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題名 An assessment of the strategic use of outer space among China, Russia, and the United States
An assessment of the strategic use of outer space among China, Russia, and the United States
作者 農凱貞
貢獻者 趙國材
農凱貞
關鍵詞 Space
International law
日期 2009
上傳時間 29-九月-2011 18:57:09 (UTC+8)
摘要 In 2010, with globalization, and economic integration, the world is brought even closer together by satellite technology. Satellites have revolutionized modern military operations and have become essential to ensuring national security regimes. The number of space faring nations has increased, and the US no longer holds a monopoly in space. With China’s successful ASAT test in 2007 and increasing military buildup and cooperation between China and Russia, the US must carefully develop space policies that do not appear antagonistic and unilateral in an attempt to dominate, otherwise a new cold war in space will ensue.
     Already at the precipice of an all out arms race, the militarization of space has set the stage for the next phase: the weaponization of outer space. In order to prevent this, the laws of outer space should be clear and specifically dictate the rules. Unfortunately, the laws of space are outdated, vague, with marginal controls written before the technology of modern times.
     The hypothesis for this thesis is based on the belief that the current treaties governing space are insufficient, and in order to preserve peace, they must evolve, along with increased international cooperation, communication, and transparency measures to prevent an all out conflict. This thesis is divided into five sections, the first of which provides an introduction and review of the existing legal system in space. This is followed by current issues and growing concerns, a summary of China, Russia and the US’s strategic capabilities, and finally the assessment of international legal regime in place to help mitigate the use of space. In order to ensure space security for all, transparent, multilateral policies should be pursued.
     The militarization of space will continue until it reaches a point of confrontation. In order to preserve the peaceful use of space, arms control agreements and the existing space legislation needs to be clarified and updated. International dialogue must promote progress and advancement in shared technology, not an arms race. Through cooperation and collaborative efforts, the continued development of space can be achieved for the benefit of all.
參考文獻 UN Declarations, Resolutions, Legal Principles and Publications
• UNGA Resolution 1721(XVI) of States Launching Objects into Orbit or Beyond, December 20, 1961.
• UNGA Resolution 1884(XVII) Question of General and Complete Disarmament, October17, 1963.
• UNGA Declaration of Legal Principles Governing the Activities of States in the
Exploration and Peaceful Use of Outer Space, 1962 (XVIII) December 13, 1963.
• UNGA International Cooperation in the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, 1963 (XVIII) December 13, 1963.
• The Principles Governing the Use by States of Artificial Earth Satellites for International Direct Television Broadcasting, UNGA Resolution 37/92 of December 10, 1982.
• The Principles Relating to Remote Sensing of the Earth from Outer Space, UNGA Resolution 41/65 of December 3, 1986.
• The Principles Relevant to the Use of Nuclear Power Sources in Outer Space, GA Resolution 47/68 of December 14, 1992.
• The Declaration on International Cooperation in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space for the Benefit and in the Interest of All States, Taking into Particular Account the Needs of Developing Countries, UNGA Resolution 51/122 of December 13, 1996.
• Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space. United Nations General Assembly Resolution: 55/32, January 2001.
Newspapers
• Baker, John & Kevin Pollpeter, “A Future for US-China Space Cooperation?” Space News, December 13, 2004.
• Elegant, Simon & Mark Thompson, “Why China’s Missile Test is Troubling,” Time, January 19, 2007. Accessed 10/5/09.
• Evans, Robert, “Russia, China Urge Start to Space Weapon Talks,” Reuters, March 22, 2005.
• Schwartz, John, “Experts to Discuss US Space Plan,” The New York Times, February 12, 2008. Accessed 11/2/09.
• Spencer, Richard, “Chinese Missile Destroys Satellite in Space,” The Daily Telegraph, January 19, 2007. Accessed 11/2/09.
• “U.S. Official: Chinese Test Missile Obliterates Satellite,” Washington, CNN, January, 19, 2007. Accessed 9/1/09.
Internet Sources
• Chaikin, Andrew, “Greatest Space Events of the 20th Century: The 70s,” Space & Science: Space.com (December 3, 1999). (http://www.space.com/news/spacehistory/greatest_70s_991230.html). Accessed 11/5/09.
• “Hubble Opens New Eyes on the Universe,” News Release, HUBBLESITE.org (September 9, 2009). Accessed 12/9/09.
