學術產出-學位論文
文章檢視/開啟
書目匯出
-
題名 參與的理想或授能的幻想？從民主行政重構政府績效管理制度
The ideal of participation or the illusion of empowerment? Reframing government performance management from democratic administration作者 黃重豪
Huang, Chung Hao貢獻者 陳敦源
Chen, Don Yun
黃重豪
Huang, Chung Hao關鍵詞 民主行政
分權參與
績效管理
考績制度
democratic administration
decentralization and participation
performance management
performance evaluation of civil servant日期 2010 上傳時間 30-十月-2012 10:46:03 (UTC+8) 摘要 【研究目的】管理理論從素樸的績效評估過渡到發展性的績效管理，反映了從集權控制轉向分權參與的趨勢，一方面更加著重於人力資源發展，對政府部門而言，目的尚在鞏固文官的中立能力。惟我國以績效管理為名進行考績制度的改革時，似乎仍執著於命令與控制手段的討論。準此，本研究首先檢討現行考績參與機制的良窳，再探詢公務人員對於考績制度民主化的認知，以此剖析制度轉變可能遭遇的困境，最後依據實務可行性重構參與式考績制度。【研究問題與研究方法】本研究採質化方法逐一針對研究問題分析之，分別為考績制度是否有體現民主價值的必要？考績委員會是否有助組織管理的民主化？公務人員是否認同考績制度體現民主價值？如何從民主行政角度設計參與式考績制度？本研究以次級資料及文獻分析法論證考績制度體現民主價值的必要性及考績委員會的制度起源；再從深度訪談法分析考績委員會是否發揮功能，以及公務人員對考績制度民主化的認知及接受度；最後綜合所有質性資料提出參與式考績制度的改革建議。【研究發現】本研究從理論與訪談論證考績制度的權力集中化將扼殺文官的專業能力，而考績委員會雖企求藉民主參與確保程序正義，卻仍將上下從屬的權力結構複製進獨立委員會，失卻水平制衡的功能。而以部分機關試行績效管理的經驗及深度訪談的假設性詢問發現，行政人員普遍無法接受考績制度開放民主參與，僅期盼獲悉考核原委，故仍將制度正義寄託在考核者身上。推其原因在於集體行動的邏輯、橫向組織力量的匱乏，以及家長式領導的文化，使組織民主遭到實用性價值的貶低。最後本研究在不侵犯管理權威的前提下，從資訊公開角度主張考核資訊透明化及考績委員會「實質參與」，作為考績制度改革的建議。 參考文獻 中文部分：王振寰（1996）。誰統治台灣：轉型中的國家機器與權力結購。台北：巨流。史炳堂（2006）。機關首長應否變更考績委員會之復議結果與績效考核公平性對工作態度影響之探討—以高雄縣各鄉鎮市公所為例。高苑科技大學經營管理研究所碩士學位論文，未出版，高雄。朱月中（2006）。嘉義縣各鄉鎮市公所公務人員考績制度之研究。國立中正大學政治學系碩士學位論文，未出版，嘉義。朱武獻（2003）。公務人力績效管理制度。T&D飛訊，15，1-17。杜文苓（2010）。環評決策中公民參與的省思：以中科三期開發爭議為例。公共行政學報，35，29-60。杜文苓，李翰林（2010年5月）。政府資訊公開的實踐課題：以霄裡溪光電廢水汙染爭議為例。差異與連結：STS、工程與社會研討會，高雄。李光儀（2009年12月24）。新考績法，後年上路；萬名公務員，考績丙恐解聘。聯合報，A4版。呂育誠（2005）。公共人事管理採行績效評量的關注焦點與落實途徑。考銓季刊，43，76-95。余致力（2003）。公務人員考績制度改進之研究。考試院研究發展委員會研究專題（無編號），未出版。林水波（1989）。考績正義論。行政學報，21，69。林水波、莊文忠（1999）。民主行政觀的政府再造策略。人事行政，128，6-29。林嘉誠（2004）。行政機關績效評估制度的建置與回顧。載於林嘉誠（編），政府績效評估（3-20頁）。台北：行政院研究發展考核委員會。旺旺中時民調中心（2010年3月4日）。公務員考績制度改革，民調87％支持。中國時報，A7版。吳瓊恩（2002）。公共行政學發展趨勢的探究：三種治理模式的互補關係及其政治理論的基礎。公共行政學報，7，173-220。吳瓊恩、周光輝、魏娜、盧偉斯（2004）。公共行政學。台北：智勝。吳瓊恩（2010）。行政學（增訂四版）。台北：三民書局。施金山（2002）。我國公務人員考績制度之研究：兼論行政機關績效獎金制度。東海大學公共行政學系碩士學位論文，未出版，台中。施能傑（2004）。建立組織績效管理引導員工績效評估的制度。考銓季刊，37，79-94。施能傑（2009）。建立行政機關團體績效評比機制之研究。考試院委託研究，未出版。洪國平（1997）。中華民國公務人員考績制度之研究。國立政治大學公共行政學系碩士學位論文，未出版，台北。孫同文（2003）。從威權政府到民主治理：台灣公共行政理論與實務之變遷。台北：元照。孫本初（2007）。新公共管理。台北：一品。孫煒（2008）。民主治理與非多數機構：公民社會的觀點。公共行政學報，26，1-35。馬凱（2011年1月17日）。公務員該如何加薪。聯合報，A4版。陳金貴（1998）。結合效率與民主的人事政策：政府再造中人力再造計劃的探討。公務人員月刊，28，3-21。陳恆鈞（2009）。參與治理是趨勢？或是迷思？文官制度季刊，考試院八十周年慶特刊，113-144。陳敦源（2009a）。民主治理：公共行政與民主政治的制度性調和。台北：五南圖書。陳敦源（2009b）。我國考績制度之檢視：從循證理論、正義觀點及參與管理角度檢視。考試院研究發展委員會研究專題（無編號），未出版。陳敦源（2009c年9月）。論民主治理下文官永業保障的正當性基礎：從代理人理論觀點的反思。民主治理研討會，杭州。陳敦源（2010年3月22日）。政務官為何反對考績改革。中國時報，A14版。陳敦源、黃東益、蕭乃沂、郭思禹（2006）。官僚回應性與內部顧客關係管理：台北市政府市長信箱個案研究。行政暨政策學報，42，143-182。郭耀昌（2003）。公共決策正當性之省思：一個民主行政之觀點。空大行政學報，13，75-104。張瓊玲（2009）。改進公務人員考績制度的議題探討：公平原則觀點。文官制度季刊，1（2），171-197。費孝通（1948）。鄉土中國與鄉土重建。上海：觀察社。曾薏蘋（2010年3月3日）。低標改革，累積3丙可能要10年。中國時報，A9版。楊艾俐（2008）。台灣文官陷入泥沼。天下雜誌，403，142-144。鄒美完（2006）。考績公平認知對工作士氣影響之研究—以台北市公立高中職學校人事人員為例。世新大學行政管理學系碩士論文，未出版，台北。楊國樞（1998）。家族化歷程、泛家族主義及組織管理。載於鄭伯壎、黃國隆、郭建志（編），海峽兩岸之組織與管理（20-59頁）。台北：遠流。楊瑪利（1994a）。探鑽文官體系黑洞。天下雜誌，12，116-129。