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題名 不同的交易機制對於預測市場運作表現之影響分析:以2009年縣市長選舉為例
The analysis of different trading mechanisms for prediction market performance: the case of 2009 mayoral elections
作者 郭峻宇
Kuo, Chun Yu
貢獻者 童振源
Tung, Chen Yuan
郭峻宇
Kuo, Chun Yu
關鍵詞 預測市場
交易機制
連續雙向拍賣
市場計分法則
縣市長選舉
Prediction Market
Trading Mechanism
Continuous Double Auction
Market Scoring Rule
Mayoral Elections
日期 2010
上傳時間 7-十月-2011 14:15:48 (UTC+8)
摘要 「預測市場」以未來事件為交易標的,透過網路平台彙整即時資訊,運用價格來判斷未來事件的發展,此研究方法同時具有「適當獎懲」與「連續修正」兩項特性。
     
     本研究以文獻分析途徑探究預測市場在不同交易機制下的運作方式與市場價格決定過程,並據此分析不同交易機制之間的差異與影響預測市場運作的因素;除此之外,本研究另以個案研究途徑來探討「連續雙向拍賣」與「市場計分法則」兩個交易機制在價格準確度、市場流動性、價格炒作、參與誘因與莊家風險之間的差異。
     
     本研究發現:若交易機制是連續雙向拍賣,則「0-100型」合約價格的預測準確度較高;若交易機制是市場計分法則,則「落點預測型」合約價格的預測準確度較高。連續雙向拍賣機制具有市場流動性不足的問題;市場計分法則機制面臨莊家風險的危機且不適用於市場競爭度高的環境;而上述兩種交易機制皆會出現價格炒作的現象。
“Prediction market” is a research method based on immediate information collecting and organizing on the internet platform. With future events as the object of transaction, variations of the price of each transaction thus immediately provide the prediction of the development of future events. Therefore, this method has two properties including “appropriate incentives” and “continuous correction”.
     
     In this study, document analysis is first conducted to review the operation modes of different trading mechanisms for prediction markets and the process of price making. Accordingly, differences between trading mechanisms and the factors that affect the operation of prediction market will also be analyzed. Furthermore, comparisons of the price accuracy, market liquidity, price speculation, incentives and maker risks between "continuous double auction" and "market scoring rule" are discussed in case study.
     
