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題名 東亞地區之南南貿易:現狀與展望
South-South trade in East Asia: Situation and prospect
作者 江柏葦
貢獻者 鄧中堅
江柏葦
關鍵詞 南南貿易
依賴理論
東亞
雁行理論
新貿易理論
日期 2008
上傳時間 9-四月-2010 14:49:03 (UTC+8)
摘要 自2007年末爆發全球金融危機以來,已開發國家的經濟狀況受到重擊,對於貨物的需求也劇烈減少。而開發中國家受此危機的影響較為輕微,彼此間貨物貿易情形不減反增,於是對於南南貿易的學術討論也逐漸受到重視。然而,目前對於南南貿易的討論已不同於過往。過去對於南南貿易的討論多為1960年代之「南北爭論」的延伸,將鼓勵開發中國家間貿易視為一種政策手段,以降低開發中國家對其的政經影響力。但,目前對於南南貿易的學術討論已轉向更為積極的理論性論述,強調國家在不完全競爭市場中可扮演的發展角色。
     本文以南南貿易最為熱絡的東亞地區作為研究對象,藉著對於相關理論的探討以及對對實證數據的收集,來回答以下四個研究問題:第一,東亞地區之南南貿易有何特點?第二,南南貿易是否促進了東亞地區開發中國家之發展?第三,東亞地區之南南貿易有何展望?第四,東亞國家之政府在南南貿易中可扮演怎樣的角色?
Since the eruption of global financial crisis in the end of 2007, the economic situation of developed countries has been severely damaged, and their demand for goods has also shrank dramatically. As for developing countries, their economies have been more resilient than that of developed countries in the face of the crisis, and the trade among them has even increased, therefore the academic discussion on South-South trade has gradually gained its importance. However, current discussion on South-South trade is very different from the past. In the past, the discussion on South-South trade is the extension of “North-South Debate” in the 1960s, regarding the promotion of South-South trade as a policy option to reduce the political and economic influence developed countries have on developing countries. Now the academic discussion on South-South trade has its robust theoretical basis, and much emphasis has been put on the developmental role states can play in the market of imperfect competition.
     East Asia, because of its importance in the South-South trade, is the study focus of this research. By means of reviewing literature on relevant theories and collecting relevant empirical evidence, this research aims to answer the following questions: (1.) What are the features of South-South trade in East Asia? (2.) Does South-South trade facilitate the development of East Asian developing countries? (3.) What is the prospect of South-South trade in East Asia? (4.) What is the possible role of government in South- South trade in East Asia?
參考文獻 UNCTAD Documents
UNCTAD (2008a). South-South Trade in Asia: the Role of Regional Trade Agreements, (UNCTAD/DITC/TAB/MISC/2008/2). 2008.
UNCTAD (2008b). World Investment Report 2008: Transnational Corporations, And the Infrastructure Challenge, Sales No. E. 08.II.D.23, Geneva.
UNCTAD (2008c). Development and Globalization: Facts and Figures, UNCTAD/GDS/CSIR/2007/1, Sales No. E.07.II.D.20, Geneva.
UNCTAD (2008d). Globalization’s contribution to development: trade perspective and UNCTAD’s contribution, Commission on Trade in Goods and Services, and Commodities (TD/B/COM.1/90), February 2008, Geneva.
UNCTAD (2008e). Progress report on the implementation of the agreed conclusions and recommendations of the Commission since UNCTAD XI, Commission on Trade in Goods and Services, and Commodities (TD/B/COM.1/91). February 2008, Geneva.
UNCTAD (2008f). Globalization for development: Opportunities and Challenges, Report of the Secretary-General of UNCTAD to UNCTAD XII (TD/413). Accra, Ghana 20–25 April 2008.
UNCTAD (2007). “The Rise of Southern TNCs and Its Implications for Regional Integration” Keynote address by Dr. Supachai Panitchpakdi delivered at the high-level policy seminar, “Strengthening ASEAN Integration: regional Players and Enterprise Regionalization”, Bangkok, October.
