| dc.contributor.advisor | 張裕隆 | zh_TW |
| dc.contributor.author (Authors) | 陳力睿 | zh_TW |
| dc.creator (作者) | 陳力睿 | zh_TW |
| dc.date (日期) | 2009 | en_US |
| dc.date.accessioned | 8-Dec-2010 11:44:40 (UTC+8) | - |
| dc.date.available | 8-Dec-2010 11:44:40 (UTC+8) | - |
| dc.date.issued (上傳時間) | 8-Dec-2010 11:44:40 (UTC+8) | - |
| dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) | G0967520141 | en_US |
| dc.identifier.uri (URI) | http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/49450 | - |
| dc.description (描述) | 碩士 | zh_TW |
| dc.description (描述) | 國立政治大學 | zh_TW |
| dc.description (描述) | 心理學研究所 | zh_TW |
| dc.description (描述) | 96752014 | zh_TW |
| dc.description (描述) | 98 | zh_TW |
| dc.description.abstract (摘要) | 領導者之決策對於組織的影響甚大，不僅決定企業的獲利，更可能影響組織的存亡。在現今快速變遷的環境中，領導者經常面臨在時間壓力下需快速做出正確的決策，因此本研究著重於探討領導者才能對於領導者決策品質，以及團隊競爭力與績效之影響。具體而言，本研究從Sternberg所提出的WICS模式為出發點，探討「領導者智慧」、「領導者實用智力」、「領導者分析智力」及「領導者創新能力」對於「領導者決策品質」、「團隊競爭力與績效」之影響，並建構「領導者才能之競爭力模式」。至於領導者才能之競爭力模式，不僅可以做為後續相關研究之重要參考，亦可協助企業與領導者檢視其領導效能，進而做為改善競爭力與績效之重要依據。 本研究之問卷經嚴謹之程序編製，首先進行專家會議、信效度及因素分析之檢驗，之後再進行研究變項間之探討。研究樣本採立意取樣方式，以團隊為單位，每個團隊收集團隊領導者及其五位直屬部屬之調查問卷。本研究總計回收40位領導者與200位部屬之有效樣本，統計分析結果顯示，本研究所有量表皆具有良好之內部一致性信度（.754~.972）與效標關聯效度（.280~.820）。 此外，本研究根據結構方程模式驗證本研究之假設，綜合結果顯示：1. 領導者智慧、實用智力、分析智力及創新能力對於領導者決策品質具有顯著且正向之影響；2. 領導者決策品質對於團隊競爭力具有顯著且正向之影響；3. 團隊競爭力對於團隊績效具有顯著且正向之影響；4. 「領導者才能之競爭力模式」獲得實證支持。最後，研究者根據本研究結果，提出對未來學術研究與實務應用具體之建議。 | zh_TW |
| dc.description.abstract (摘要) | Leaders’ decisions have a great impact on organizations; they influence not only the revenue but also the survival of organizations. In this fast-changing environment, leaders always need to make fast and correct decisions under time pressure. Therefore, the focus of this study is the effect of leaders’ skills on the quality of leaders’ decisions so as to improve the competitiveness and performance of teams or organizations. The present study starts from WICS model which developed by Sternberg to examine the effect of leaders’ wisdom, practical intelligence, analytic intelligence, and creativity on the quality of leaders’ decisions, team competitiveness and performance, and to construct the competitiveness model of leaders’ skills. The development of competitiveness model of leaders’ skills could not only be used by following related studies, but also assist organizations and leaders to review leadership efficacy in order to improve the competitiveness and performance. The present study constructed the questionnaire through an expert committee, tests of reliability, validity, and factor analysis. The samples of team unit were collected using purposive sampling, and each unit included one leader and five immediate subordinates. A total of forty valid sample units which had forty leaders and two hundred immediate subordinates were collected. Through the statistical analysis, it shows the internal consistency reliability (.752-.972) and criterion-related validity (.280-.820) of all scales (leaders’ self-rating and subordinates’ other-rating) were excellent. Furthermore, according to the result of hypothesis testing and Structural Equation Modeling analysis, it shows: 1. Leaders’ wisdom, empirical intelligence, analytic intelligence, and creativity have a significant and positive influence on the quality of leaders’ decisions; 2. The quality of leaders’ decisions has a significant and positive influence on team competitiveness; 3. Team competitiveness has a significant and positive influence on team performance; 4. The constructed competitiveness model of leaders’ skills was supported. Finally, suggestions were proposed for further academic studies and practical application based on the result of the present study. | en_US |
| dc.description.tableofcontents | 目錄 I表目錄 III圖目錄 VI第一章 緒論 1第一節 研究背景與動機 1第二節 研究目的 6第三節 名詞釋義 7第二章 文獻探討 9第一節 領導、領導職能、與領導者才能 9第二節 領導決策 21第三節 團隊競爭力與團隊績效 27第三章 研究方法 37第一節 研究對象 37第二節 研究分析 41第三節 研究工具 43第四章 研究結果 59第一節 領導者自評結果分析 59第二節 部屬評估領導者結果分析 72第三節 研究假設結果統整 91第五章 討論與建議 96第一節 研究結果討論 96第二節 研究限制與建議 103第三節 研究貢獻 107參考文獻 110－中文部分－ 110－英文部分－ 112附錄A 118附錄B 124附錄C 125 | zh_TW |
| dc.format.extent | 880447 bytes | - |
| dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | - |
| dc.language.iso | en_US | - |