Government Correspondence, Publications and Statements
• Kestenbaum, David, “Chinese Missile Destroys Satellite in 500-Mile Orbit,” NPR:All Things Considered (January 19, 2007), [Radio Transcript: Online: (http://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=6923805).
Accessed 10/15/09.
• Noble, Michael J, “Export Controls and United States Space Power,” Astropolitics, Volume 6, Issue 3 (September 2008), 251-312. Accessed 11/2/09.
• “No Fireworks,” New Scientist, Issue 2038 (July 13, 1996), 50-51. Accessed 10/26/09.
• “Sergei Ivanov considers reports on the rocket launch by China, that destroyed a satellite, exaggerated,” Voice of Russia (January 20, 2007), (http://www.vor.ru/index.phtml?id=4452). Accessed 9/14/09.
• Shah, Anup, “Arms Race,” Global Issues (January 3, 2001), (http://www.globalissues.org/article/136/arms-race). Accessed 10/15/09.
• Weeks, Edythe, “Applying International Relations Theory to the Current Politics of Outer Space Development,” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association (Town & Country Resort and Convention Center: San Diego, California, March 22, 2006), 1-28. (http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p98300_index.html). Accessed 9/3/09.
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Other
• A Dictionary of Law, 3rd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994.
• US Statement, Definition and Delimitation of Outer Space and the Character and Utilization of the Geostationary Orbit, Legal Subcommittee of the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space at its 40th Session in Vienna from April, Agenda Item 6, Statement by the Delegation of the United States of America, US Department of State.
Official Websites
AFSPC: Air Force Space Command: http://www.afspc.af.mil.
BBC: http://www.bbc.co.uk.
CDI: http://www.cdi.org.
China Brief: http://www.jamestown.org/programs/chinabrief.
CNN: http://edition.cnn.com.
CNSA: http://www.cnsa.gov.cn.html.
ECSL : European Centre for Space Law :
http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/ECSL/index.html.
• Statement of General Kevin P. Chilton. Commander: United States Strategic Commander, Before the Strategic Forces Subcommittee House Armed Services Committee on United States Strategic Command, February 27, 2008.
Global Issues : http://www.globalissues.org.
Global Security : http://www.globalsecurity.org/index.html.
Inside GNSS : http://www.insidegnss.com.
International Assessment and Strategy Center : http://www.strategycenter.net.
IADC : Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee :
http://www.iadc-online.org/index.cgi?item=home.
IAF : http://www.fai.org/astronautics/100km.asp.
INTELSAT : http://www.intelsat.com.
ITU : International Telecommunication Union : http://www.itu.int/en/pages/default.aspx.
NASA: http://www.nasa.gov/home/index.html.
• Statement by the Chinese Delegation at the Thematic Debate on Outer Space at the First Committee of the 64th Session of the UNGA, October 20, 2009.
National Geographic: http://www.nationalgeographic.com.
Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary: http://www.merriam-webster.com.
People Daily Online: http://english.peopledaily.com.cn.
Permanent Mission of the People’s Republic of China to the United nations Office at Geneva and Other International Organizations in Switzerland:
http://www.china-un.ch/eng.
REUTERS: http://www.reuters.com.
The Telegraph: http://www.telegraph.co.uk.
UNECSO: http://www.unesco.org.
UNOOSA: http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/index.html.
US Department of State: http://www.state.gov.
• “Communications Satellite Act of 1962: hearings before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, Eighty-seventh Congress, second session, on H.R. 11040, an act for the establishment, ownership, operations, and regulation of a commercial communications satellite system and for other purposes,” United States Congress: Senate: Committee on Foreign Relations, US: Washington, 1962.
SECONDARY SOURCES
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• Benko, Mary, Willem de Graaff, & Gijsbertha C.M. Reijnen, Space Law in the United Nations, Boston: Dordrecht, 1990.
• Berstein, Richard and Ross H. Munro, The Coming Conflict with China, New York: Knopf, 1997.
• Bush, Richard C. & O’Hanlon, Michael E, A War Like No Other: The Truth About China’s Challenges to America, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007.
• Cheng, Bin, Studies in International Space Law, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997.
• Chia-Jui, Cheng, The Use of Airspace and Outer Space for all Mankind in the 21st Century: Proceedings of the International Conference on Air Transport and Space Application in a New World, Held in Tokyo from June 2-5, 1993, The Hague/Boston: Kluwer Law International, 1995.
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• Chia-Jui Cheng & Doo Hwan Kim, The Utilization of the World’s Air Space and Free Outer Space in the 21st Century, The Hague/Boston: Kluwer Law International, 1997.