UNCTAD (2006). South-South Commodities Trade Quantitative Report, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD/DITC/COM/2006/5). 2006.
Fugazza, Marco. and David Vanzetti (2006). A South-South Survival Strategy: The Potential For Trade Among Developing Countries, Policy Issues in International Trade and Commodities Study Series No. 33(UNCTAD/ITCD/TAB/34). 2006.
Kasahara, Shigehisa (2004). “The Flying Geese Paradigm: A Critical Study of Its Application to East Asian Regional Development.” UNCTAD Discussion Papers, 2004.
Mashayekh, Mina. and Taisuke Ito, ed (2005). Multilateralism and Regionalism: The New Interface, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD/DITC/TNCD/2004/7).
Puri, Lakshmi (2007). Going Beyond the Doha Negotiations: Promoting South-South Trade and Role of GSTP. New Delhi, India, 9 August 2007.
Régnier, Philippe (2008). South-South Trade Promotion of Agro-Food SMEs and Linkages with Global Value Chains: The case of South-East Asia and Western Africa, Commission on Enterprise, Business Facilitation and Development. 4–5 February 2008.
Vishwanath, T.S. (2007). South-South cooperation: A business perspective on India`s engagement, Expert Meeting of UNCTAD on Participation of Developing Countries in New and Dynamic Sectors of Trade: The South-South Dimension, , 16–17 October 2007, Geneva.
IMF/World Bank/ OECD/ UNDP Documents
IMF (2008). World Economic Outlook: Housing and the Business Cycle, IMF. April 2008.
IMF (2007). Regional Economic Outlook: Asia and Pacific, IMF. October 2007.
World Bank (2005). Global Economic Prospects: Trade, Regionalism, and Development, World Bank. 2005.
OECD (2003). Regionalism and the Multilateral Trading System: The role of regional trade Agreements, OECD. August 2003.
Akin, Cigdem and M. Ayhan Kose (2007). Changing Nature of North-South Linkages: Stylized Fact and Explanations, IMF Working Paper (WP/07280). December 2007.
Greenaway, D. and Milner, C. South-South Trade, Theory, Evidence and Policy. The World Bank Research Observer. January 1990.
Kowalski, Przemyslaw and Ben Shepherd (2006). South-South Trade in Goods, OECD Trade Policy Working Paper No. 40(TD/TC(2006)8/FINAL). October 2006.
Shafaeddin, Mehdi (2008). South-South Regionalism and Trade Cooperation in the Asia-Pacific Region, Asia-Pacific Trade and Investment Initiative UNDP Regional Centre in Colombo. August 2008.
Books
Krugman, Paul and Elhanan Helpmen (1985). Market Structure and Foreign Trade: Increasing Returns, Imperfect Competition, and the International Economy. MIT Press, Cambridge and London.
Krugman, Paul (1991). Geography and Trade. MIT Press, Cambridge and London.
Krugman, Paul and Alasdair Smith eds (1994). Empirical Studies of Strategic Trade Policy. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London
Krugman, Paul (1996). Development, Geography, and Economic Theory. MIT Press, Cambridge and London.
Krugman, Paul and Maurice Obstfeld (2009). International Economics: Theory & Policy. Pearson Addison-Wesley, Boston.
Ozawa, Terutomo. (2004) “Pax Americana-Led Catch-Up, Flying-Geese Style: Regionalizes Endogenous Growth in East Asia”, in Wiemer, Calla and Heping Cao (eds), Asian Economic Cooperation in the New Millennium: China’s Economic Presence, World Scientific Publishing Limited, Singapore.
Ozawa, Terutomo (2005). Institutions, Industrial Upgrading, and Economic Performance in Japan: The ‘Flying Geese’ Paradigm of Catch-Up Growth. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, Cheltenham and Northampton.
