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題名 漢語動補結構中的致使義：從論元體現而論
Causativity in Chinese resultative compounds: on the account of argument realization作者 黃心綸
Huang, Hsin Lun貢獻者 何萬順
Her, One Soon
黃心綸
Huang, Hsin Lun關鍵詞 漢語動補結構
致使義
論元體現
詞彙功能語法
Chinese resultative compounds
Causativity
Argument Realization
Lexical Functional Grammar日期 2011 上傳時間 30-十月-2012 10:08:07 (UTC+8) 摘要 漢語的動補結構長久以來一直是漢語語言學中一個複雜難解的議題，動補結構中的論元在句法上應如何體現及其相對應的語意應如何解讀更是許多語言學家致力解決的問題。衍生語法學派 (Derivational Grammar) 的學者 (Cheng and Huang, 1994; Cheng et al, 1997; Huang, 2006, 2007; Li, 1995) 及詞彙功能語法學派 (Lexical Functional Grammar) 的學者 (Her, 2004, 2007, 2009; Shibagaki, 2009) 均曾試圖提出對於漢語動補結構最正確有效的分析，本論文旨在證明衍生語法學派之理論在動補結構分析上的錯誤及不足，並點出詞彙功能語法學派之理論在預測動補結構的論元體現 (argument realization) 及語意解讀 (semantic interpretation) 上有較全面的分析。 然而，某些動補結構，如「這一大桌子菜胖死我了」，含有不同於其他動補結構的致使義 (Causativity)，進而產生特殊的論元體現模式，此情形卻未被涵蓋在詞彙功能語法學派的理論分析中，本論文也依循詞彙功能語法的理論框架，試圖提出足以預測此種特定動補結構論元體現的句法規則，以彌補詞彙功能語法理論在分析此動補結構的論元體現上之遺漏，使其整體分析更臻完善。
Resultative compounds in Mandarin Chinese have long been a complicated issue in Chinese linguistics. Many researchers have put great effort in trying to solve the problem of how arguments of Chinese resultative compounds should be syntactically realized and how corresponding interpretations should be achieved. Researchers of Derivational Grammar (Cheng and Huang, 1994; Cheng et al, 1997; Huang, 2006, 2007; Li, 1995) and those of Lexical Functional Grammar (Her, 2004, 2007, 2009; Shibagaki, 2009) have all attempted to propose analyses that are accurate in predicting the argument realization and compound predication of Chinese resultative compounds. This thesis aims to prove the insufficiency in the prediction power of derivational accounts and endeavors to show that the account of Lexical Functional Grammar is superior in the analysis of resultative compounds in terms of argument realization and compound interpretation. However, some resultative compounds, such as that in zhe yi da zhuozi cai pang-si wo le (‘This whole table of dishes is making me fat.’), have certain causativity that makes them different from others in terms of argument realization. Resultative compounds like these are not included in the analysis of lexicalist accounts. Based on the theoretical framework of Lexical Functional Grammar, this thesis also makes an attempt to propose a syntactic rule that predicts the correct argument realization pattern of the kind of resultative compounds mentioned above. It is the goal of this thesis that the proposed rule covers the analysis of the resultative compounds that is missing in previous accounts and makes the lexicalist account given in this thesis a better solution in working on the issues of Chinese resultative compounds.參考文獻 Ackerman, F. (1992). Complex predicates and morpholexical relatedness: Locative alternation in Hungarian. In I. Sag, & A. Szabolcsi (Eds.), Lexical Matters (pp. 55- 83). Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications.Aissen, J. L. (1979). The Syntax of Causative Constructions. New York: Garland. Originally 1974 doctoral dissertation, Harvard Univeristy.Alsina, A. (1992). On the argument structure of causatives. Linguistic Inquiry, 23(4), 517-555.Alsina, A. (1996). The role of argument structure in grammar: Evidence from Romance. Stanford, CA: Center Study Language & Information.Bresnan, J. & Kanerva, J. (1989). Locative inversion in Chichewa: A case study of factorization in grammar. Linguistic Inquiry, 20, 1-50.Bresnan, J. (1990). Monotonicity and the theory of relation changes in LFG. Ohak Yonku/Language Research, 26(4), 637-652.Bresnan, J., & Zaenen, A. (1990). Deep unaccusativity in LFG. In D. Katarzyna et al. (Eds.), Grammatical Relations: A Cross-Theoretical Perspective (pp. 45-57). Stanford, CA: The Center for the Study of Language and Information, Stanford Univeristy. Bresnan, J. & Kanerva, J. (1992). The thematic hierarchy and locative inversion in UG: A reply to Schachter’s comments. Syntax and Semantics: Syntax and the Lexicon, 111-25. New York, NY: Academic Press.Bresnan, J. (2001). Lexical-Functional Syntax. Oxford: Blackwell.Burzio, L. (1986). Italian Syntax: A Government-Binding Approach. Dordrecht: D. Reidel.Butt, M., King, T. C., Niño, M. & Segond, F. (1999). A Grammar-Writer’s Cookbook. Stanford, Calif: CSLI Publications.Chao, Y. (1968). A Grammar of Spoken Chinese. Berkeley: University of California Press.Chao, C. (2009). The argument realization of resultative constructions in Mandarin Chinese: A preliminary investigation. Journal of Chinese Language Teaching, 6 (2), 23-43.Cheng, L. L. & Huang, C.