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• Diederiks-Verschoor, I. H. Philepina, An Introduction to Space Law, Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers, 1993.
• Dolman, Everett C., Astropolitik: Classical Geopolitics in the Space Age, Portland: Frank Cass, 2001.
• Fawcett, J.E.S., Outer Space: New Challenges to Law and Policy, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984.
• Gennady, Zhukov and Yuri Kolosov, International Space Law, New York: Praeger Special Studies, 1984.
• Goldman, Nathan C., Space Policy: An Introduction, Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1992.
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• Jasentuliyana, Nandasiri, Space Law: Development and Scope, Westport: Praeger, 1992.
• Joyner, Christopher C., International Law in the 21st Century: Rules for Global Governance, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, INC., 2005.
• Lo, Bobo, Vladimir Putin and the Evolution of Russian Foreign Policy, London: Blackwell, 2003.
• Lyall, Francis and Paul B. Larsen, Space Law: A Treatise, Burlington: Ashgate Publishing Co., 2009.
• Mowthorpe, Matthew, The Militarization and Weaponization of Space, New York: Lexington Books, 2004.
• Ni, Zhengyu, “Some Problems of International Law Concerning Outer Space,” Selected Articles from Chinese Yearbook of International Law (Beijing: China Translation & Pub. Co., 1983), 64-84.
• Ragazzi, Maurizio, The Concept of International Obligations Erga Omnes, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.
• Reynolds, Glenn H. and Robert P. Merges, Outer Space: Problems of Law and Policy, Boulder: Westview Press, 1989.
• Roth, Brad R., Governmental Illegitimacy in International Law, New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.
• Sokolovskii,Vasilii Danilovich, Soviet Military Strategy, Crane: Russak, 1975.
• Smith, Milton L., International Regulation of Satellite Communication, Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1990.
• Stares, P.B., The Militarization of Space: US Policy, 1945-1984, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1985.
• Talmon, Stefan, Recognition of Governments in International Law: With Particular Reference to Governments in Exile, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998.
• Traa-Engelman, H.L. van, Commercial Utilization of Outer Space: Law and Practice, Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1993.
• Wassenbergh, Henri A., Principles of Outer Space Law in Hindsight, Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1991.
• Wolter, Detlev, Common Security in Outer Space and International Law, Geneva: UNIDIR United Nation Publication, 2006.
• Zwaan, Tanja L.,Walter W.C. De Vries, Paul Henry Tuinder, & Ilias I. Kuskuvelis, Space Law: Views of the Future: A Compilation of Articles by a New Generation of Space Law Scholars, Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1988.
Articles, Papers and Reports
• Armstrong, Dale, “Space Preservation or Space Destruction?” The Space Review, March 12, 2007.
• Ball, Desmond, “Assessing China’s ASAT Program,” Austral Special Report, June 14, 2007. (http://www.nautilus.org/~rmit/forum-reports/0714s-ball). Accessed 9/2/09.
• Bowman, Robert M, “Arms Control in Space,” Air University Review (November-December 1985), 45-53.
• Brownlie, Ian, “The Maintenance of International Peace and Security in Outer Space,” British Yearbook of International Law, XL (1964), 1-31.
• Cheng, Bin, “The Legal Status of Outer Space and Relevant Issues: Delimitation of Outer Space and Definition of Peaceful Use,” Journal of Space Law, Volume 11, Mississippi: University of Mississippi School of Law (Spring/Fall 1983), 89-105.
• --------------- , “Recent Developments in Air Law,” Current Legal Problems, Volume (1956), 208-234.
• -------------- , “Crimes on Board Aircraft,” Current Legal Problems, Volume 12 (1959), 177-207.
• -------------- , “Analogies and Fictions in Air and Space Law,” Current Legal Problems, Volume 15 (1962), 226-247.
• -------------- , “The Extra-Terrestrial Application of International Law,” Current Legal Problems, Volume 18 (1965), 132-152.
• -------------- , “International Co-operation and Control: From Atoms to Space,” Current Legal Problems, Volume 21 (1968), 137-158.
• -------------- , “Liability for Spacecraft,” Current Legal Problems, Volume 23 (1970), 216-239.
• -------------- , “Communications Satellites,” Current Legal Problems, Volume 24 (1971), 211-245.
• -------------- , “The Moon Treaty: Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies within the Solar System other than the Earth, December 18, 1979,” Current Legal Problems, Volume 33 (1980), 213-237.
