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題名 碳價波動影響因素之探討─以歐洲能源交易所碳交易為例
Driving factors of carbon price volatility-example of european energy exchange AG
作者 宋建緯
貢獻者 周麗芳<br>林良楓
Chou, Li Fang<br>Lin, Liang Feng
宋建緯
關鍵詞 碳價
EU-ETS
結構性差異
減碳投資
日期 2010
上傳時間 29-Sep-2011 18:33:07 (UTC+8)
摘要 近年來世人注目的焦點已從金融風暴議題,轉向了地球暖化、氣候劇變等問題,世界環境變遷造成人類巨大的傷害,已是國際組織與各國政府施政重點。在1997年12月於日本召開UNFCCC COP3,通過旨在限制溫室氣體排放的京都議定書,其中排放交易是指已開發國家間的合作,普遍被認為最具有成本效率性。
     
     近年全球對於環境保護意識已有大幅提升,各國降低碳排放之手段可區分為技術面以及經濟面。本文以後者為主要探討重點,亦即透過經濟手段以促進減碳科技廣泛的應用。減碳的技術同時具備外部性及公共財的特性,降低二氧化碳排放對環境之效益並無法排除他人享受,因此若碳價波動過度劇烈將影響企業減碳投資意願時,政府須介入管制碳價格。本文先探討究竟影響碳價波動的主因為何,以利後續研究碳權價格波動和價格管制間,權衡對減碳投資與減碳成效的影響。
     