     The findings of this study: if the trading mechanism is “continuous double auction”, the price accuracy of “winner-take-all” contract is higher; if the trading mechanism is “market scoring rules”, the price accuracy of “index” contract is higher. There exists insufficient market liquidity in “continuous double auction;” while in “market scoring rule,” there exists maker risks and it is hard to be applied in highly competitive market. The phenomenon of price speculation exits in both trading mechanisms.
參考文獻 Alexander, K. K., & Hui-Fai, S. (2008). Bookmaker and Pari-Mutuel Betting: Is a (Reverse) Favourite-Longshot Bias Built-In? Journal of Prediction Markets, 2(2), 29-50.
Berg, H., & Proebsting, T. A. (2009). Hanson`s Automated Market Maker. The Journal of Prediction Markets, 3, 45-59.
Berg, J. E., Nelson, F. D., & Rietz, T. A. (2008). Prediction market accuracy in the long run. International Journal of Forecasting, 24(2), 285-300.
Chen, Yiling & Pennock, D. M. (2007). A Utility Framework for Bounded-Loss Market Makers, Proc. of the 23rd Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence (UAI), pp. 49--56, Vancouver, BC Canada, July 2007.
Cox, Gary. 1997. Making Votes Count: Strategic Coordination in the World’s Electoral Systems. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Fama, E. F. (1970). Efficient Capital Markets: A Review of Theory and Empirical Work. The Journal of Finance, 25(2), 383-417.
Friedman, D. (1993). The Double Auction Market: Institutions, Theories, And Evidence (Santa Fe Institute Studies in the Sciences of Complexity Proceedings): Westview Press.
Gode, D. D. K., & Sunder, S. (2004). Double auction dynamics: structural effects of non-binding price controls. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 28(9), 1707-1731.
Hanson, R. (2003). Combinatorial Information Market Design. Information Systems Frontiers, 5(1), 107-119.
Hanson, R. (2007). Logarithmic Market Scoring Rules for Modular Combinatorial Information Aggregation. The Journal of Prediction Markets, 1, 3-15.
Hayek, F. A. (1945). The Use of Knowledge in Society. The American Economic Review, 35(4), 519-530.
Healy, P. J., Linardi, S., Lowery, J. R., & Ledyard, J. O. (2010). Prediction Markets: Alternative Mechanisms for Complex Environments with Few Traders. Management Science, 56(11), 1977-1996.
Jaiho, C., & Joon Ho, H. (2010). Symposium -An Empirical Examination of the Parimutuel Sports Lottery Market versus the Bookmaker Market. Southern Economic Journal, 76(4), 884-905.
McAfee, R. P., & McMillan, J. (1987). Auctions and Bidding. Journal of Economic Literature, 25(2), 699-738.
Muth, J. F. (1961). Rational Expectations and the Theory of Price Movements. Econometrica, 29(3), 315-335.
Pennock, D. M. (2004). A dynamic pari-mutuel market for hedging, wagering, and information aggregation. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 5th ACM conference on Electronic commerce.
Pennock, D. M. (2006). Implementing Hanson`s market-maker. from http://blog.oddhead.com/2006/10/30/implementing-hansons-market-maker/
Servan-Schreiber, E., Wolfers, J., Pennock, D. M., & Galebach, B. (2004). Prediction Markets: Does Money Matter? Electronic Markets, 14, 243-251.
Spann, M., & Skiera, B. (2003). Internet-Based Virtual Stock Markets for Business Forecasting. Management Science, 49(10), 1310-1326.
Surowiecki, J. (2004). The Wisdom of Crowds: Why the Many Are Smarter Than the Few and How Collective Wisdom Shapes Business, Economies, Societies and Nations. New York: Doubleday.
Tetlock, P. C. (2008). Liquidity and Prediction Market Efficiency. available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=929916.
Wolfers, J., & Zitzewitz, E. (2006). Prediction Markets in Theory and Practice. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series, No. 12083(published as Blume, Larry and Steven Durlauf (eds.) The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd ed. London: Palgrave, 2008.).
Wurman, P. R., Wellman, M. P., & Walsh, W. E. (2001). A Parametrization of the Auction Design Space. Games and Economic Behavior, 35(1-2), 304-338.
王業立,2006,《比較選舉制度》,台北:五南圖書出版股份有限公司。
吳偉劭,2007,<市場交易淺薄下之錯誤評價及其校正-以預測市場為實證基礎>,政治大學經濟研究所碩士學位論文。
李文騫,2010,<預測市場之市場微結構探討>,臺灣大學商學研究所碩士學位論文。
李冠成,2005,<「M+1」法則與有效候選人數的實證分析:以1992年至2004 年台灣地區立法委員選舉為例>,中正大學政治系暨研究所碩士學位論文。
林子揚,2009,<公開資訊與私人資訊對預測市場準確度的貢獻分析:以「兩岸相關協議」為個案分析>,政治大學國家發展研究所碩士學位論文。
政治大學預測市場研究中心,2008,<2008年總統選舉市場預測結果之初步分析>,政治大學預測市場研究中心:http://nccupm.wordpress.com/2008/03/28/market-analysis-of-2008-presidential-election-results/,檢索日期:2011 年6月16 日。
政治大學預測市場研究中心,2009,<2009年縣市長選舉預測結果之初步分析(摘要)>,政治大學預測市場研究中心:http://nccupm.wordpress.com/2009/12/07/2009%e5%b9%b4%e7%b8%a3%e5%b8%82%e9%95%b7%e9%81%b8%e8%88%89%e9%a0%90%e6%b8%ac%e7%b5%90%e6%9e%9c%e4%b9%8b%e5%88%9d%e6%ad%a5%e5%88%86%e6%9e%90%e6%91%98%e8%a6%81/,檢索日期:2011 年6月16 日。
政治大學預測市場研究中心,2010,<2010年五都市長選舉預測結果之初步分析_20101128>,政治大學預測市場研究中心:http://nccupm.wordpress.com/2010/11/28/2010%e5%b9%b4%e4%ba%94%e9%83%bd%e5%b8%82%e9%95%b7%e9%81%b8%e8%88%89%e9%a0%90%e6%b8%ac%e7%b5%90%e6%9e%9c%e4%b9%8b%e5%88%9d%e6%ad%a5%e5%88%86%e6%9e%90_20101128/,檢索日期:2011 年6月16 日。
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胡政源,2009,《企業硏究方法:質化與量化技術與應用》,台北:鼎茂圖書出版股份有限公司。
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詹文杰,2009,《雙向拍賣的交易機制和交易策略評》,武漢:華中科技大學出版社。
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描述 碩士
國立政治大學
國家發展研究所
97261011
99
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0097261011
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 童振源zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Tung, Chen Yuanen_US
dc.contributor.author (作者) 郭峻宇zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (作者) Kuo, Chun Yuen_US
dc.creator (作者) 郭峻宇zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Kuo, Chun Yuen_US
dc.date (日期) 2010en_US
dc.date.accessioned 7-十月-2011 14:15:48 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 7-十月-2011 14:15:48 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 7-十月-2011 14:15:48 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0097261011en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/51491-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國家發展研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 97261011zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 99zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 「預測市場」以未來事件為交易標的,透過網路平台彙整即時資訊,運用價格來判斷未來事件的發展,此研究方法同時具有「適當獎懲」與「連續修正」兩項特性。
     