• de Cordoba, Sanz Fernandez, “100 km Altitude Boundary for Astronautics,” Federation Aeronautique Internationale: Astronautic Records Commission (June 26, 2004).
• Crawford, James and Vaughan Lowe, eds., “Decisions of British Courts During 2005 Involving Questions of Public or Private International Law, Part Two: II. Sources and Codification of International Law – Codification and progressive development of international law,” British Yearbook of International Law, LXXVI (2005), 698-699.
• Cruickshank, D.A., Joey Fox, Jetta Gilligan Bory, and Caspar Trimmer, SIPRI Yearbook 2009: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security, Solna, Sweden: Oxford University Press, 2009.
• Figliola, Patricia Moloney, “US Military Space Programs: An Overview of Appropriations and Current Issues,” CRS Report for Congress: Received through the CRS Web, Order Code RL33601 (August 7, 2006).
• Fisher, Richard, Jr., “Report on the Zhuhai Airshow: November 3-8, 2002,” Arms Show Reports, November 30, 2002, International Assessment and Strategy Center, 2004.
• Hackett, James, ed., The Military Balance 2009, The International Institute for Strategic Studies, UK: Routledge, 2009.
• Harvey, Brian, “China’s Space Program: Emerging Competitor or Potential Partner?” New Challenges in Missile Proliferation, Missile Defense, and Space Security, Center for Nonproliferation Studies: Occasional Paper No. 12, July, 2003. 49-55.
• Jasentuliyana, Nandasiri, “Maintaining Outer Space for Peaceful Uses: Proceedings of a Symposium held in the Hague, March,” Tokyo: United Nations University, 1984.
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Journals and Magazines
• Aikman, Bill, “Operation Morning Light: The Search for Satellite Cosmos 954;” Sentinel, Volume 14, Number 2 ?(Canada: Department of National Defense, 1978), 4-16.
• Berstein and Munro, “The Coming Conflict with China,” in Emma V. Broomfield, “Perceptions of Danger: the China threat theory,” Journal of Contemporary China (2003), 216-235.
• Blagov, Sergei, “Russia and China: United by Foreign Policy, Divided by Energy Prices,” Eurasia Daily Monitor, Volume 5, Issue 100 (May 26, 2008), 53-61.
• Chase, Michael S, “China’s Assessment of the War in Iraq: America’s ‘Deepest Quagmire’ and the Implications for Chinese National Security,” China Brief, Volume 7, Issue 17 (September 19, 2007), 11-16.
• Cheng, Joseph Y.S. and Zhang Wankun, “Patterns and Dynamics of China’s International Strategic Behavior,” Journal of Contemporary China, Volume 11, Number 13 (May 2002), 235-260.
• Halibronner, Kay, “Freedom of the Air and the Convention on the Law of the Sea,” The American Journal of International Law, Volume 77, Number 3 (July 1983), 490-520.
• Hitchens, Theresa, “US-Sino Relations in Space: From ‘War of Words’ to Cold War in Space?” China Security (Winter 2007), 12-30. Accessed 11/4/09.
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• Marchisio, Sergio, “The Evolutionary Stages of the Legal Subcommittee of the United Nations committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS),” Journal of Space Law, Volume 31 (Summer 2005), 219-226.
• Markoff, Marko G, “Disarmament and “Peaceful Purposes” Provisions in the 1967 Outer Space Treaty,” Journal of Space Law, Volume 4, Number 2 (Fall 1976), 3-22.
• Viikari, L. E, “Environmental Impact Assessment and Space Activities,” Advances in Space Research, Volume 34, Issue 11 (January 2004), 2363-2367.
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描述 碩士
國立政治大學
亞太研究英語碩士學位學程(IMAS)
95925038
98
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0959250381
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 趙國材zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (作者) 農凱貞zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) 農凱貞zh_TW
dc.date (日期) 2009en_US
dc.date.accessioned 29-九月-2011 18:57:09 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 29-九月-2011 18:57:09 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 29-九月-2011 18:57:09 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0959250381en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/51133-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 亞太研究英語碩士學位學程(IMAS)zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 95925038zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 98zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) In 2010, with globalization, and economic integration, the world is brought even closer together by satellite technology. Satellites have revolutionized modern military operations and have become essential to ensuring national security regimes. The number of space faring nations has increased, and the US no longer holds a monopoly in space. With China’s successful ASAT test in 2007 and increasing military buildup and cooperation between China and Russia, the US must carefully develop space policies that do not appear antagonistic and unilateral in an attempt to dominate, otherwise a new cold war in space will ensue.