-T. James. (1994). On the argument structure of resultative compounds. In M. Chen et al. (Eds.), In Honor of William S-Y. Wang: Interdisciplinary Studies on Language and Language Change, 187-221. Taipei: Pyramid.Cheng, L. L.-S., Huang,C.-T. J. Li, Y.-H. A. & Tang, C.-C. J. 1997. Causative compounds across Chinese dialects: A study of Cantonese, Mandarin and Taiwanese. Chinese Languages and Linguistics, 4, 199-224. Academia Sinica.Chiu, D. (2001). Kouyuzhong pubian er you teshu de buyu leixin: Ganshou chengdu buyu. [口語中普遍而又特殊的補語類 型—感受程度補語]. Journal of Guangzhou University, 15. Guangzhou University.Comrie, B. (1985). Causative verb formation and other verb- deriving morphology. In T Shopen (Ed.), Language Typology and Syntactic Description, 3. New York: CUP.Croft, W. (1991). Syntactic Categories and Grammatical Relations. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Dowty, D. (1991). Thematic proto-roles and argument selection. Language, 67(3), 547-619.Falk, Y. N. (2001). Lexical-Functional Grammar: An Introduction to Parallel Constraint-Based Syntax. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications.Fodor, J. (1970). Three reasons for not to derive “kill” from “cause to die”. Linguistic Inquiry, 1, 429-438.Her, O. (2004). Argument-function linking in resultatives. Concentric: Studies in Linguistics, 30(2), 1-34.Her, O. (2006). Optimality-theoretic lexical mapping theory: A case study of locative inversion. International Journal of Technology and Human Interaction, 2(1), 67-94.Her, O. (2007). Argument-function mismatches in Mandarin resultatives: A lexical mapping account. Lingua, 117 (1), 221-246.Her, O. (2009). Apparent subject-object inversion in Chinese. Linguistics, 47(5), 1143-1181.Huang, C.-T. James. (2006). Resultatives and unaccusatives: A parametric view. Bulletin of the Chinese Linguistic Society of Japan 253: 1-43.Huang, C.-T. James. (2007). Hanyu dongci de tiyuan jiegou yu qi jufa biaoxian [Thematic structures of verbs in Chinese and their syntactic projections]. Yuyan Kexue, 6 (4), 3-21.Huang, C., & Lin, F. (1993). Composite event structures and complex predicates: A template-based approach to argument selection. In L. S. e. a. Stvan (Ed.), Flsm iii: Papers from the third annual meeting of the formal linguistics society of midamerica (pp. 90-108). Bloomington, IN: Indiana U Linguistics Club.Huang, H. (2008a). Syntax and polysemy of Chinese V-si construction. The 58th annual conference of the Chinese Linguistic Society of Japan. Kyoto, Japan. October 25- 26, 2008.Huang, H. (2008b). 1,000 ways to die: Resultative V-si in Mandarin Chinese. Fifth international conference on Construction Grammar. Austin, Texas. September 26-28, 2008.Jackendoff, R. S. (1990). Semantic Structures. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.Levin, B., & Rappaport Hovav, M. (1996). Lexical semantics and syntactic structure. In S. Lappin (Ed.), The handbook of contemporary semantic theory (pp. 487-507). Oxford, England: Blackwell.Li, Y. (1995). The thematic hierarchy and causativity. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 13(2), 255-282.Lin, H. (1996). A lexical-syntactic analysis of resultative compounds in Mandarin Chinese. Studies in the Linguistic Sciences, 26(1-2), 193-204.Liu, H. (2006). Purification of taboo: On grammaticalization of si and its function as an excessive complement. Chinese Linguistics in Europe: Chinese Linguistics in Budapest, 33-50.Liu, L. (2003). Xiandai hanyu jixin chengdu buyu chutan. [現 代漢語極性程度補語初探]. Journal of Beijing Normal University, 6, 115-120.Manning, C. D. (1996). Ergativity: Argument Structure and Grammatical Relations. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications.McCawley, J. (1978). Conversational implicature and the lexicon. In P. Cole (Ed.), Syntax and Semantics, 9. New York Academic Press.Rappaport, M. H. & Levin, B. (2000). Classifying single argument verbs. In P. Coopmans et al. (Eds.), Lexical Specification and Insertion (pp.269-304).Schmied, J., & Haase, C. (2007). Causation, cognition and corpora-an integrationist view. Web Journal of Formal, Computational & Cognitive Linguistics, 9(Jan-Dec), [np].Shibagaki, R. (2009). Affected roles and linking in Mandarin resultatives. In J. Brooke et al. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on East Asian Linguistics. Simon Frazer University Working Papers in Linguistics, 2.Tai, J. H. -. Y. (2003). Cognitive relativism: Resultative construction in Chinese. Language and Linguistics, 4 (2), 301-316.Tang, T. (2002). The causative-inchoative alternation in Chinese compound verbs. [Transliterated title not available] Language and Linguistics, 3(3), 615-644.Thompson, S. A. (1973). Resultative verb compounds in Mandarin Chinese: A case for lexical rules. Language, 49 (2), 361-379.Wang, L. and He, Y. (2002). Hanyu donjie jiegou [漢語動節結 構]. Hangzhou: Zhejiang Publishing United Group.Wu, P. (2009). A semantic analysis of event structure of shi-construction. [Transliterated title not available] Zhejiang Daxue Xuebao (Renwen Shehui Kexue Ban)/Journal of Zhejiang University (Humanities and Social Sciences Edition), 39(3), 157-164.Wu, Y. (2010). Headedness and argument realization in Mandarin resultative compounds. Unpublished master thesis, National Chengchi University, Taiwan.Zhou, C. (2007). Causativity expression and cross- linguistic variation of resultative constructions. Journal of Chinese Language and Computing, 17(4), 189- 210.Zhou, H. (2006). Study on causative sentence structuring in Chinese language. Bohai Daxue Xuebao (Zhexue Shehuikexue Ban)/Journal of Bohai University (Philosophy and Social Science Edition), 28(1), 5-10.Zhu, D. (1982). Yufa Jiangyi. Peking: Shangwu Yinshuguan. 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
語言學研究所
98555012
100資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0098555012 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 何萬順 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Her, One Soon en_US dc.contributor.author (作者) 黃心綸 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (作者) Huang, Hsin Lun en_US dc.creator (作者) 黃心綸 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Huang, Hsin Lun en_US dc.date (日期) 2011 en_US dc.date.accessioned 30-十月-2012 10:08:07 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 30-十月-2012 10:08:07 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 30-十月-2012 10:08:07 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0098555012 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/54143 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 語言學研究所 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 98555012 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 100 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 漢語的動補結構長久以來一直是漢語語言學中一個複雜難解的議題，動補結構中的論元在句法上應如何體現及其相對應的語意應如何解讀更是許多語言學家致力解決的問題。衍生語法學派 (Derivational Grammar) 的學者 (Cheng and Huang, 1994; Cheng et al, 1997; Huang, 2006, 2007; Li, 1995) 及詞彙功能語法學派 (Lexical Functional Grammar) 的學者 (Her, 2004, 2007, 2009; Shibagaki, 2009) 均曾試圖提出對於漢語動補結構最正確有效的分析，本論文旨在證明衍生語法學派之理論在動補結構分析上的錯誤及不足，並點出詞彙功能語法學派之理論在預測動補結構的論元體現 (argument realization) 及語意解讀 (semantic interpretation) 上有較全面的分析。 然而，某些動補結構，如「這一大桌子菜胖死我了」，含有不同於其他動補結構的致使義 (Causativity)，進而產生特殊的論元體現模式，此情形卻未被涵蓋在詞彙功能語法學派的理論分析中，本論文也依循詞彙功能語法的理論框架，試圖提出足以預測此種特定動補結構論元體現的句法規則，以彌補詞彙功能語法理論在分析此動補結構的論元體現上之遺漏，使其整體分析更臻完善。