Journal Articles
Akamatsu K (1961). “A historical pattern of economic growth in developing countries.” Journal of Developing Economies, 1(1), pp. 3-25.
Agatiello, O (2004). Why pay attention to South-South trade? Background Paper, International Trade Centre, September, 2004.
Arnold, Dennis (2006). “Free Trade Agreements and Southeast Asia” Journal of Contemporary Asia 36(2), pp. 195-215.
Ando, Mitsuyo (2006). “Fragment and Vertical Intra-Industry Trade in East Asia” the North American Journal of Economics and Finance 17(2006), pp. 257-281.
Bernard, Mitchell and John Ravenhill (1995). “Beyond Product Cycles and Flying Geese: Regionalization, Hierarchy, and the Industrialization of East Asia” World Politics 47(2), pp. 171-209.
Booysen, Steve (2007). “South-South Partnership: An African Recipe For Growth.”, Georgetown Journal of International Affairs. Winter/Spring 2007.
Bisley, Nick (2007) “East Asia`s Changing Regional Architecture: Towards an East Asian Economic Community” Pacific Affairs 80(4), pp. 603-625.
Chow, Michael Ewing (2006). “ASEAN-China F.T.A.: Trade or Tribute?” Singapore Year Book of International Law 10, pp. 251-267.
Carlsen, Laura (2008). “Armoring NAFTA: The Battleground for Mexico’s Future”, NACLA Report on the America. September/October 2008, pp. 17-22.
Dieter, Heribert (2001). “East Asia`s puzzling regionalism” Far Eastern Economic Review 164(27), pp. 29.
Drope, Jeffrey M. (2007). “The Political Economy of Nontariff Trade Barriers in Emerging Economies.” Political Research Quarterly 60(3), pp. 401-414.
Fukao, Kyoji, Hikari Ishido and Keiko Ito (2003). “Vertical Intra-Industry Trade and Foreign Direct Investment in East Asia” The Institute of Economic Research Hitotsubashi University, Discussion Paper Series A No.434.
Gereffi, Gary (1989). “Rethinking Development Theory: Insights from East Asia and Latin America” Sociological Forum 4(4), pp. 505-533.
Gunton, Thomas (2003). “Natural Resources and Regional Development: An Assessment of Dependency and Comparative Advantage Paradigms.” Economic Geography 79(1), pp. 67-94.
Hart-Landsberg, Martin and Paul Burkett (1998). “Contradictions of Capitalist Industrialization in East Asia: A Critique of "Flying Geese" Theories of Development” Economic Geography 74(2), pp. 87-110.
Hwee, Yeo Lay (2006). “Japan, ASEAN, and the Construction of an East Asian Community” Contemporary Southeast Asia 28(2), pp. 259-274.
Hahm, Sung Deuk and Uk Heo (2008). “U.S. and Japanese Foreign Direct Investment in East Asia: A Comparative Analysis” Policy Studies Journal 36(3), pp. 385-398.
Krugman, Paul (1979). “Increasing returns, monopolistic competition, and international trade.”, Journal of International Economics 9. 1979. pp. 469-79.
Korhonen, Pekka (1994). “The Theory of the Flying Geese Pattern of Development and Its Interpretations” Journal of Peace Research 31(1), pp. 93-108.
Kentor, Jeffrey and Terry Boswell (2003). “Foreign Capital Dependence and Development: A New Direction” American Sociological Review 68(2), pp. 301-313.
Kohama, Hirohisa (2003). “Japan’s cooperation in East Asia” External Factors for Asian Development, ed. Hirohisa Kohama. Singapore : Institute of Southeast Asian Studies,36-58.
Lechini, Gladys (2007). “Middle Powers: IBSA and the New South-South Cooperation”, NACLA Report on the America. September/October 2007, pp. 28-32.
Martin, Ron and Peter Sunley (1996). “Paul Krugman`s Geographical Economics and Its Implications for Regional Development Theory: A Critical Assessment.” Economic Geography 72(3), pp. 259-292.