      研究結果顯示,歐洲地區如北歐、東歐及南歐夏日氣候差異大,以及歐洲地區處於溫帶氣候因素使得極熱變數對碳價波動影響不顯著,但不保證其它地區有相同結論;能源價格對碳權價格有重大之影響,尤其原油最為明顯;由於匯率會影響能源價格,因此連帶影響碳價;極寒氣候對碳價有顯著影響,其先影響能源之供需,間接影響碳價之波動;SP之落後期在phase 2有縮短之趨勢,即天然氣與煤炭間之價差對碳價影響越來越大;進行碳價格之實證分析必須區分第一階段及第二階段,否則會造成估計上之不準確。不僅能源價格本身對碳價會有直接之影響,影響能源價格之變數亦間接影響碳價之波動,如氣候以及匯率,先經由透過能源價格變動再傳導至碳權價格。
參考文獻 Abadie, L. M. and J. M. Chamorro, 2008, Carbon price risk and the clean dark Spread, working paper, 1-27.
Alberola, E., J. Chevallier, and B. Chèze, 2009, Emissions compliances and carbon prices under the EU ETS: A country specific analysis of industrial sectors, Journal of Policy Modeling, 31(3), 446-462.
Alberola, E., J. Chevallier and B. Chèze., 2008, Price drivers and structural breaks in European carbon prices 2005-2007, Energy policy, 36, 787-797.
Benz, E. and S. Trück, 2009, Modeling the price dynamics of CO2 emission allowances, Energy Economics, 31, 4-15.
Betz, R., 2006, What is driving price volatility in the EU ETS?, Australasian Emissions Trading Forum, 4-5.
Bollerslev, T., 1986, Generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity, Journal of Economietrics, 31(1), 34-105.
Chevallier, J., 2009, Carbon futures and marcoeconomic risk factors: A view from the EU-ETS, Energy Economics, 31(4), 614-625.
Coase, R. H., 1960, The problem of social cost, Journal of Law and Economics, 3, 1-44.
Dales, J. H., 1968, Pollution, property and prices, University of Toronto Press.
Dickey, D. A. and W. A. Fuller., 1979, Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root, Journal of the American statistical association, 74(366), 427-431.
Engle, R. F., 1982, Autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity with estimate of the variance of United Kingdom inflation, econometrica, 50, 987-1007.
IEA, 2008, Energy technology perspectives.
IPCC, 2006, Guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories.
Kanen, J. L. M., 2006, Carbon trading and pricing, Environmental Finance Publications.
Ljung, G. M. and G. E. P. Box., 1978, On a measure of lack of fit in time series models, Biometrika, 65(2), 297-303.
Malueg, D. A., 1989, Emission credit trading and the incentive to adopt new pollution abatement technology, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 16(1), 52-57.
Mansanet-Bataller, M. and P. Soriano, 2009, Volatility transmission in the CO2 and energy markets, working papers on the economics of climate change, 3, 1-14.
Mansanet-Bataller, M., A. Pardo., E. Valor., 2007, CO2 prices、energy and weather, The Energy Journal, 28(3) ,73-92.
Maradan, D. and A. Vassiliev, 2005, Marginal costs of carbon dioxide abatement: Empirical evidence from cross-country analysis, Swiss Journal of Economics and Statistics, 141(3), 377-410.
Milunovich, G., and R. Joyeux., 2007, Testing market efficiency and price discovery in European carbon markets, Macquarie economics research papers.
Montgomery, W.D., 1972, Markets in licenses and efficient pollution control programs, Journal of Economic Theory, 5(3):395-418.
Morgensterrn, R. D., 2002, Reducing carbon emissions and limiting costs, Resources for the future, 1-11.
Oberndorfer, U., 2009, EU emission allowances and the stock market : evidence from the electricity industry, Ecological Economics, 68(4), 1116-1126.
Phillips, P. C. B. and P. Perron., 1988, Testing for a unit root in time series regression, Biometrika, 75, 335-346.
Pittman, R. W., 1981, Issue in pollution control: interplant cost differences and economics of scale, Land Economics, 57(1), 1-17.
Point Carbon , 2010, Carbon 2010-return of the sovereign, Point Carbon’s 6th annual conference, Carbon Market Insights 2010 in Amsterdam, 2-4, March 2010.
Seifert, J., M.U. Homburg and M. Wagne., 2008 ,Dynamic behavior of CO2 spot price, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 56, 180-194.
Sijm, J. P. M, S. J. A. Bakker, Y. Chen, H. W. Harmsen, W. Lise., 2005, CO2 Price dynamics: The implications of EU emissions trading for the price of electricity, The Johns Hopkins University (Baltimore).
Stern, N., 2006, Stern review on the economics of climate change, Chmbridge University Press, Cambridge.
Szolgayova, J., S. Fuss., M. Obersteiner., 2008, Assessing the effects of CO2 prices caps on electricity investments─A real options analysis, Energy Policy, 36(10), 3974-3981.
World Bank, 2006, State and trends of the carbon market 2006.
__________, 2007, State and trends of the carbon market 2007.
__________, 2008, State and trends of the carbon market 2008.
__________, 2009, State and trends of the carbon market 2009.
__________, 2010, State and trends of the carbon market 2010.
__________, 2011, State and trends of the carbon market 2011.
古瀨村純一,2007,「二氧化碳排放權交易市場與排放權價格分析」。對外經濟貿易大學金融學系碩士學位論文。
吳國卿,2008,《碳交易:氣候變遷的市場解決方案》。財信出版社
李堅明,2010 a,「排放交易制度發展與推動」。排放交易與能源稅政策工具選擇與影響高峰論壇會議資料。
______,2010 b,「綠色金融改革與碳交易發展策略」。綠能產業發展趨勢及發展策略論壇會議資料。
洪涓和陳靜,2010,「國際碳排放權交易價格關係實證研究」。中國物價,2010年01期。
能源局,2010,《2010年能源產業技術白皮書》。能源局。
郭日生、彭斯震,2010,《碳市場》。科學出版社。
陳筆,2010,「東亞碳交易共同市場鄒議」。中技社2010年環境與能源研討會議資料。
黃宗煌、李堅明、莊富欽,2007,「廠商在排放交易制度下之污防性投資與創新行為」。經濟論文叢刊,35:1,87–114。國立台灣大學經濟學系出版。
黃盈茹,2010,「價格限制對二氧化碳排放交易價格之影響」。淡江大學經濟學系研究所碩士論文。
經濟部工業局,2010,「排放交易制度推動、配套與影響」。排放交易與能源稅政策工具選擇與影響高峰論壇會議資料,頁95-103。台灣經濟研究院。
蔡宜龍,2010,「二氧化碳排放交易價格波動分析」。淡江大學經濟學系研究所碩士論文。
蕭代基,2009,「碳排放交易機制建置之研究」。行政院經建會。
蕭伊婷,2008,「能源價格對於碳權價格之影響」。國立政治大學金融學系碩士班碩士論文。
簡慧貞,2010,「臺灣碳權平台交易建置及推動情形」。行政院環保署。
魏一鳴,2008,《中國能源報告2008─碳排放研究》。科學出版社。
魏國棟,2003,「氣候變遷與因應經濟政策工具:文獻回顧」。台北大學經濟研究,第39卷。
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
財政研究所
98255013
99
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0098255013
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 周麗芳<br>林良楓zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Chou, Li Fang<br>Lin, Liang Fengen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 宋建緯zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) 宋建緯zh_TW
dc.date (日期) 2010en_US
dc.date.accessioned 29-Sep-2011 18:33:07 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 29-Sep-2011 18:33:07 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 29-Sep-2011 18:33:07 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0098255013en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/51042-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 財政研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 98255013zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 99zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 近年來世人注目的焦點已從金融風暴議題,轉向了地球暖化、氣候劇變等問題,世界環境變遷造成人類巨大的傷害,已是國際組織與各國政府施政重點。在1997年12月於日本召開UNFCCC COP3,通過旨在限制溫室氣體排放的京都議定書,其中排放交易是指已開發國家間的合作,普遍被認為最具有成本效率性。
     