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) Resultative compounds in Mandarin Chinese have long been a complicated issue in Chinese linguistics. Many researchers have put great effort in trying to solve the problem of how arguments of Chinese resultative compounds should be syntactically realized and how corresponding interpretations should be achieved. Researchers of Derivational Grammar (Cheng and Huang, 1994; Cheng et al, 1997; Huang, 2006, 2007; Li, 1995) and those of Lexical Functional Grammar (Her, 2004, 2007, 2009; Shibagaki, 2009) have all attempted to propose analyses that are accurate in predicting the argument realization and compound predication of Chinese resultative compounds. This thesis aims to prove the insufficiency in the prediction power of derivational accounts and endeavors to show that the account of Lexical Functional Grammar is superior in the analysis of resultative compounds in terms of argument realization and compound interpretation. However, some resultative compounds, such as that in zhe yi da zhuozi cai pang-si wo le (‘This whole table of dishes is making me fat.’), have certain causativity that makes them different from others in terms of argument realization. Resultative compounds like these are not included in the analysis of lexicalist accounts. Based on the theoretical framework of Lexical Functional Grammar, this thesis also makes an attempt to propose a syntactic rule that predicts the correct argument realization pattern of the kind of resultative compounds mentioned above. It is the goal of this thesis that the proposed rule covers the analysis of the resultative compounds that is missing in previous accounts and makes the lexicalist account given in this thesis a better solution in working on the issues of Chinese resultative compounds. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents Table of ContentsAcknowledgements......................................... ivChinese Abstract........................................ viiEnglish Abstract......................................... ixChapter1. Introduction........................................... 12. Literature Review...................................... 52.1 Derivational Account.................................. 52.1.1 Categorizations of Chinese Resultative Compounds.... 62.1.2 Syntactic Constraints on Compound Interpretations... 92.1.3 Derivational Operations on Chinese Resultative Compounds.......................................... 132.2 Lexicalist Account................................... 212.3 Availability of the Accounts to Chinese Resultative Compounds............................................ 272.3.1 Insufficiencies in the Derivational Account........ 272.3.2 Predictability of the Lexical Functional Grammar Account............................................ 353. Theoretical Background................................ 413.1 Lexical Mapping Theory(LMT).......................... 413.2 Intrinsic and Default Morphosyntactic Classification of Argument Roles (IC & DC)............................. 443.3 The Unified Mapping Principle (UMP).................. 453.4 Causative Assignment in Resultative Compounding...... 474 Causativity in Chinese Resultative Compounds........... 534.1 Internal vs. External Causativity.................... 534.2 Morpholexical Fusion of Chinese Causative Verbs and Resultative Compounds................................ 584.2.1 Romance Causatives and Chinese Causative Resultative Compounds.......................................... 624.2.2 Verbs Allowed in the Causative Resultative Compounds.......................................... 734.3 Newly Coined Resultative Compounds................... 835 Argument Realizations of Chinese Resultative Compounds.............................................. 875.1 Argument-Function Remapping.......................... 875.2 Result as “Extent”................................. 955.3 Dual Status of V2 in Chinese Resultative Compounds.. 1006 Conclusion ........................................... 107References ............................................. 