Nevin, Tom (2008). “South-south trade fuels investment growth” African Business. March 2008, pp. 16-17.
Nevin, Tom (2008). “The Asia connection” African Business; March 2008, pp. 20-24.
di Cerisano, Renato Carlos Sersale (2008). “The Latin America-Africa potential”, African Business. May 2008, pp. 26.
Ozawa, Terutomo (1994). “Exploring the Asian Economic Miracle: Politics, Economics, Society Culture, and History--A Review Article.” The Journal of Asian Studies 53(1), pp. 124-131.
Otsubo, S (1998). “New Regionalism and South-South Trade: Could It Be an Entry Point for the South Toward Global Integration?” APEC Discussion Paper no.18. Nagoya University, APEC Study Centre. 1998.
Peng, Dajin (2000). “The Changing Nature of East Asia as an Economic Region” Pacific Affairs 73(2), pp. 171-191.
Peng, Dajin (2002). “Invisible Linkages: A Regional Perspective of East Asian Political Economy” International Studies Quarterly 46(3), pp. 423-447.
Page, Sheila (2004). “South-South trade.” The Doha Development Agenda Impacts on Trade and Poverty, Overseas Development Institute. October 2004.
Park, Chang-Gun (2006). “Japan`s Emerging Role in Promoting Regional Integration in East Asia: Towards an East Asian Integration Regime (EAIR)” Journal of International and Area Studies 13(1), pp. 53-72.
Raymond, Vernon (1966). “International Investment and International Trade in the Product Cycle” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 80(2), pp. 190-207.
Rugman, Alan M. and Alain Verbeke (2004). “Perspective on Regional and Global Strategies of Multinational Enterprises” Journal of International Business Studies 35(1), pp. 3-18.
Ramgoolam, Navinchandra (2008). “Rebalancing the world economy”, African Business. May 2008, pp. 22.
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Versi, Anver (2008). “The logic of South - South co-operation”, African Business. May 2008, pp. 14-15.
Versi, Anver (2008). “Movement gains momentum”, African Business. May 2008, pp. 16-20.
Wade, Robert (1992). “East Asia`s Economic Success: Conflicting Perspectives, Partial Insights, Shaky Evidence” World Politics 44(2), pp. 270-320.
Wong, John and Sarah Chan (2003). “China-ASEAN Free Trade Agreement: Shaping Future Economic Relations.” Asian Survey 43(3), pp. 507-526.
Wang, Jiangyu (2004). “China`s Regional Trade Agreements: The Law, Geopolitics, and Impact on the Multilateral Trading System” Singapore Year Book of International Law 8, pp. 119-146.
Whalley, John (2006). “Recent Regional Agreements: Why so many, so fast, so different and where are they headed?”, The Centre for International Governance Innovation, Working Paper No.9. September 2006.
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Reports and Online Resources
The Boston Consulting Groups (2009). The 2009 BCG 100 New Global Challengers: How Companies from Rapidly Developing Economies Are Contending for Global Leadership? January 2009, Boston.
Samsung (2008). Samsung Profile, 2008, Seoul.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
外交研究所
95253022
97
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0095253022
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 鄧中堅zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (作者) 江柏葦zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) 江柏葦zh_TW
dc.date (日期) 2008en_US
dc.date.accessioned 9-四月-2010 14:49:03 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 9-四月-2010 14:49:03 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 9-四月-2010 14:49:03 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0095253022en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/38515-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 外交研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 95253022zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 97zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 自2007年末爆發全球金融危機以來,已開發國家的經濟狀況受到重擊,對於貨物的需求也劇烈減少。而開發中國家受此危機的影響較為輕微,彼此間貨物貿易情形不減反增,於是對於南南貿易的學術討論也逐漸受到重視。然而,目前對於南南貿易的討論已不同於過往。過去對於南南貿易的討論多為1960年代之「南北爭論」的延伸,將鼓勵開發中國家間貿易視為一種政策手段,以降低開發中國家對其的政經影響力。但,目前對於南南貿易的學術討論已轉向更為積極的理論性論述,強調國家在不完全競爭市場中可扮演的發展角色。
     本文以南南貿易最為熱絡的東亞地區作為研究對象,藉著對於相關理論的探討以及對對實證數據的收集,來回答以下四個研究問題:第一,東亞地區之南南貿易有何特點?第二,南南貿易是否促進了東亞地區開發中國家之發展?第三,東亞地區之南南貿易有何展望?第四,東亞國家之政府在南南貿易中可扮演怎樣的角色?
zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Since the eruption of global financial crisis in the end of 2007, the economic situation of developed countries has been severely damaged, and their demand for goods has also shrank dramatically. As for developing countries, their economies have been more resilient than that of developed countries in the face of the crisis, and the trade among them has even increased, therefore the academic discussion on South-South trade has gradually gained its importance. However, current discussion on South-South trade is very different from the past. In the past, the discussion on South-South trade is the extension of “North-South Debate” in the 1960s, regarding the promotion of South-South trade as a policy option to reduce the political and economic influence developed countries have on developing countries. Now the academic discussion on South-South trade has its robust theoretical basis, and much emphasis has been put on the developmental role states can play in the market of imperfect competition.
     East Asia, because of its importance in the South-South trade, is the study focus of this research. By means of reviewing literature on relevant theories and collecting relevant empirical evidence, this research aims to answer the following questions: (1.) What are the features of South-South trade in East Asia? (2.) Does South-South trade facilitate the development of East Asian developing countries? (3.) What is the prospect of South-South trade in East Asia? (4.) What is the possible role of government in South- South trade in East Asia?
en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Chapter One: Introduction 1
     1.1 Research Motives 1
     1.2 Research Objectives 4
     1.3 Literature Review 5
     1.4 Scope and Limitation of Research 8
     1.5 Research Method 10
     1.6 Organization of the Thesis 11
     Chapter Two: Trade Theory and the South-South Trade in East Asia 13
     2.1 Comparative Advantage and Dependence Theory 14
     2.2 Flying Geese Paradigm 17
     2.3 New Trade Theory and Intra-industry Trade 22
     2.4 A Conceptual Framework for South-South Trade in East Asia 29
     Chapter Three: South-South Trade and South-South RTA 32
     3.1 Defining Developing Countries 32
     3.2 General Trends on South-South Trade 35
     3.3 South-South RTA Overview 37
     3.4 Conclusion 48
     Chapter Four: South-South Trade in East Asia 50
     4.1 Most Traded Items of East Asian Developing Countries 51
     4.2 South-South FDI Pattern in East Asia 60
     Private Sector 61
     Public Sector 63
     4.3 Production Sharing in East Asia 64
     4.4 ASEAN: The Center of Regional Economic Integration 67
     4.5 Japan and China: Two Regional Hegemons 69
     Japan 70
     China 75
     4.6 Conclusion 79
     Chapter Five: Conclusion 81
     5.1 Finding 81
     5.2 Suggestion for Future Research 84
     Bibliography 87
zh_TW
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0095253022en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 南南貿易zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 依賴理論zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 東亞zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 雁行理論zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 新貿易理論zh_TW
dc.title (題名) 東亞地區之南南貿易:現狀與展望zh_TW
dc.title (題名) South-South trade in East Asia: Situation and prospecten_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) UNCTAD Documentszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) UNCTAD (2008a). South-South Trade in Asia: the Role of Regional Trade Agreements, (UNCTAD/DITC/TAB/MISC/2008/2). 2008.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) UNCTAD (2008b). World Investment Report 2008: Transnational Corporations, And the Infrastructure Challenge, Sales No. E. 08.II.D.23, Geneva.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) UNCTAD (2008c). Development and Globalization: Facts and Figures, UNCTAD/GDS/CSIR/2007/1, Sales No. E.07.II.D.20, Geneva.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) UNCTAD (2008d). Globalization’s contribution to development: trade perspective and UNCTAD’s contribution, Commission on Trade in Goods and Services, and Commodities (TD/B/COM.1/90), February 2008, Geneva.