     Already at the precipice of an all out arms race, the militarization of space has set the stage for the next phase: the weaponization of outer space. In order to prevent this, the laws of outer space should be clear and specifically dictate the rules. Unfortunately, the laws of space are outdated, vague, with marginal controls written before the technology of modern times.
     The hypothesis for this thesis is based on the belief that the current treaties governing space are insufficient, and in order to preserve peace, they must evolve, along with increased international cooperation, communication, and transparency measures to prevent an all out conflict. This thesis is divided into five sections, the first of which provides an introduction and review of the existing legal system in space. This is followed by current issues and growing concerns, a summary of China, Russia and the US’s strategic capabilities, and finally the assessment of international legal regime in place to help mitigate the use of space. In order to ensure space security for all, transparent, multilateral policies should be pursued.
     The militarization of space will continue until it reaches a point of confrontation. In order to preserve the peaceful use of space, arms control agreements and the existing space legislation needs to be clarified and updated. International dialogue must promote progress and advancement in shared technology, not an arms race. Through cooperation and collaborative efforts, the continued development of space can be achieved for the benefit of all.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents A List of Acronyms …………………………………………………………...... 8
     Table of Treaties ……………………………………………………………………….. 13 Chapter 1: Introduction ..……...…...…...…...…………………………. 14
     1.1 Historical Background & Basics ………………...………...…..……. 16
     1.2 Current and Existing Outer Space Law …………………………..… 19
     1.3 Definition of Terms ……………………….……..…...………………. 24
     1.4 Objects in Space: Taking Stock ……….……………………………. 29
     1.5 Precedents in Outer Space Interactions …………………………… 34
      1.6 Summary …………………………………………………………… 41
     
     Chapter 2: Current Issues & Growing Concerns ………...………...... 43
     2.1 Recent Conflicts and Outer Space ………….......…………………... 44
     2.2 International Response and Public Opinion ……………………….….. 47
     2.3 Uses and Operations of Outer Space ………...…..…………………. 53
     2.4 The Militarization and Weaponization of Space …………….……… 56
     2.5 A Polluted Environment: Space Debris …………………..………… 60
     2.6 Summary ……………………………………………………………. 61
     
     Chapter 3: Strategic Use of Space & Monitoring of Activities ...……. 64
      3.1 Russia ………………...…………………………………….……...... 65
      3.2 The United States ..………………………………………….……….. 69
      3.3 China …………………………………...…...……………………….... 72
      3.4 Collaborative Efforts …………………………………….………….. 74
      3.5 A New Cold War in Space ………………………………………..…. 77
      3.6 Summary …………………………………………………………….. 81
     
     Chapter 4: International Political Endeavors ………………………... 84
      4.1 United Nations……..…………………………………….………… 85
     4.2 International Institutions…………………………….…………….. 86
     4.3 Related Law and Regulation ……………………………………….. 89
     4.4, Movements……………………………………….……………….… 91
     4.5 Effectiveness of Existing Controls ……………………..…..……….. 94
     4.6 Summary ……………………………………………………………. 95
     
     Chapter 5: Conclusions ………….……………………………….…….. 97
      5.1 Overall Assessments..………………………………………..…….… 98
      5.2 Problems and Challenges ……………………………………….... 100
      5.3 Future Prospects: Looking Ahead ………………………………… 102
     
     Bibliography ………...………………………………………………… 104
     
     Appendixes …………………………………………………………… 115
     Appendix A. Principal Events ……………………………………… 115
     Appendix B. Documents ……………………………………………… 119
      Outer Space Treaty, 1967 …………………………………… . 119
      Rescue Agreement, 1968……………………………………… 125
      Liability Convention, 1972 …………………………………… 129
      Registration Convention, 1975 ………………………………… 138
      Moon Agreement, 1979 ……………………………………….. 144
     Appendix C. Figures & Tables ……………………………………….. 153		zh_TW
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0959250381en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Spaceen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) International lawen_US
dc.title (題名) An assessment of the strategic use of outer space among China, Russia, and the United Stateszh_TW
dc.title (題名) An assessment of the strategic use of outer space among China, Russia, and the United Statesen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) UN Declarations, Resolutions, Legal Principles and Publicationszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • UNGA Resolution 1721(XVI) of States Launching Objects into Orbit or Beyond, December 20, 1961.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • UNGA Resolution 1884(XVII) Question of General and Complete Disarmament, October17, 1963.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • UNGA Declaration of Legal Principles Governing the Activities of States in thezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Exploration and Peaceful Use of Outer Space, 1962 (XVIII) December 13, 1963.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • UNGA International Cooperation in the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, 1963 (XVIII) December 13, 1963.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • The Principles Governing the Use by States of Artificial Earth Satellites for International Direct Television Broadcasting, UNGA Resolution 37/92 of December 10, 1982.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • The Principles Relating to Remote Sensing of the Earth from Outer Space, UNGA Resolution 41/65 of December 3, 1986.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • The Principles Relevant to the Use of Nuclear Power Sources in Outer Space, GA Resolution 47/68 of December 14, 1992.