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題名 國際安全機構對族群衝突的干預
International security institutions` intervention in ethnic conflict
作者 張棋炘
Chang, Chi Shin
貢獻者 鄧中堅
Teng, Chung Chian
張棋炘
Chang, Chi Shin
關鍵詞 國際安全機構
族群衝突
新自由制度主義
衝突解決
第三方
International Security Institution
Ethnic Conflict
Neo-liberal Institutionalism
Conflict Resolution
The Third Party
日期 2010
上傳時間 29-九月-2011 18:35:44 (UTC+8)
摘要 冷戰結束後的第一個十年，國際關係當中的最主要特徵就是族群衝突的出現，不過卻顯然缺乏適當的理論可以解釋此一現象，更遑論其解決。雖然族群衝突並非嶄新現象，但是其發生頻率在整個90年代當中卻是最高，也因此衝擊到整個國際安全議程的設定，國際安全機構甚至主動介入其中，為族群衝突的解決找到了可能的方案。傳統國際關係當中的主流理論並無法適當地解釋這一現象，其他研究者所嘗試建構的族群衝突理論也多半將重心集中在分析衝突的起源，對於族群衝突的解決同樣無法提供有力的解釋。

有關族群衝突的起因或過程，已經存在許多的解釋，但是對於族群衝突解決的研究卻缺乏系統性的研究。本文主張，國際安全機構乃是可以用來解決族群衝突的一項良好的制度性工具。原因一方面在於國際安全機構本身就是國際社會成員為追求共同利益、降低交易成本所建構出來的制度產物，在其中必然涵蓋了解決衝突的規範和程序，特別是當族群衝突的發生已經影響到國際社會的共同利益，國際安全機構勢將依據制度啟動衝突解決。另一方面，族群衝突過程當中的暴力程度和缺乏互信狀態，也使得衝突各造難以自行尋找出可行的解決方案。根據衝突解決研究途徑來看，由擁有強制力量的國際安全機構出面改變衝突的結構，將因此為族群衝突的解決創造機會。換言之，以制度主義理論為經，解釋國際安全機構的動機；以衝突解決架構為緯，分析國際安全機構在解決族群衝突過程中的角色和功能，將能夠充分解釋國際安全機構介入並干預族群衝突這一現象。本文也將以發生在非洲和東歐的幾次重大族群衝突案例來進一步驗證此一論點。
The main feature of international relations in the first decade after the Cold War is the burgeoning of ethnic conflicts. IR theorists soon find themselves uncomfortable while trying to explain the phenomenon, not even close to the ‘resolution’. Ethnic conflicts are apparently not new to this globe, but they happened everywhere and thereby dominated international security agenda-setting, especially in the 1990s. In the meantime, international security institutions actively intervened in those conflicts and settled some of them. This could not be explained by the traditional IR theories either. Those ethnic conflict theories focus most of the origins, are also incapable of offering good analysis.

There is still in lack of systematic research about the resolution of ethnic conflicts. The thesis claim international security institutions are well-designed and institutionalized to settle ethnic conflicts for two reasons. Firstly, international security institutions are the product of international cooperation for common good and transaction-cost cutting. Conflict regulating mechanisms are always embedded in these institutions. These mechanisms will be automatically activated while regional (or international) security is seriously endangered. Secondly, bloody violence and antagonism makes the conflicting parties hard to find feasible solutions to end these conflicts. According to the conflict resolution approach, the ethnic conflicts could be settled when international security institutions taking initiative to change the structure of conflict.

By taking both institutionalism theory and conflict resolution approach as an analytical scheme, the thesis will not only explain the motives for international security institutions’ intervention, but also analyze the roles that international security institutions can play during the conflict process. Four case studies followed will be further explored to testify this hypothesis.
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Posen, Barry R. “The War for Kosovo: Serbia`s Political-Military Strategy,” International Security, Vol. 24, No. 4 (Spring, 2000), pp. 39-84.
Regan, Patrick M. “Third-Party Interventions and the Duration of Intrastate Conflicts,” The Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 46, No. 1, Understanding Civil War (Feb., 2002), pp. 55-73.
Roe, Paul. “The Intrastate Security Dilemma: Ethnic Conflict as a `Tragedy`?,” Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 36, No. 2 (Mar., 1999), pp. 183-202.
Ron, James. “Boundaries and Violence: Repertoires of State Action along the Bosnia/Yugoslavia Divide,” Theory and Society, Vol. 29, No. 5 (Oct., 2000), pp. 609-649.
Rosenau, James N. “Intervention as a Scientific Concept,” The Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vo. 13, No. 2 (June 1969), pp. 149-171.
Sambanis, Nicholas. “Partition as a Solution to Ethnic War: An Empirical Critique of the Theoretical Literature,” World Politics, Vol. 52, No. 4 (Jul., 2000), pp. 437-483.