| dc.source.uri (資料來源) | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0967520141 | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | WICS模式 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 領導者智慧 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 領導者實用智力 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 領導者分析智力 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 領導者創新能力 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 領導者決策品質 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 團隊競爭力 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 團隊績效 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | WICS model | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | leaders’ wisdom | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | leaders’ practical intelligence | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | leaders’ analytic intelligence | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | leaders’ creativity | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | quality of leaders’ decision | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | team competitiveness | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | team performance | en_US |
| dc.title (題名) | 領導者才能對決策品質、團隊競爭力、與績效之影響－以Sternberg之WICS模式為例 | zh_TW |
| dc.title (題名) | The effect of leaders’ skills on the quality of leaders’ decisions, team competitiveness and performance – Sternberg’s WICS model | en_US |
| dc.type (資料類型) | thesis | en |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 毛治國、鄭琇君（2009）。管理決策概念架構之回顧與建議。管理與系統，16(2)，131-155。 | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 王建忠（2001）。團隊領導與團隊效能：團隊內互動的中介效果。國立臺灣大學理學院心理學研究所碩士論文，未出版。 | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 司徒達賢（2001）。策略管理新論。台北：智勝文化 | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 司徒達賢（2007）。管理學的新世界。台北：天下文化 | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 白崇亮（1991）。策略決策特性、競爭優勢策略與經營績效的關係－台灣電子資訊業之實證研究。國立政治大學企業管理研究所博士論文，未出版。 | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 吳雅倩（2009）。領導才能、組織文化、目標設定、組織效能感、與競爭力、績效之相關研究。國立政治大學心理學研究所碩士論文，未出版。 | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 宋秋儀（譯）（2006）。Yukl, G.(2002)著。組織領導學（Leadership in organization 5e）。台北市：華泰文化 | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 邱皓政（2003）。結構方程模式：LISREL的理論技術與應用。台北市：雙葉書廊 | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 林邦傑、陳美娟（2006）。學校組織與教職人員心理契約量表的建構。教育研究與發展期刊，2(4)，39-68。 | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 林家五、熊欣華、黃國隆（2006）。認同對決策嵌陷行為的影響：個體與群體層次的分析。台灣管理學刊，6(1)，157-180。 | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 施振榮（2007）。宏碁的世紀變革：淡出製造，成就品牌。台北市：天下文化 | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 徐家偉（2007）。組織轉型能力之建構與評鑑工具之發展。國立政治大學心理學研究所碩士論文，未出版。 | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 徐維秉（2009）。企業因應中國勞動合同法之變革策略及其對心理契約、組織承諾、核心競爭力、與組織績效之影響。國立政治大學心理學研究所碩士論文，未出版。 | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 張裕隆（2001）。管理才能測驗發展及信效度分析。應用心理研究：10，65-95。 | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 張裕隆（2004）。個人與組織「競爭力」及個人「年薪」與「EPS」相關之研究。 | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 論文發表於台灣心理學會第四十三屆年會之「組織績效與競爭力提升」研討會。台北市。 | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 張裕隆（2005a）。組織、個人「競爭力」與組織獲利、個人財富之相關研究。國家文官培訓所—T&D飛訊：30，1-18。 | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 張裕隆（2005b）。「標竿」與「一般」、「虧損」、「政府」組織競爭力之比較分析研究。國家文官培訓所—T&D飛訊：33，1-13。 | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 張裕隆（2006）。ISO10015與培訓價值創新。中華人力資源管理年鑑，131。 | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 莊敦閔（2009）。從學習型組織、文化、與領導，探討個人學習與組織訓練對績效、競爭力之影響。國立政治大學心理學研究所碩士論文，未出版。 | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 陳彰儀（1999）。組織心理學。台北：心理出版社 | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 彭台光、高月慈、林鉦棽（2006）。管理研究中的共同方法變異：問題本質、影響、測試和補救。管理學報，23(1)，77-98。 | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 黃敏萍、鄭伯壎、王建忠（2003）。轉型領導、團隊內互動、及團隊與成員效能：I-P-O模式之驗證。管理學報，20(3)，397-427。 | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 齊若蘭（譯）（2004a）。Peter Drucker (1954)著。彼得．杜拉克的管理聖經。台北：遠流出版社 | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 齊若蘭（譯）（2004b）。Jim Collins (2001)著。從A到A+。台北：遠流出版社 | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 楊國樞、鄭伯壎（1989）。傳統價值觀、個人現代性及組織行為：後儒家假說的一項微觀驗證。中央研究院民族學研究所刊集，64，1-49。 | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 鄧熙華（2009）。領導才能、組織使命、人力資源政策與運作、組織文化、與組織競爭力、績效之相關研究。國立政治大學心理學研究所碩士論文，未出版。 | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 鄭伯壎（2005）。華人領導－領論與實際。台北：桂冠圖書股份有限公司 | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 顧淑馨（譯）（2004）。Hamel, G. & Prahalad, C. K. (1994)著。競爭大未來。台北市：智庫 | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Baltes, P. B., & Staudinger, U. M. (2000). Wisdom: A metaheuristic (pragmatic) to orchestrate mind and virtue toward excellence. American Psychologist, 55(1), 122-136. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of personality and social psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Cannon-Bowers, J. A., Tannenbaum, S. I., Salas, E., & Volpe, C. E.(1995). Defining competencies and establishing team training requirement. In R. Guzzo & E. Salas (Eds.), Team effectiveness and decision making in organizations (pp. 333-380).San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1996). Creativity: Flow and the psychology of discovery and invention. New York: HarperCollins. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Conway, J. M., & Huffcutt, A. I. (1997). Psychometric properties of multisource performance ratings: A meta-analysis of subordinate, supervisor, peer, and self-ratings. Human performance, 10, 331-360. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Davis, J. H. (1973). Group decision and social interaction: A theory of social decision schemes. Psychological Review, 80(2), 97-125. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Dean Jr, J. W., & Sharfman, M. P. (1996). Does decision process matter? A study of strategic decision-making effectiveness. Academy of Management Journal, 39, 368-396. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Dooley, R. S., & Fryxell, G. E. (1999). Attaining decision quality and commitment from dissent: The moderating effects of loyalty and competence in strategic decision-making teams. Academy of Management Journal, 42, 389-402. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Eisenhardt, K. M. and M. J. Zbaracki (1992). Strategic decision making. Strategic Management Journal, 13, 17-37. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Finkelstein, S., & Hambrick, D. C. (1996). Strategic leadership: Top executives and their effects on organizations. St. Paul, MN: West. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Fox, S., & Dinur, Y. (1988). Vality of self-assessment: Afield evaluation. Personnel Psychology, 41, 581-592. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Fredrickson, J. W. (1985). Effects of decision motive and organizational performance level on strategic decision processes. The Academy of Management Journal, 28(4), 821-843. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Frisch, D., & Clemen, R. T. (1994). Beyond expected utility: Rethinking behavioral decision research. Psychological Bulletin, 116(1), 46-54. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Gladstein, D. L. (1984). Groups in context: A model of task group effectiveness. Administrative Science Quarterly, 29, 499-517. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Hambrick, D. C., Finkelstein, S., & Mooney, A. C. (2005). Executive job demands: New insights for explaining strategic decisions and leader behaviors. Academy of Management Review, 30, 471-491. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Hedlund, J., Forsythe, G. B., Horvath, J. A., Williams, W. M., Snook, S., & Sternberg, R. J. (2003). Identifying and assessing tacit knowledge: Understanding the practical intelligence of military leaders. The Leadership Quarterly, 14(2), 117-140. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Heidemeier, H., & Moser, K. (2009). Self-other agreement in job performance ratings: A meta-analytic test of a process model. Journal of applied psychology, 94(2), 353-370. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Hinkin, T. R. (1998). A brief tutorial on the development of measures for use in survey questionnaires. Organizational Research Methods, 1, 104–121. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Hogan, R., Curphy, G. J., & Hogan, J. (1994). What we know about leadership? American Psychologist, 49(6), 493. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Hogan, R., & Kaiser, R. B. (2005). What we know about leadership. Review of General Psychology, 9(2), 169-180. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | House, R. J. (1996). Path-goal theory of leadership: Lessons, legacy, and a reformulated theory. The Leadership Quarterly, 7(3), 323-352. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Huber, G. P. (1990). A theory of the effects of advanced information technologies on organizational design, intelligence, and decision making. The Academy of Management Review, 15(1), 47-71. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Javidan, M. (1998). Core competence: What does it mean in practice? Long Range Planning, 31(1), 60-71. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Jessup, H. R. (1990). New roles in team leadership. Training & Development Journal, 44(11), 79. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Judge, T. A., Piccolo, R. F., & Ilies, R. (2004). The forgotten ones? The validity of consideration and initiating structure in leadership research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(1), 36-51. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1973). On the psychology of prediction. Psychological Review, 80(4), 237-251. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Kaiser, R. B., Hogan, R., & Craig, S. B. (2008). Leadership and the fate of organizations. The American psychologist, 63(2), 96-110. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Kaplan, R. S., & Norton, D. P. (1996). Using the balanced scorecard as a strategic management system. Harvard Business Review, 74, 75-85. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Katzenback, J. R., & Smith, D. K. (1993). The wisdom of teams: Creating the high-performance organization. New York: Happer Collins. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Lowe, K. B., & Gardner, W. L. (2000). Ten years of the leadership quarterly: Contributions and challenges for the future. The Leadership Quarterly, 11(4), 459-514. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Luthans, F., Hodgetts R. M., & Rosenkrantz S. A. (1988). Real managers. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | McClelland, D. C. (1973). Testing for competence rather than for "Intelligence.". American Psychologist, 28(1), 1-14. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | McKenna, B., Rooney, D., & Boal, K. B. (2009). Wisdom principles as a meta-theoretical basis for evaluating leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 20(2), 177-190. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Mintzberg, H. (1973). The nature of managerial work. NJ: Prentice-Hall. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Mintzberg, M., Raisinghani, D., & Theoret, A. (1976). The structure of unstructured decision processes. Administrative Science Quarterly, 21(2), 246-275. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Muchinsky, P. M. (2006). Psychology applied to work. CA: Thomson Wadsworth. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Mumford, M. D., Scott, G. M., Gaddis, B., & Strange, J. M. (2002). Leading creative people: Orchestrating expertise and relationships. The Leadership Quarterly, 13(6), 705-750. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Papadakis, V. M., Lioukas, S., & Chambers, D. (1998). Strategic decision-making processes : The role of management and context. Strategic Management Journal, 19(2), 115-147. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Parker, G. H. (1990). Team players and teamwork: The new competitive business strategy. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Inc., Publishers. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879-903. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Prahalad, C. K., & Hamel, G. (1990). The core competence of the corporation. Harvard Business Review, 68, 79-91. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Schoner, B., Rose, G. L., & Hoyt, G. C. (1974). Quality of decisions: Individuals versus real and synthetic groups. Journal of Applied Psychology, 59(4), 424-432. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Schweiger, D. M., Sandberg, W. R., & Ragan, J. W. (1986). Group approaches for improving strategic decision making: A comparative analysis of dialectical inquiry, devil`s advocacy, and consensus. Academy of Management Journal, 29, 51-71. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Semadar, A., Robins, G., & Ferris, G. R. (2006). Comparing the validity of multiple social effectiveness constructs in the prediction of managerial job performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27(4), 443-461. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Simon, H. A. (1979). Rational decision making in business organization. American Economic Review, 69(4), 493-513. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Spencer, M. L. & Spencer, M. S. (1993). Competence at Work: Model for superior performance. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Spreitzer, G. M., McCall, M. W., & Mahoney, J. D. (1997). Early identification of international executive potential. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(1), 6-29. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Sternberg, R. J. (1985). Implicit theories of intelligence, creativity, and wisdom. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49(3), 607-627. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Sternberg, R. J., Nokes, C., Geissler, P. W., Prince, R., Okatcha, F., Bundy, D. A., & Grigorenko, E. L. (2001). The relationship between academic and practical intelligence: a case study in Kenya. Intelligence, 29, 401-418. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Sternberg, R. J., & Lubart, T. I. (1996). Investing in creativity. American Psychologist, 51(7), 677-688. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Sternberg, R. J. (1998). A balance theory of wisdom. Review of General Psychology, 2(4), 347-365. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Sternberg, R. J., & Hedlund, J. (2002). Practical intelligence, g, and work psychology, Human Performance, 15, 143-160. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Sternberg, R. J., & Vroom, V. (2002). The person versus the situation in leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 13(3), 301-323. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Sternberg, R. J. (2003a). Wisdom, Intelligence, and Creativity Synthesized. UK: Cambridge University . | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Sternberg, R. J. (2003b). WICS: A model of leadership in organizations. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 2, 386-401. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Sternberg, R. J. (2005). WICS: A model of giftedness in leadership. Roeper Review, 28, 37-44. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Sternberg, R. J. (2007). A systems model of leadership: WICS. American Psychologist, 62(1), 34-42. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Stogdill(1974). Handbook of leadership: a survey of theory and research. New York: Free Press. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Thornton, G. C. III & Byham, W. C. (1982). Assessment centers and managerial performance. New York: Academic Press. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Tilles, S. (1963). How to evaluate corporate strategy. Harvard Business Review, 41, 111-121. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Tjosvold, D. (1988). Cooperative and competitive interdependence collaboration between departments to serve customers. Group & Organization Studies (1986-1998), 13(3), 274. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Vinokur, A., Burnstein, E., Sechrest, L., & Wortman, P. M. (1985). Group decision making by experts: Field study of panels evaluating medical technologies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49(1), 70-84. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Vroom, V. H., & Jago, A. G. (1978). On the Validity of the Vroom-Yetton Model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 63, 151-162. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Wagner, R. K., & Sternberg, R. J. (1985). Practical intelligence in real-world pursuits: The role of tacit knowledge. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49(2), 436-458. | zh_TW |