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • The Declaration on International Cooperation in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space for the Benefit and in the Interest of All States, Taking into Particular Account the Needs of Developing Countries, UNGA Resolution 51/122 of December 13, 1996.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space. United Nations General Assembly Resolution: 55/32, January 2001.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Newspaperszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • Baker, John & Kevin Pollpeter, “A Future for US-China Space Cooperation?” Space News, December 13, 2004.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • Elegant, Simon & Mark Thompson, “Why China’s Missile Test is Troubling,” Time, January 19, 2007. Accessed 10/5/09.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • Evans, Robert, “Russia, China Urge Start to Space Weapon Talks,” Reuters, March 22, 2005.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • Schwartz, John, “Experts to Discuss US Space Plan,” The New York Times, February 12, 2008. Accessed 11/2/09.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • Spencer, Richard, “Chinese Missile Destroys Satellite in Space,” The Daily Telegraph, January 19, 2007. Accessed 11/2/09.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • “U.S. Official: Chinese Test Missile Obliterates Satellite,” Washington, CNN, January, 19, 2007. Accessed 9/1/09.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Internet Sourceszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • Chaikin, Andrew, “Greatest Space Events of the 20th Century: The 70s,” Space & Science: Space.com (December 3, 1999). (http://www.space.com/news/spacehistory/greatest_70s_991230.html). Accessed 11/5/09.zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • Kestenbaum, David, “Chinese Missile Destroys Satellite in 500-Mile Orbit,” NPR:All Things Considered (January 19, 2007), [Radio Transcript: Online: (http://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=6923805).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Accessed 10/15/09.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • Noble, Michael J, “Export Controls and United States Space Power,” Astropolitics, Volume 6, Issue 3 (September 2008), 251-312. Accessed 11/2/09.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • “No Fireworks,” New Scientist, Issue 2038 (July 13, 1996), 50-51. Accessed 10/26/09.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • “Sergei Ivanov considers reports on the rocket launch by China, that destroyed a satellite, exaggerated,” Voice of Russia (January 20, 2007), (http://www.vor.ru/index.phtml?id=4452). Accessed 9/14/09.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • Shah, Anup, “Arms Race,” Global Issues (January 3, 2001), (http://www.globalissues.org/article/136/arms-race). Accessed 10/15/09.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • Weeks, Edythe, “Applying International Relations Theory to the Current Politics of Outer Space Development,” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association (Town & Country Resort and Convention Center: San Diego, California, March 22, 2006), 1-28. (http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p98300_index.html). Accessed 9/3/09.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • Xuequan, Mu, “India developing weapon system to neutralize enemy satellites,” New Delhi, January 3, 2010. (Xinhua: http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2010-01/03/content_12749170.htm). Accessed 1/5/10.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Otherzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • A Dictionary of Law, 3rd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • US Statement, Definition and Delimitation of Outer Space and the Character and Utilization of the Geostationary Orbit, Legal Subcommittee of the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space at its 40th Session in Vienna from April, Agenda Item 6, Statement by the Delegation of the United States of America, US Department of State.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Official Websiteszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) AFSPC: Air Force Space Command: http://www.afspc.af.mil.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) BBC: http://www.bbc.co.uk.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) CDI: http://www.cdi.org.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) China Brief: http://www.jamestown.org/programs/chinabrief.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) CNN: http://edition.cnn.com.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) CNSA: http://www.cnsa.gov.cn.html.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ECSL : European Centre for Space Law :zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/ECSL/index.html.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • Statement of General Kevin P. Chilton. Commander: United States Strategic Commander, Before the Strategic Forces Subcommittee House Armed Services Committee on United States Strategic Command, February 27, 2008.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Global Issues : http://www.globalissues.org.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Global Security : http://www.globalsecurity.org/index.html.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Inside GNSS : http://www.insidegnss.com.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) International Assessment and Strategy Center : http://www.strategycenter.net.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) IADC : Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee :zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) http://www.iadc-online.org/index.cgi?item=home.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) IAF : http://www.fai.org/astronautics/100km.asp.