Stigler, Andrew L. “A Clear Victory for Air Power: NATO`s Empty Threat to Invade Kosovo,” International Security, Vol. 27, No. 3 (Winter, 2002-2003), pp. 124-157.
Stoudmann, Gérard. “The OSCE: Still Relevant to the New Global Security Environment?,” Helsinki Monitor, Vol. 16, No. 3, (2005), pp. 198-203.
Tyler, Tom R. “Social Justice: Outcome and Procedure,” International Journal of Psychology, Vol. 35, No. 2, (2000), pp. 117-125.
Ullman, Richard H. “Redefining Security,” International Security, Vol. 8, No. 1 (Sumer, 1983), pp. 129-153.
Wall, James A., Jr. “Mediation: An Analysis, Review, and Proposed Research,” Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 25, No. 1 (1981), pp. 157-180.
Walt, Stephen. “Rigor or Rigor Mortis?,” International Security, Vol 23, No. 4 (Spring, 1999), pp. 5-48.
Zakaria, Fareed “The Future of American Power: How America Can Survive the Rise of the Rest,” Foreign Affairs 87, No.3 (May/June 2008), pp. 18-43.
四、 會議論文：
Collins, Alan “Comparing and Contrasting Realist and Constructivist Interpretations of the Ethnic Security Dilemma,” in Constructivism’s Explanatory Power: Past, Present, and Future, The International Studies Association, Chicago, Illinois, USA. 28 Feb.-3 Mar., 2007.
Crocker, Chester “Lesson on Intervention,” in Managing Conflict in the Post-Cold War World: The Role of Intervention, Report of the Aspen Institute Conference, August 2-6, 1995 (Aspen, Colorado: Aspen Institute, 1996), pp.77-88.
五、 五、報紙：
The International Herald Tribune
The New York Times
The Washington Post
The Washington Times
貳、 中文部份：
一、 專書：
Baldwin, David A. 主編，肖歡容譯，《新現實主義和新自由主義》，杭州：浙江人民出版社，2001年。
Burton, John W. 著，馬學印、譚朝潔譯，《全球衝突：國際危機的國內根源》，上海：上海人民出版社，2007年。
Coppieters, Bruno 著，宋新寧主編，《歐洲化與衝突解決：關於歐洲邊緣地帶的個案研究》，北京：法律出版社，2006年。
Holsti, Kalevi J. 著，王浦劬等譯，《和平與戰爭：1648-1989年的武裝衝突與國際秩序》，北京：北京大學出版社，2005年。
Huntington, Samuel P. 著，黃裕美譯，《文明衝突與世界秩序的重建》，台北：聯經出版社，2001年。
Jackson, Robert and Sorensen, Georg著，吳勇、宋德星譯，《國際關係學理論與方法》，天津：天津人民出版社，2008年。
Khalilzad, Zalmay、Lesser, Ian O. 著，《21世紀的政治衝突》，南京：江蘇人民出版社，2000年。
Kramer, Helmut and Džihić, Vedran著，苑建華、徐四季、張曉玲、李彬譯，《科索沃問題》，北京：中央編譯出版社，2007年。
Thomas L. Friedman著，蔡繼光、李振昌、霍達文譯，《了解全球化：凌志汽車與橄欖樹》，台北：聯經出版社，2000年。
______，楊振富、潘勛譯，《世界是平的》，台北：雅言文化，2007年。
王逸舟，《全球化時代的國際安全》，上海：上海人民出版社，1999。
王緝思、徐輝、倪峰主編，《冷戰後的美國外交》，北京：時事出版社，2008年。
田　野，《國際關係中的制度選擇：一種交易成本的視角》，上海：上海人民出版社，2006年。
余南平主編，《歐盟一體化：共同安全與外交政策》，上海：華東師範大學出版社，2009年。
余建華，《民族主義、國家結構與國際化》，北京：民族出版社，2004年。
吳　華、王昉、周定湘主编，《全球衝突與爭端》，北京：世界知識出版社，1998年。
吳萬寶，《西歐聯盟－一個軍事組織的變遷》，台北：五南出版社，2001年。
______，《歐洲安全暨合作組織》，台北：五南出版社，2000年。
______，《邁向歐盟建軍之路：歐盟共同歐洲安全暨防衛政策》，台北：韋伯文化國際出版公司，2003年。
沈玄池、洪德欽主編，《歐洲聯盟：理論與政策》，台北市：中央研究院歐美研究所，1998年。
洪茂雄編著，《南斯拉夫史：巴爾幹國家的合與分》，台北：三民書局，2005年。
唐永勝、徐棄郁，《尋求複雜的平衡：國際安全機制與主權國家的參與》，北京：世界知識出版社，2004年。
徐能武，《國際安全機制：理論與分析》，北京：中國社會科學出版社，2008年。
高秋福，《硝烟未散－科索沃戰爭與世界格局》，北京：新華出版社，1999年。
郭承天，《國際建制與國際組織》，台北：時英出版社，1996年。
郭樹勇，《建構主義與國際政治》，北京：長征出版社，2001年。
陳　勁，《歐盟外交政策與對外關係》，台北：五南出版社，2002年。
惠一鳴，《歐洲聯盟發展史》，北京：中國社會科學出版社，2008年。
馮紹雷主編，《歐盟一體化共同安全與外交政策》，上海：華東師範大學出版社，2009年。
蒲　寧、陳曉東，《國際衝突研究》，北京：時事出版社，2007年。
劉　明，《國際干預與國家主權》，成都：四川人民出版社，2000年。
劉中民、左彩金、駱素青，《民族主義與當代國際政治》，北京：世界知識出版社，2006年。
羅豔華，《國際關係中的人權與主權》，北京：北京大學出版社，2005年。
蘇長和，《全球公共問題與國際合作：一種制度的分析》，上海：上海人民出版社，2009年。
楊永明，《國際安全與國際法》，台北：元照出版社，2003年。
楊逢泰，《非洲研究專集》，台北：台灣商務印書館，1989年。
二、 學術論文
林佾靜，《反思國際關係理論中「國家中心論」之探討》，台北：政治大學外交研究所博士論文，2009年。
蔡育岱，《「人類安全」：安全研究之新議程》，台北：政治大學外交研究所博士論文，2008年。
三、 期刊：
詹姆斯‧皮特拉斯（James Petras），「美國捏造的關於南斯拉夫的神話」，海峽評論，103期（1999年7月），頁6。
