richard, Steven F. Messner, and Eric P. Baumer. 2001. "Soical Capital and Homicide." Social Forces 80:283-309.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Rotolo, Thomas and John Wilson. 2004. "What Happened to the "Long Civic Generation" ?Explaining Cohrt Differences in Voluntarism " Social Forces 82:1091-1121.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Sampson, Robert J., Doug McAdam, Heather MacIndoe, and Simon Weffer-Elizondo. 2005. "Civil Society Reconsidered: The Durable Nature and Community Structure of Collective Civic Action." American Journal of Sociology 111:673-714.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Sandell, Rickard. 2001. "Organization Growth and Ecological Constraints: The Growth of Social movement in Sweden, 1881 To 1940." American Sociological Review 66:672-693.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Saxton, Gregory D. and Michelle A. Benson. 2005. "Social Capital and the Growth of the Nonprofit Sector " Social Science Quarterly 86:16-35.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Schofer, Evan and Marion Fourcade-Gourinchas. 2001. "The Structural Contexts of Civic Engagement: Voluntary Association Membership in Comparative Persepctive " American Sociological Review 66:806-828.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Schumpeter, Joseph A. 1942. Capitalism, Socialsim, and Democracy NY: Harper & Row.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Simmel, George. 1955. Conflict and the Web of Group Affiliations Translated by W. K. H. and B. R. New York: Free Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Skocpol, Theda, Marshall Ganz, and Ziad Munson. 2000. "A Nation of Organizers: The Institutional Origins of Civic Voluntarism in the United States." The American Political Science Review 94:527-546.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Stinchcombe, Arthor L. 1965. "Social Structure and Organization." in Handbook of Organizations edited by J. G. March. NY: Rand Mcnally.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Stolle, Dietlind and Thomas R. Rochon. 1998. "Are all Associations Alike." American Behavioral Scientist 42:47-65.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Tolbert, Charles M., Michael D. Irwin, Thomas A. Lyson, and Alfred R. Nucci. 2002. "Civic Community in Small-Town America: How Civic Welfare Is Influenced by Local Capitalism and Civic Engagement " Rural Sociology 67:90-113.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Woolcock, Michael and Deppa Narayan. 2000. "Social Capital : Implications forzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Development Theory, Research, and Policy." The World Bank Researchzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Observer 15:225-249.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Wu, Nai-te. 1987. "The Politics of a Regim Patronage System: Mobilization and Control within an Authori-tarian Regime." Department of Political Science, Chicago.zh_TW