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) INTELSAT : http://www.intelsat.com.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ITU : International Telecommunication Union : http://www.itu.int/en/pages/default.aspx.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) NASA: http://www.nasa.gov/home/index.html.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • Statement by the Chinese Delegation at the Thematic Debate on Outer Space at the First Committee of the 64th Session of the UNGA, October 20, 2009.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) National Geographic: http://www.nationalgeographic.com.zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) People Daily Online: http://english.peopledaily.com.cn.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Permanent Mission of the People’s Republic of China to the United nations Office at Geneva and Other International Organizations in Switzerland:zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) http://www.china-un.ch/eng.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) REUTERS: http://www.reuters.com.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) The Telegraph: http://www.telegraph.co.uk.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) UNECSO: http://www.unesco.org.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) UNOOSA: http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/index.html.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) US Department of State: http://www.state.gov.zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) SECONDARY SOURCESzh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • Alves, P. Gasparini, Building Confidence in Outer Space Activities: CSBMs & Earth-to-Space Monitoring, Dartmouth: Aldershot, October, 1995.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • Bedjaoui, Mohammed, International Law: Achievements and Prospects, Paris: UNESCO, 1991.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • Benko, Mary, Willem de Graaff, & Gijsbertha C.M. Reijnen, Space Law in the United Nations, Boston: Dordrecht, 1990.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • Berstein, Richard and Ross H. Munro, The Coming Conflict with China, New York: Knopf, 1997.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • Bush, Richard C. & O’Hanlon, Michael E, A War Like No Other: The Truth About China’s Challenges to America, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • Cheng, Bin, Studies in International Space Law, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • Chia-Jui, Cheng, The Use of Airspace and Outer Space for all Mankind in the 21st Century: Proceedings of the International Conference on Air Transport and Space Application in a New World, Held in Tokyo from June 2-5, 1993, The Hague/Boston: Kluwer Law International, 1995.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • --------------------, The Use of Air and Outer Space Cooperation and Competition: Proceedings of the International Conference on Air and Outer Space at the Service of World Peace and Prosperity, Held in Beijing from August 21-23, 1995, The Hague/Boston: Kluwer Law International, 1998.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • Chia-Jui Cheng & Doo Hwan Kim, The Utilization of the World’s Air Space and Free Outer Space in the 21st Century, The Hague/Boston: Kluwer Law International, 1997.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • Chun, Clayton, Defending Space: US Anti-Satellite Warfare and Space Weaponry, United Kingdom: Osprey, 2006.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • Courteix, Simone, L’Adaptation du Droit de l’Espace: A Ses Nouveaux Defis. Paris: Pedone: Melanges (No date).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • Csabafi, Imre Anthony, The Concept of State Jurisdiction in International Space Law: A Study in the Progressive Development of Space Law in the United Nation, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1971.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • Diederiks-Verschoor, I. H. Philepina, An Introduction to Space Law, Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers, 1993.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • Dolman, Everett C., Astropolitik: Classical Geopolitics in the Space Age, Portland: Frank Cass, 2001.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • Fawcett, J.E.S., Outer Space: New Challenges to Law and Policy, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • Gennady, Zhukov and Yuri Kolosov, International Space Law, New York: Praeger Special Studies, 1984.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • Goldman, Nathan C., Space Policy: An Introduction, Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1992.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • Gorove, Stephen, Developments in Space Law: Issues and Policies, London: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1991.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • Humble, Ronald D., The Soviet Space Programme, London: Routeledge, 1988.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • Hurwitz, Bruce A, The Legality of Space Militarization, Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers, 1986.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • Jasani, Bhupendra, Peaceful and Non-Peaceful Uses of Space: Problems of Definition for the Prevention of an Arms Race, New York: Taylor & Francis, 1991.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • Jasentuliyana, Nandasiri, Space Law: Development and Scope, Westport: Praeger, 1992.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • Joyner, Christopher C., International Law in the 21st Century: Rules for Global Governance, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, INC., 2005.zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • Mowthorpe, Matthew, The Militarization and Weaponization of Space, New York: Lexington Books, 2004.