     近年全球對於環境保護意識已有大幅提升,各國降低碳排放之手段可區分為技術面以及經濟面。本文以後者為主要探討重點,亦即透過經濟手段以促進減碳科技廣泛的應用。減碳的技術同時具備外部性及公共財的特性,降低二氧化碳排放對環境之效益並無法排除他人享受,因此若碳價波動過度劇烈將影響企業減碳投資意願時,政府須介入管制碳價格。本文先探討究竟影響碳價波動的主因為何,以利後續研究碳權價格波動和價格管制間,權衡對減碳投資與減碳成效的影響。
     
      研究結果顯示,歐洲地區如北歐、東歐及南歐夏日氣候差異大,以及歐洲地區處於溫帶氣候因素使得極熱變數對碳價波動影響不顯著,但不保證其它地區有相同結論;能源價格對碳權價格有重大之影響,尤其原油最為明顯;由於匯率會影響能源價格,因此連帶影響碳價;極寒氣候對碳價有顯著影響,其先影響能源之供需,間接影響碳價之波動;SP之落後期在phase 2有縮短之趨勢,即天然氣與煤炭間之價差對碳價影響越來越大;進行碳價格之實證分析必須區分第一階段及第二階段,否則會造成估計上之不準確。不僅能源價格本身對碳價會有直接之影響,影響能源價格之變數亦間接影響碳價之波動,如氣候以及匯率,先經由透過能源價格變動再傳導至碳權價格。
zh_TW
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1
     第一節 研究背景與動機 1
     第二節 研究目的與範圍 5
     
     第二章 文獻回顧 8
     第一節 排放交易理論概述 8
     第二節 影響碳權價格之因素 10
     第三節 探討碳權之波動 16
     第四節 碳交易與減碳投資 19
     
     第三章 碳排放交易制度分析 24
     第一節 碳排放交易市場 24
     第二節 EU-ETS 制度分析 30
     第三節 碳市場的全球分佈概況 36
     第四節 台灣碳市場推動現況 46
     
     第四章 研究方法 50
     第一節 檢定與計量方法 50
     第二節 理論基礎 54
     第三節 實證模型 56
     第四節 研究樣本 58
     
     
     第五章 實證結果與分析 64
     第一節 敘述統計 64
     第二節 單根檢定 68
     第三節 ARCH test 70
     第四節 GARCH 模型估計結果 73
     