     本研究以文獻分析途徑探究預測市場在不同交易機制下的運作方式與市場價格決定過程,並據此分析不同交易機制之間的差異與影響預測市場運作的因素;除此之外,本研究另以個案研究途徑來探討「連續雙向拍賣」與「市場計分法則」兩個交易機制在價格準確度、市場流動性、價格炒作、參與誘因與莊家風險之間的差異。
     
     本研究發現:若交易機制是連續雙向拍賣,則「0-100型」合約價格的預測準確度較高;若交易機制是市場計分法則,則「落點預測型」合約價格的預測準確度較高。連續雙向拍賣機制具有市場流動性不足的問題;市場計分法則機制面臨莊家風險的危機且不適用於市場競爭度高的環境;而上述兩種交易機制皆會出現價格炒作的現象。
zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) “Prediction market” is a research method based on immediate information collecting and organizing on the internet platform. With future events as the object of transaction, variations of the price of each transaction thus immediately provide the prediction of the development of future events. Therefore, this method has two properties including “appropriate incentives” and “continuous correction”.
     
     In this study, document analysis is first conducted to review the operation modes of different trading mechanisms for prediction markets and the process of price making. Accordingly, differences between trading mechanisms and the factors that affect the operation of prediction market will also be analyzed. Furthermore, comparisons of the price accuracy, market liquidity, price speculation, incentives and maker risks between "continuous double auction" and "market scoring rule" are discussed in case study.
     
     The findings of this study: if the trading mechanism is “continuous double auction”, the price accuracy of “winner-take-all” contract is higher; if the trading mechanism is “market scoring rules”, the price accuracy of “index” contract is higher. There exists insufficient market liquidity in “continuous double auction;” while in “market scoring rule,” there exists maker risks and it is hard to be applied in highly competitive market. The phenomenon of price speculation exits in both trading mechanisms.
en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 中文摘要 i
     英文摘要 ii
     目錄 iii
     表目錄 v
     圖目錄 vii
     
     第一章 緒論 1
      第一節 研究動機與目的 1
      第二節 研究問題 4
      第三節 研究方法 7
      第四節 研究架構 10
     第二章 文獻回顧 12
      第一節 預測市場的理論基礎 12
      第二節 預測市場的交易機制 14
      第三節 交易機制之差異比較 22
      第四節 小結 27
     第三章 預測市場交易平台 31
      第一節 Iowa Electronic Markets 31
      第二節 Hollywood Stock Exchange 33
      第三節 Intrade 34
      第四節 Betfair 35
      第五節 Inkling 36
      第六節 未來事件交易所 37
     第四章 個案分析:2009年縣市長選舉 40
      第一節 2009年縣市長選舉概況 40
      第二節 交易資料 44
      第三節 以縣市別分析不同交易機制的影響 56
      第四節 以時間構面分析不同交易機制的影響 101
     第五章 預測市場指標分析 106
      第一節 價格準確度 106
      第二節 參與誘因 111
      第三節 市場流動性 114
      第四節 價格炒作 115
      第五節 莊家風險 118
     第六章 結論與建議 120
      第一節 研究發現 120
      第二節 研究貢獻 122
      第三節 研究限制 123
      第四節 研究建議 124
     