111 zh_TW dc.language.iso en_US - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0098555012 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 漢語動補結構 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 致使義 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 論元體現 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 詞彙功能語法 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Chinese resultative compounds en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Causativity en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Argument Realization en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Lexical Functional Grammar en_US dc.title (題名) 漢語動補結構中的致使義：從論元體現而論 zh_TW dc.title (題名) Causativity in Chinese resultative compounds: on the account of argument realization en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ackerman, F. (1992). Complex predicates and morpholexical relatedness: Locative alternation in Hungarian. In I. Sag, & A. Szabolcsi (Eds.), Lexical Matters (pp. 55- 83). Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications.Aissen, J. L. (1979). The Syntax of Causative Constructions. New York: Garland. Originally 1974 doctoral dissertation, Harvard Univeristy.Alsina, A. (1992). On the argument structure of causatives. Linguistic Inquiry, 23(4), 517-555.Alsina, A. (1996). The role of argument structure in grammar: Evidence from Romance. Stanford, CA: Center Study Language & Information.Bresnan, J. & Kanerva, J. (1989). Locative inversion in Chichewa: A case study of factorization in grammar. Linguistic Inquiry, 20, 1-50.Bresnan, J. (1990). Monotonicity and the theory of relation changes in LFG. Ohak Yonku/Language Research, 26(4), 637-652.Bresnan, J., & Zaenen, A. (1990). Deep unaccusativity in LFG. In D. Katarzyna et al. (Eds.), Grammatical Relations: A Cross-Theoretical Perspective (pp. 45-57). Stanford, CA: The Center for the Study of Language and Information, Stanford Univeristy. Bresnan, J. & Kanerva, J. (1992). The thematic hierarchy and locative inversion in UG: A reply to Schachter’s comments. Syntax and Semantics: Syntax and the Lexicon, 111-25. New York, NY: Academic Press.Bresnan, J. (2001). Lexical-Functional Syntax. Oxford: Blackwell.Burzio, L. (1986). Italian Syntax: A Government-Binding Approach. Dordrecht: D. Reidel.Butt, M., King, T. C., Niño, M. & Segond, F. (1999). A Grammar-Writer’s Cookbook. Stanford, Calif: CSLI Publications.Chao, Y. (1968). A Grammar of Spoken Chinese. Berkeley: University of California Press.Chao, C. (2009). The argument realization of resultative constructions in Mandarin Chinese: A preliminary investigation. Journal of Chinese Language Teaching, 6 (2), 23-43.Cheng, L. L. & Huang, C.-T. James. (1994). On the argument structure of resultative compounds. In M. Chen et al. (Eds.), In Honor of William S-Y. Wang: Interdisciplinary Studies on Language and Language Change, 187-221. Taipei: Pyramid.Cheng, L. L.-S., Huang,C.-T. J. Li, Y.-H. A. & Tang, C.-C. J. 1997. Causative compounds across Chinese dialects: A study of Cantonese, Mandarin and Taiwanese. Chinese Languages and Linguistics, 4, 199-224. Academia Sinica.Chiu, D. (2001). Kouyuzhong pubian er you teshu de buyu leixin: Ganshou chengdu buyu. [口語中普遍而又特殊的補語類 型—感受程度補語]. Journal of Guangzhou University, 15. Guangzhou University.Comrie, B. (1985). Causative verb formation and other verb- deriving morphology. In T Shopen (Ed.), Language Typology and Syntactic Description, 3. New York: CUP.Croft, W. (1991). Syntactic Categories and Grammatical Relations. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Dowty, D. (1991). Thematic proto-roles and argument selection. Language, 67(3), 547-619.Falk, Y. N. (2001). Lexical-Functional Grammar: An Introduction to Parallel Constraint-Based Syntax. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications.Fodor, J. (1970). Three reasons for not to derive “kill” from “cause to die”. Linguistic Inquiry, 1, 429-438.Her, O. (2004). Argument-function linking in resultatives. Concentric: Studies in Linguistics, 30(2), 1-34.Her, O. (2006). Optimality-theoretic lexical mapping theory: A case study of locative inversion. International Journal of Technology and Human Interaction, 2(1), 67-94.Her, O. (2007). Argument-function mismatches in Mandarin resultatives: A lexical mapping account. Lingua, 117 (1), 221-246.Her, O. (2009). Apparent subject-object inversion in Chinese. Linguistics, 47(5), 1143-1181.Huang, C.