     第六章 結論與建議 84
     
     參考文獻 87
zh_TW
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0098255013en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 碳價zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) EU-ETSzh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 結構性差異zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 減碳投資zh_TW
dc.title (題名) 碳價波動影響因素之探討─以歐洲能源交易所碳交易為例zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Driving factors of carbon price volatility-example of european energy exchange AGen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Abadie, L. M. and J. M. Chamorro, 2008, Carbon price risk and the clean dark Spread, working paper, 1-27.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Alberola, E., J. Chevallier, and B. Chèze, 2009, Emissions compliances and carbon prices under the EU ETS: A country specific analysis of industrial sectors, Journal of Policy Modeling, 31(3), 446-462.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Alberola, E., J. Chevallier and B. Chèze., 2008, Price drivers and structural breaks in European carbon prices 2005-2007, Energy policy, 36, 787-797.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Benz, E. and S. Trück, 2009, Modeling the price dynamics of CO2 emission allowances, Energy Economics, 31, 4-15.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Betz, R., 2006, What is driving price volatility in the EU ETS?, Australasian Emissions Trading Forum, 4-5.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bollerslev, T., 1986, Generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity, Journal of Economietrics, 31(1), 34-105.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chevallier, J., 2009, Carbon futures and marcoeconomic risk factors: A view from the EU-ETS, Energy Economics, 31(4), 614-625.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Coase, R. H., 1960, The problem of social cost, Journal of Law and Economics, 3, 1-44.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dales, J. H., 1968, Pollution, property and prices, University of Toronto Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dickey, D. A. and W. A. Fuller., 1979, Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root, Journal of the American statistical association, 74(366), 427-431.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Engle, R. F., 1982, Autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity with estimate of the variance of United Kingdom inflation, econometrica, 50, 987-1007.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) IEA, 2008, Energy technology perspectives.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) IPCC, 2006, Guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kanen, J. L. M., 2006, Carbon trading and pricing, Environmental Finance Publications.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ljung, G. M. and G. E. P. Box., 1978, On a measure of lack of fit in time series models, Biometrika, 65(2), 297-303.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Malueg, D. A., 1989, Emission credit trading and the incentive to adopt new pollution abatement technology, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 16(1), 52-57.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Mansanet-Bataller, M. and P. Soriano, 2009, Volatility transmission in the CO2 and energy markets, working papers on the economics of climate change, 3, 1-14.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Mansanet-Bataller, M., A. Pardo., E. Valor., 2007, CO2 prices、energy and weather, The Energy Journal, 28(3) ,73-92.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Maradan, D. and A. Vassiliev, 2005, Marginal costs of carbon dioxide abatement: Empirical evidence from cross-country analysis, Swiss Journal of Economics and Statistics, 141(3), 377-410.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Milunovich, G., and R. Joyeux., 2007, Testing market efficiency and price discovery in European carbon markets, Macquarie economics research papers.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Montgomery, W.D., 1972, Markets in licenses and efficient pollution control programs, Journal of Economic Theory, 5(3):395-418.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Morgensterrn, R. D., 2002, Reducing carbon emissions and limiting costs, Resources for the future, 1-11.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Oberndorfer, U., 2009, EU emission allowances and the stock market : evidence from the electricity industry, Ecological Economics, 68(4), 1116-1126.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Phillips, P. C. B. and P. Perron., 1988, Testing for a unit root in time series regression, Biometrika, 75, 335-346.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Pittman, R. W., 1981, Issue in pollution control: interplant cost differences and economics of scale, Land Economics, 57(1), 1-17.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Point Carbon , 2010, Carbon 2010-return of the sovereign, Point Carbon’s 6th annual conference, Carbon Market Insights 2010 in Amsterdam, 2-4, March 2010.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Seifert, J., M.U. Homburg and M. Wagne., 2008 ,Dynamic behavior of CO2 spot price, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 56, 180-194.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Sijm, J. P. M, S. J. A. Bakker, Y. Chen, H. W. Harmsen, W. Lise., 2005, CO2 Price dynamics: The implications of EU emissions trading for the price of electricity, The Johns Hopkins University (Baltimore).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Stern, N., 2006, Stern review on the economics of climate change, Chmbridge University Press, Cambridge.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Szolgayova, J., S. Fuss., M. Obersteiner., 2008, Assessing the effects of CO2 prices caps on electricity investments─A real options analysis, Energy Policy, 36(10), 3974-3981.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) World Bank, 2006, State and trends of the carbon market 2006.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) __________, 2007, State and trends of the carbon market 2007.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) __________, 2008, State and trends of the carbon market 2008.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) __________, 2009, State and trends of the carbon market 2009.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) __________, 2010, State and trends of the carbon market 2010.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) __________, 2011, State and trends of the carbon market 2011.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 古瀨村純一,2007,「二氧化碳排放權交易市場與排放權價格分析」。對外經濟貿易大學金融學系碩士學位論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 吳國卿,2008,《碳交易:氣候變遷的市場解決方案》。財信出版社zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 李堅明,2010 a,「排放交易制度發展與推動」。排放交易與能源稅政策工具選擇與影響高峰論壇會議資料。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ______,2010 b,「綠色金融改革與碳交易發展策略」。綠能產業發展趨勢及發展策略論壇會議資料。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 洪涓和陳靜,2010,「國際碳排放權交易價格關係實證研究」。中國物價,2010年01期。zh_TW
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