     參考文獻 125
zh_TW
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0097261011en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 預測市場zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 交易機制zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 連續雙向拍賣zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 市場計分法則zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 縣市長選舉zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Prediction Marketen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Trading Mechanismen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Continuous Double Auctionen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Market Scoring Ruleen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Mayoral Electionsen_US
dc.title (題名) 不同的交易機制對於預測市場運作表現之影響分析:以2009年縣市長選舉為例zh_TW
dc.title (題名) The analysis of different trading mechanisms for prediction market performance: the case of 2009 mayoral electionsen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Alexander, K. K., & Hui-Fai, S. (2008). Bookmaker and Pari-Mutuel Betting: Is a (Reverse) Favourite-Longshot Bias Built-In? Journal of Prediction Markets, 2(2), 29-50.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Berg, H., & Proebsting, T. A. (2009). Hanson`s Automated Market Maker. The Journal of Prediction Markets, 3, 45-59.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Berg, J. E., Nelson, F. D., & Rietz, T. A. (2008). Prediction market accuracy in the long run. International Journal of Forecasting, 24(2), 285-300.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chen, Yiling & Pennock, D. M. (2007). A Utility Framework for Bounded-Loss Market Makers, Proc. of the 23rd Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence (UAI), pp. 49--56, Vancouver, BC Canada, July 2007.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cox, Gary. 1997. Making Votes Count: Strategic Coordination in the World’s Electoral Systems. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Fama, E. F. (1970). Efficient Capital Markets: A Review of Theory and Empirical Work. The Journal of Finance, 25(2), 383-417.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Friedman, D. (1993). The Double Auction Market: Institutions, Theories, And Evidence (Santa Fe Institute Studies in the Sciences of Complexity Proceedings): Westview Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gode, D. D. K., & Sunder, S. (2004). Double auction dynamics: structural effects of non-binding price controls. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 28(9), 1707-1731.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hanson, R. (2003). Combinatorial Information Market Design. Information Systems Frontiers, 5(1), 107-119.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hanson, R. (2007). Logarithmic Market Scoring Rules for Modular Combinatorial Information Aggregation. The Journal of Prediction Markets, 1, 3-15.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hayek, F. A. (1945). The Use of Knowledge in Society. The American Economic Review, 35(4), 519-530.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Healy, P. J., Linardi, S., Lowery, J. R., & Ledyard, J. O. (2010). Prediction Markets: Alternative Mechanisms for Complex Environments with Few Traders. Management Science, 56(11), 1977-1996.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Jaiho, C., & Joon Ho, H. (2010). Symposium -An Empirical Examination of the Parimutuel Sports Lottery Market versus the Bookmaker Market. Southern Economic Journal, 76(4), 884-905.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) McAfee, R. P., & McMillan, J. (1987). Auctions and Bidding. Journal of Economic Literature, 25(2), 699-738.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Muth, J. F. (1961). Rational Expectations and the Theory of Price Movements. Econometrica, 29(3), 315-335.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Pennock, D. M. (2004). A dynamic pari-mutuel market for hedging, wagering, and information aggregation. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 5th ACM conference on Electronic commerce.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Pennock, D. M. (2006). Implementing Hanson`s market-maker. from http://blog.oddhead.com/2006/10/30/implementing-hansons-market-maker/zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Servan-Schreiber, E., Wolfers, J., Pennock, D. M., & Galebach, B. (2004). Prediction Markets: Does Money Matter? Electronic Markets, 14, 243-251.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Spann, M., & Skiera, B. (2003). Internet-Based Virtual Stock Markets for Business Forecasting. Management Science, 49(10), 1310-1326.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Surowiecki, J. (2004). The Wisdom of Crowds: Why the Many Are Smarter Than the Few and How Collective Wisdom Shapes Business, Economies, Societies and Nations. New York: Doubleday.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Tetlock, P. C. (2008). Liquidity and Prediction Market Efficiency. available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=929916.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Wolfers, J., & Zitzewitz, E. (2006). Prediction Markets in Theory and Practice. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series, No. 12083(published as Blume, Larry and Steven Durlauf (eds.) The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd ed. London: Palgrave, 2008.).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Wurman, P. R., Wellman, M. P., & Walsh, W. E. (2001). A Parametrization of the Auction Design Space. Games and Economic Behavior, 35(1-2), 304-338.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 王業立,2006,《比較選舉制度》,台北:五南圖書出版股份有限公司。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 吳偉劭,2007,<市場交易淺薄下之錯誤評價及其校正-以預測市場為實證基礎>,政治大學經濟研究所碩士學位論文。zh_TW
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