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) UNCTAD (2008e). Progress report on the implementation of the agreed conclusions and recommendations of the Commission since UNCTAD XI, Commission on Trade in Goods and Services, and Commodities (TD/B/COM.1/91). February 2008, Geneva.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) UNCTAD (2008f). Globalization for development: Opportunities and Challenges, Report of the Secretary-General of UNCTAD to UNCTAD XII (TD/413). Accra, Ghana 20–25 April 2008.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) UNCTAD (2007). “The Rise of Southern TNCs and Its Implications for Regional Integration” Keynote address by Dr. Supachai Panitchpakdi delivered at the high-level policy seminar, “Strengthening ASEAN Integration: regional Players and Enterprise Regionalization”, Bangkok, October.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) UNCTAD (2006). South-South Commodities Trade Quantitative Report, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD/DITC/COM/2006/5). 2006.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Fugazza, Marco. and David Vanzetti (2006). A South-South Survival Strategy: The Potential For Trade Among Developing Countries, Policy Issues in International Trade and Commodities Study Series No. 33(UNCTAD/ITCD/TAB/34). 2006.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kasahara, Shigehisa (2004). “The Flying Geese Paradigm: A Critical Study of Its Application to East Asian Regional Development.” UNCTAD Discussion Papers, 2004.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Mashayekh, Mina. and Taisuke Ito, ed (2005). Multilateralism and Regionalism: The New Interface, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD/DITC/TNCD/2004/7).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Puri, Lakshmi (2007). Going Beyond the Doha Negotiations: Promoting South-South Trade and Role of GSTP. New Delhi, India, 9 August 2007.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Régnier, Philippe (2008). South-South Trade Promotion of Agro-Food SMEs and Linkages with Global Value Chains: The case of South-East Asia and Western Africa, Commission on Enterprise, Business Facilitation and Development. 4–5 February 2008.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Vishwanath, T.S. (2007). South-South cooperation: A business perspective on India`s engagement, Expert Meeting of UNCTAD on Participation of Developing Countries in New and Dynamic Sectors of Trade: The South-South Dimension, , 16–17 October 2007, Geneva.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) IMF/World Bank/ OECD/ UNDP Documentszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) IMF (2008). World Economic Outlook: Housing and the Business Cycle, IMF. April 2008.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) IMF (2007). Regional Economic Outlook: Asia and Pacific, IMF. October 2007.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) World Bank (2005). Global Economic Prospects: Trade, Regionalism, and Development, World Bank. 2005.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) OECD (2003). Regionalism and the Multilateral Trading System: The role of regional trade Agreements, OECD. August 2003.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Akin, Cigdem and M. Ayhan Kose (2007). Changing Nature of North-South Linkages: Stylized Fact and Explanations, IMF Working Paper (WP/07280). December 2007.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Greenaway, D. and Milner, C. South-South Trade, Theory, Evidence and Policy. The World Bank Research Observer. January 1990.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kowalski, Przemyslaw and Ben Shepherd (2006). South-South Trade in Goods, OECD Trade Policy Working Paper No. 40(TD/TC(2006)8/FINAL). October 2006.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Shafaeddin, Mehdi (2008). South-South Regionalism and Trade Cooperation in the Asia-Pacific Region, Asia-Pacific Trade and Investment Initiative UNDP Regional Centre in Colombo. August 2008.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bookszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Krugman, Paul and Elhanan Helpmen (1985). Market Structure and Foreign Trade: Increasing Returns, Imperfect Competition, and the International Economy. MIT Press, Cambridge and London.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Krugman, Paul (1991). Geography and Trade. MIT Press, Cambridge and London.zh_TW
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