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • Ni, Zhengyu, “Some Problems of International Law Concerning Outer Space,” Selected Articles from Chinese Yearbook of International Law (Beijing: China Translation & Pub. Co., 1983), 64-84.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • Ragazzi, Maurizio, The Concept of International Obligations Erga Omnes, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • Reynolds, Glenn H. and Robert P. Merges, Outer Space: Problems of Law and Policy, Boulder: Westview Press, 1989.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • Roth, Brad R., Governmental Illegitimacy in International Law, New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • Sokolovskii,Vasilii Danilovich, Soviet Military Strategy, Crane: Russak, 1975.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • Smith, Milton L., International Regulation of Satellite Communication, Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1990.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • Stares, P.B., The Militarization of Space: US Policy, 1945-1984, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1985.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • Talmon, Stefan, Recognition of Governments in International Law: With Particular Reference to Governments in Exile, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • Traa-Engelman, H.L. van, Commercial Utilization of Outer Space: Law and Practice, Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1993.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • Wassenbergh, Henri A., Principles of Outer Space Law in Hindsight, Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1991.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • Wolter, Detlev, Common Security in Outer Space and International Law, Geneva: UNIDIR United Nation Publication, 2006.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • Zwaan, Tanja L.,Walter W.C. De Vries, Paul Henry Tuinder, & Ilias I. Kuskuvelis, Space Law: Views of the Future: A Compilation of Articles by a New Generation of Space Law Scholars, Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1988.zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • Armstrong, Dale, “Space Preservation or Space Destruction?” The Space Review, March 12, 2007.zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • Bowman, Robert M, “Arms Control in Space,” Air University Review (November-December 1985), 45-53.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • Brownlie, Ian, “The Maintenance of International Peace and Security in Outer Space,” British Yearbook of International Law, XL (1964), 1-31.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • Cheng, Bin, “The Legal Status of Outer Space and Relevant Issues: Delimitation of Outer Space and Definition of Peaceful Use,” Journal of Space Law, Volume 11, Mississippi: University of Mississippi School of Law (Spring/Fall 1983), 89-105.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • --------------- , “Recent Developments in Air Law,” Current Legal Problems, Volume (1956), 208-234.zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • -------------- , “The Extra-Terrestrial Application of International Law,” Current Legal Problems, Volume 18 (1965), 132-152.zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • -------------- , “Liability for Spacecraft,” Current Legal Problems, Volume 23 (1970), 216-239.zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • -------------- , “The Moon Treaty: Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies within the Solar System other than the Earth, December 18, 1979,” Current Legal Problems, Volume 33 (1980), 213-237.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • de Cordoba, Sanz Fernandez, “100 km Altitude Boundary for Astronautics,” Federation Aeronautique Internationale: Astronautic Records Commission (June 26, 2004).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • Crawford, James and Vaughan Lowe, eds., “Decisions of British Courts During 2005 Involving Questions of Public or Private International Law, Part Two: II. Sources and Codification of International Law – Codification and progressive development of international law,” British Yearbook of International Law, LXXVI (2005), 698-699.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • Cruickshank, D.A., Joey Fox, Jetta Gilligan Bory, and Caspar Trimmer, SIPRI Yearbook 2009: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security, Solna, Sweden: Oxford University Press, 2009.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • Figliola, Patricia Moloney, “US Military Space Programs: An Overview of Appropriations and Current Issues,” CRS Report for Congress: Received through the CRS Web, Order Code RL33601 (August 7, 2006).zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • Hackett, James, ed., The Military Balance 2009, The International Institute for Strategic Studies, UK: Routledge, 2009.zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • Marston, Geoffrey, ed., “United Kingdom Materials on International Law 1984, Part Ten: III: Air space, outer space – outer space, and Part Ten: IV: Airspace, outer space – telecommunications including broadcasting,” British Yearbook of International Law, LV (1984), 564-566.zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • ------------------------, ed., “United Kingdom Materials on International Law 1996 Part Ten: III: Air space, outer space – outer space,” British Yearbook of International Law, LXVII (1996), 802-805.zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • Chase, Michael S, “China’s Assessment of the War in Iraq: America’s ‘Deepest Quagmire’ and the Implications for Chinese National Security,” China Brief, Volume 7, Issue 17 (September 19, 2007), 11-16.zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • Hitchens, Theresa, “US-Sino Relations in Space: From ‘War of Words’ to Cold War in Space?” China Security (Winter 2007), 12-30. Accessed 11/4/09.zh_TW
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