吳萬寶，「後冷戰時代歐洲安全暨合作組織的調適與變遷」，研究與動態，7期（2002年12月），頁31-57。
______，「西歐聯盟的擴張與中東歐國家」，研究與動態，8期，2003年6月，頁59-73。
______，「歐盟歐洲安全戰略之研究」，研究與動態，10期，2004年6月，頁103-117。
______，「歐洲安全暨合作組織擴大與擴張之研究」，研究與動態，11期，2004年12月，頁107-133。
______，「歐盟新憲下的歐洲安全暨防衛政策」，研究與動態，12期，2005年6月，頁129-144。
______，「維持和平－歐安組織與北約的競爭抑或分工？」，研究與動態，14期，2006年7月，頁59-88。
林碧炤，「國際衝突的研究途徑與處理方法」，問題與研究，35卷3期，1996年3月，頁1-28。
李大中，「北約之轉型：德國與大西洋兩岸秩序的重建」，問題與研究，第35卷，第3期， 1996年3月，頁65-80。
周　煦，「聯合國集體安全與維持和平之演變」，淡江人文社會學刋五十週年校慶特刊，2000年10月，頁143-191。
張台麟，「一九九四年盧安達種族互殘的緣由與影響」，問題與研究，第39卷，第9期，2000年9月，頁35-48。
劉　實，「論北約插手科索沃問題：『新干涉主義』能成為國際法規範嗎？」，海峽評論，103期，1999年7月，頁10-11。
戴萬欽，「聯合國邁入二十一世紀－維持世界和平之挑戰與機會」，淡江人文社會學刊五十週年校慶特刊，2000年10月，頁193-234。
葉錦娟，「新干預主義－武力使用之合法性與正當性」，台灣國際研究季刊，第6卷，第3期（2010年/秋季號），頁178。
四、 報紙：
中國時報
自由時報
聯合報
描述 博士
國立政治大學
外交研究所
91253505
99
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0912535051
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 鄧中堅zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Teng, Chung Chianen_US
dc.contributor.author (作者) 張棋炘zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (作者) Chang, Chi Shinen_US
dc.creator (作者) 張棋炘zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Chang, Chi Shinen_US
dc.date (日期) 2010en_US
dc.date.accessioned 29-九月-2011 18:35:44 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 29-九月-2011 18:35:44 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 29-九月-2011 18:35:44 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0912535051en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/51101-
dc.description (描述) 博士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 外交研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 91253505zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 99zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 冷戰結束後的第一個十年，國際關係當中的最主要特徵就是族群衝突的出現，不過卻顯然缺乏適當的理論可以解釋此一現象，更遑論其解決。雖然族群衝突並非嶄新現象，但是其發生頻率在整個90年代當中卻是最高，也因此衝擊到整個國際安全議程的設定，國際安全機構甚至主動介入其中，為族群衝突的解決找到了可能的方案。傳統國際關係當中的主流理論並無法適當地解釋這一現象，其他研究者所嘗試建構的族群衝突理論也多半將重心集中在分析衝突的起源，對於族群衝突的解決同樣無法提供有力的解釋。

有關族群衝突的起因或過程，已經存在許多的解釋，但是對於族群衝突解決的研究卻缺乏系統性的研究。本文主張，國際安全機構乃是可以用來解決族群衝突的一項良好的制度性工具。原因一方面在於國際安全機構本身就是國際社會成員為追求共同利益、降低交易成本所建構出來的制度產物，在其中必然涵蓋了解決衝突的規範和程序，特別是當族群衝突的發生已經影響到國際社會的共同利益，國際安全機構勢將依據制度啟動衝突解決。另一方面，族群衝突過程當中的暴力程度和缺乏互信狀態，也使得衝突各造難以自行尋找出可行的解決方案。根據衝突解決研究途徑來看，由擁有強制力量的國際安全機構出面改變衝突的結構，將因此為族群衝突的解決創造機會。換言之，以制度主義理論為經，解釋國際安全機構的動機；以衝突解決架構為緯，分析國際安全機構在解決族群衝突過程中的角色和功能，將能夠充分解釋國際安全機構介入並干預族群衝突這一現象。本文也將以發生在非洲和東歐的幾次重大族群衝突案例來進一步驗證此一論點。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) The main feature of international relations in the first decade after the Cold War is the burgeoning of ethnic conflicts. IR theorists soon find themselves uncomfortable while trying to explain the phenomenon, not even close to the ‘resolution’. Ethnic conflicts are apparently not new to this globe, but they happened everywhere and thereby dominated international security agenda-setting, especially in the 1990s. In the meantime, international security institutions actively intervened in those conflicts and settled some of them. This could not be explained by the traditional IR theories either. Those ethnic conflict theories focus most of the origins, are also incapable of offering good analysis.