-T. James. (2006). Resultatives and unaccusatives: A parametric view. Bulletin of the Chinese Linguistic Society of Japan 253: 1-43.Huang, C.-T. James. (2007). Hanyu dongci de tiyuan jiegou yu qi jufa biaoxian [Thematic structures of verbs in Chinese and their syntactic projections]. Yuyan Kexue, 6 (4), 3-21.Huang, C., & Lin, F. (1993). Composite event structures and complex predicates: A template-based approach to argument selection. In L. S. e. a. Stvan (Ed.), Flsm iii: Papers from the third annual meeting of the formal linguistics society of midamerica (pp. 90-108). Bloomington, IN: Indiana U Linguistics Club.Huang, H. (2008a). Syntax and polysemy of Chinese V-si construction. The 58th annual conference of the Chinese Linguistic Society of Japan. Kyoto, Japan. October 25- 26, 2008.Huang, H. (2008b). 1,000 ways to die: Resultative V-si in Mandarin Chinese. Fifth international conference on Construction Grammar. Austin, Texas. September 26-28, 2008.Jackendoff, R. S. (1990). Semantic Structures. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.Levin, B., & Rappaport Hovav, M. (1996). Lexical semantics and syntactic structure. In S. Lappin (Ed.), The handbook of contemporary semantic theory (pp. 487-507). Oxford, England: Blackwell.Li, Y. (1995). The thematic hierarchy and causativity. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 13(2), 255-282.Lin, H. (1996). A lexical-syntactic analysis of resultative compounds in Mandarin Chinese. Studies in the Linguistic Sciences, 26(1-2), 193-204.Liu, H. (2006). Purification of taboo: On grammaticalization of si and its function as an excessive complement. Chinese Linguistics in Europe: Chinese Linguistics in Budapest, 33-50.Liu, L. (2003). Xiandai hanyu jixin chengdu buyu chutan. [現 代漢語極性程度補語初探]. Journal of Beijing Normal University, 6, 115-120.Manning, C. D. (1996). Ergativity: Argument Structure and Grammatical Relations. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications.McCawley, J. (1978). Conversational implicature and the lexicon. In P. Cole (Ed.), Syntax and Semantics, 9. New York Academic Press.Rappaport, M. H. & Levin, B. (2000). Classifying single argument verbs. In P. Coopmans et al. (Eds.), Lexical Specification and Insertion (pp.269-304).Schmied, J., & Haase, C. (2007). Causation, cognition and corpora-an integrationist view. Web Journal of Formal, Computational & Cognitive Linguistics, 9(Jan-Dec), [np].Shibagaki, R. (2009). Affected roles and linking in Mandarin resultatives. In J. Brooke et al. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on East Asian Linguistics. Simon Frazer University Working Papers in Linguistics, 2.Tai, J. H. -. Y. (2003). Cognitive relativism: Resultative construction in Chinese. Language and Linguistics, 4 (2), 301-316.Tang, T. (2002). The causative-inchoative alternation in Chinese compound verbs. [Transliterated title not available] Language and Linguistics, 3(3), 615-644.Thompson, S. A. (1973). Resultative verb compounds in Mandarin Chinese: A case for lexical rules. Language, 49 (2), 361-379.Wang, L. and He, Y. (2002). Hanyu donjie jiegou [漢語動節結 構]. Hangzhou: Zhejiang Publishing United Group.Wu, P. (2009). A semantic analysis of event structure of shi-construction. [Transliterated title not available] Zhejiang Daxue Xuebao (Renwen Shehui Kexue Ban)/Journal of Zhejiang University (Humanities and Social Sciences Edition), 39(3), 157-164.Wu, Y. (2010). Headedness and argument realization in Mandarin resultative compounds. Unpublished master thesis, National Chengchi University, Taiwan.Zhou, C. (2007). Causativity expression and cross- linguistic variation of resultative constructions. Journal of Chinese Language and Computing, 17(4), 189- 210.Zhou, H. (2006). Study on causative sentence structuring in Chinese language. Bohai Daxue Xuebao (Zhexue Shehuikexue Ban)/Journal of Bohai University (Philosophy and Social Science Edition), 28(1), 5-10.Zhu, D. (1982). Yufa Jiangyi. Peking: Shangwu Yinshuguan. zh_TW