There is still in lack of systematic research about the resolution of ethnic conflicts. The thesis claim international security institutions are well-designed and institutionalized to settle ethnic conflicts for two reasons. Firstly, international security institutions are the product of international cooperation for common good and transaction-cost cutting. Conflict regulating mechanisms are always embedded in these institutions. These mechanisms will be automatically activated while regional (or international) security is seriously endangered. Secondly, bloody violence and antagonism makes the conflicting parties hard to find feasible solutions to end these conflicts. According to the conflict resolution approach, the ethnic conflicts could be settled when international security institutions taking initiative to change the structure of conflict.

By taking both institutionalism theory and conflict resolution approach as an analytical scheme, the thesis will not only explain the motives for international security institutions’ intervention, but also analyze the roles that international security institutions can play during the conflict process. Four case studies followed will be further explored to testify this hypothesis.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents －　目　　次　－ I
－　圖表目次　－ III
第一章 緒　　論 1
第一節 研究緣起與目的 1
第二節 文獻探討 5
第三節 問題意識與研究架構 14
第四節 概念定義與研究方法 18
第五節 研究範圍與限制 25
第六節 章節安排 27
第二章 族群衝突探討及其解決 29
第一節 衝突與衝突理論 29
第二節 族群衝突與國際安全 40
第三節 終結族群衝突？ 51
第四節 衝突解決的運用 59
第五節 小　結 75
第三章 制度下的族群衝突解決 77
第一節 國際安全機構之剖析 77
第二節 干預族群衝突－制度作用與制度化 112
第三節 國際安全機構在族群衝突中的角色 143
第四節 族群衝突解決建制 156
第五節 小　結 168
第四章 國際安全機構干預的失敗 171
第一節 索馬利亞的人道災難 171
第二節 強制執行行動及其扭曲 176
第三節 盧安達的族群屠殺 183
第四節 小　結 192
第五章 族群衝突解決的成功 195
第一節 波士尼亞「新戰爭」 196
第二節 北約承接波士尼亞衝突的干預責任 212
第三節 科索沃：族群衝突解決的制度化驗證 222
第四節 小　結 232
第六章 結　　論 235
第一節 研究發現與貢獻 235
第二節 未來研究展望 237
參考書目 239		zh_TW
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0912535051en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 國際安全機構zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 族群衝突zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 新自由制度主義zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 衝突解決zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 第三方zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) International Security Institutionen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Ethnic Conflicten_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Neo-liberal Institutionalismen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Conflict Resolutionen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) The Third Partyen_US
dc.title (題名) 國際安全機構對族群衝突的干預zh_TW
dc.title (題名) International security institutions` intervention in ethnic conflicten_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 參考書目zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 壹、 英文部份：zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) _______. Social Conflicts and Third Parties: Strategies of Conflict Resolution. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1984.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) _______, and Judith Fretter. Regional Guide to International Conflict and Its Management, Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, 2004.zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 五、 五、報紙：zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 四、 報紙：zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 中國時報zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 自由時報zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 聯合報zh_TW