楊瑪利（1994b）。公僕難為。天下雜誌，12，134-135。經濟日報（2010年11月16日）。得不到掌聲的高效率決策。經濟日報，A2版。趙達瑜（2004）。公務員保障案件徹些與駁回原因及影響救濟結果因素之分析研究。公共行政學報，11，35-75。廖義銘（2006）。從「產業自律管制」看國家新治理模式之實踐條件與要素。公共行政學報，18，1-20。蔡允棟（2006）。民主行政與網絡治理：「新治理」的理論探討及類型分析。台灣政治學刊，10（1），163-209。蔡良文（2005）。論績效考核與淘汰機制之建立與變革。考銓季刊，43，11-38。樊景立、鄭伯壎（2000）。家長式領導：一項文化觀點的分析。本土心理學研究，13，127-180。鄭伯壎（1995）。差序格局與華人組織行為。本土心理學研究，3，142-219。盧偉斯（2000）。政策分析的價值與倫理議題：民主行政實踐的實質理性。中央警察大學學報，36，89-99。韓保中（2009）。新治理的行政倫理意象：新公共服務論後設語言之分析。哲學與文化，36（1），121-142。鐘金玉（2000）。公務人員績效考核公平與工作態度之研究－以高雄市政府所屬警察、醫療、稅務人員為對象。國立中山大學人力資源管理研究所碩士論文，未出版，高雄。英文部分：Ackroyd, S. (1995). From Public Administration to Public Sector Management: Understanding Contemporary Change in British Public Services. The International Journal of Public Sector Management, 8(2): 19-31.Alchian, A. and H. Demsetz (1972). Production, Information Costs, and Economic Organization. American Economic Review, 62: 777-795.Alvesson, M. and H. Willmott (2002). Identity Regulation as Organizational Control: Producing the Appropriate Individual. Journal of Management Studies, 39(5): 619-644.Bagby, L. M. J. and J. L. Franke (2001). Escape from Politics: Philosophic Foundations of Public Administration. Management Decision, 39(8): 623-633.Banner, D. K., W. A. Kulisch and N. S. Peery (1992). Self-Managing Work Teams (SMWT) and the Human Resource Function. Management Decision, 30(3): 40-45.Benjamin, R. (1952). A survey of 130 merit rating plans. Personnel, 29: 289-294.Bentley, T. (2006). Managing Performance. Training Journal, Apr: 20-25.Bevir, M. (2006). Democratic Governance: Systems and Radical Perspectives. Public Administration Review, 66(3): 426-436.Bishop, P. and G. Davis (2002). Mapping Public Participation in Public Choices. Journal of Public Administration, 61(1): 14-29.Brewer, J. D. (1968). Review of the Human Organization. American Sociological Review, 33(5): 825-826.Brown, D. I. (1995). Team-Based Reward Plans. Team Performance Management, 1(1): 23-31.Buchanan, J. M. (1978). The Economics of Politics. London: Institute of Economic Affairs. Caiden, G. E. (1982). Public Administration. Pacific Palisades: Palisades Publishers.Campbell, C. and G. K. Wilson (1995). The End of Whitehall: Death of a Paradigm? Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.Campbell, D. and C. Lee (1988). Self Appraisal in Performance Evaluation: Development versus Evaluation. Academy of Management Review, 13: 302-314.Campbell, D. J., K. M. Campbell and H. B. Chia (1998). Merit Pay, Performance Appraisal, and Individual Motivation: An Analysis and Alternative. Human Resource Management, 37(2): 131-146.Cascio, W. F. (1998). Applied Psychology in Human Resource Management. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.Cawley, B. D., L. M. Keeping and P. E. Levy (1998). Participation in the Performance Appraisal Process and Employee Reactions: A Meta Analytic Review of Field Investigations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(4): 615-633.Chenhall, R. H. (2003). Management control systems design within its organizational context: Findings from contingency-based research and directions for the future. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 28(2-3): 127-168.Coase, R. (1937). The Nature of the firm. Economica, 4: 386-405.Coens, T. and M. Jenkins (2002). Abolishing Performance Appraisals: Why They Backfire and What to Do Instead. San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, Inc.Cortner, H. (1993). Public Involvement. Alexandria, VA: Institute for Water Resources, U. S. Corps of Army Engineers.Crozier, M. (1964). The bureaucratic phenomenon. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.DeGregorio, M. B. and C. D. Fisher (1988). Providing Performance Feedback: Reactions To Alternate Methods. Journal of Management, 14(4): 605-616.Donnellon, A. and M. Scully (1994). Teams Performance and Rewards: Will the Postbureaucratic Organization be a Post-meritocratic Organization? In C. Heckscher and A. Donnellon (Ed.), The post-bureaucratic organization. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Dorfman, P. N., W. G. Stephan and J. Loveland (1986). Performance appraisal behaviors: Superior Perceptions and Subordinate Reactions. Personnel Psychology, 39: 579-597.Doucouliagos, C. (1995). Worker Participation and Productivity in Labor-Managed and Participatory Capitalist Firms: A Meta-Analysis. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 49(1): 58-77.Drucker, P. F. (1976). What Results Should You Expect? A User’s Guide to MBO. Public Administration Review, 36, 12-19.Dunleavy, P. (1991). Democracy, Bureaucracy and Public Choice: Economic Explanations in Political Science. London: Harvester Wheatsheaf.Dunn, D. D. and Legge Jr., J. S. (2001). U.S. Local Government Managers and the Complexity of Responsibility and Accountability in Democratic Governance. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 11(1): 73-88.Eckes, G. (1994). Practical Alternatives to Performance Appraisals. Quality Progress, 27(11): 57-60.Effrat, A. (1968). Review: Democratizing and Producing. Science, 162(3859): 1260-1261.Fahed-Sreih, J. (2009). An Exploratory Study on a New Corporate Governance Mechanism: Evidence from Small Family Firms. Management Research News, 32(1): 50-61.Fama, E. F. and M. C. Jensen (1983). Agency problems and residual claims. Journal of Law and Economics, 26: 301-326.Flower, A. (1995). Performance Management: The MOB of the ‘90s? Personnel Management, July, 47-51. Franklin Covey (2003). The Real Leadership Challenge: Top-to-Bottom Focus and Execution. Salt Lake City, UT: Franklin Covey.Fry, B. R. (1989). Mastering Public Administration: From Max Weber to Dwight Waldo. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House.Glew, D. J., A. M. O`Leary-Kelly, R. W. Griffin and D. D. V. Fleet (1995). Participation in Organizations: A Preview of Issues and Proposed Framework for Future Analysis. Journal of Management, 21(3): 395-421.Goodnow, F. (1990). Politics and Administration. London: Macmillan.Goodsell, C. (1983). The Case for Bureaucracy: A Public Administration Polemic. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House Publishers.Gray, A. and B. Jenkins (1995). From Public Administration to Public Management Reassessing a Revolution? Public Administration, 73(1): 75-99.Grey, C. and C. Garsten (2001). Trust, control and post-bureacuracy. Organization Studies, 22(2): 229-250.Heclo, H. (1975). OMB and the Presidency: the Problem of “Neutral Competence”. Public Interest, 38(winter): 80-89.Heckscher, C. (1994). Defining the post-bureaucratic type. In C. Heckscher and A. Donnellon (Ed.), The post-bureaucratic organization. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Hendry, C., Bradley, P. and Perkins, S. (1997). Missed a Motivator. People Management, 11: 20-25.Herzberg, F., B. Mausner and B. B. Snyderman (1959). The Motivation to Work. New York: Wiley.Hesketh, A. and Fletwood S. (2006). Beyond Measuring the Human Resources Management-Organizational Performance Link: Applying Critical Realist Meta-Theory. Organization, 13(5): 677-700.Hobbes, T. (1961). Leviathan. London: Penguin Classics.Honey, C. (2006). Community weaving: Creative solutions to a new century. Bothell, WA: Family Support Network, International.Horn, M. J. (1995). The Political Economy of Public Administration. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Houldsworth, E. (2007). Measuring and Managing Performance. Personnel Today, 9: 24-26.Hughes, O. E. (1998). Public Management and Administration: An Introduction. Toronto: St. Martin`s Press.Jermier, J. M. (1998). Introduction: Critical Perspectives on Organizational Control. Administrative Science Quarterly, 43(2): 235-256.Jun, J. S. (1986). Public Administration: Design and Problem Solving. New York: Macmillan.Kaplan, R. S. and D. P. Norton (2001). The Strategy-Focused Organization: How Balanced Scorecard Companies Thrive in the New Business Environment. Boston, Mass.: Harvard Business School Press.Karl, B. (1987). The American Bureaucrat: A History of Sheep in Wolves Clothing. Public Administration Review, 47(1): 26-34.Kettl, D. (2000). Public Administration at the Millennium: The State of the Field. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 10(1): 7-34.Kleingeld A., H. V. Tuijl and J. A. Algera (2004). Participation in the Design of Performance Management Systems: A Quasi-experimental Field Study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25, 831-851.Knights, D. and H. Willmott (1987). Organizational Culture as Corporate Strategy. International Studies of Management and Organization, 17(3): 40-63.Lavelle, L. (2002). The Best and Worst Boards: How the Corporate Scandals are Sparking a Revolution in Governance. Business week, 3802: 104-117.Levine, C. H., B. G. Peters and F. J. Thompson. (1990). Public Administration: Challenges, Choices, Consequences. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman/ Little Brown Higher Education.Likert, R. (1961). New patterns of management. New York: McGraw-Hill.Likert, R. and J. G. Likert (1976). New Ways of Managing Conflicts. New York: McGraw-Hill.Locke, E. A. and D. M. Schweiger (1979). Participation in Decision Making: One More Look. In B. Straw and L. L. Cummings (Ed.), Research in Organizational Behavior. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.Locke, E. A., D. B. Feren, V. M. McCaleb, K. N. Shaw and A. T. Denny (1980). The Relative Effectiveness of Four Methods of Motivating Employee Performance. In K. D. Duncan, M. M. Gruenberg and P. Wallis (Ed.), Changes in Working Life. New York: WileyLuthans, F. (1973). Organizational Behavior. New York: McGraw-Hill.McGregor, D. (1960). The Human Side of Enterprise. New York: McGraw-Hill.Meier, K. (1997). Bureaucracy and Democracy: The Case for More Bureaucracy and Less Democracy. Public Administration Review, 57(3): 193-199.Merton, R. K. (1940). Bureaucratic structure and personality. Social Forces, 18: 560-568.Meyer, H. H. (1980). Self-appraisal of Job Performance. Personnel Psychology, 33: 291-295.Milgram, S. (1974). Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View. London: Tavistock Publications.Milgrom, P. and J. Roberts (1992). Economics, organization and management. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.Miller, G. J. (1992). Managerial Dilemmas: The Political Economy of Hierarchy. New York: Cambridge University Press.Miller, G. J. (2000). Above Politics: Credible Commitment and Efficiency in the Design of Public Agencies. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 10(2): 289-327.Miller, G. and A. Whitford (2007). The Principal’s Moral Hazard: Constraints on the Use of Incentives in Hierarchy. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 17(2): 213-233.Mintzberg, H. (1979). The Structuring of Organizations. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.Mosher, F. (1968). Democracy and the Public Service. New York: Oxford University Press.Mueller, F. (1994). Teams Between Hierarchy and Commitment: Change Strategies and the Internal Environment. Journal of Management Studies, 31: 383-403.Murphy, K. R. and J. N. Cleveland (1995). Understanding Performance Appraisal: Social, Organizational, and Goal-Based Perspectives. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.Noe, R. A. (2002). Employee Training and Development. New York: McGraw-Hill.Nyhan, R. C. (2000). Changing the Paradigm: Trust and Its Role in Public Sector Organizations. American Review of Public Administration, 30(1): 87-109.Odiorne, G. S. (1976). MBO in State Government. Public Administration Review, Jan/Feb: 28-33.OECD (1991). Public Management Developments: 1991. Paris: OECD.Ortiz, J. P. and L. Arnborg (2005). Making High Performance Last: Reflections on Involvement, Culture, and Power in Organizations. Performance Improvement, 44(6): 31-37.Osborne, D. and T. Gaebler (1992). Reinventing Government: how the entrepreneurial spirit is transforming the public sector. New York: Plume.Ouchi, W. G. (1979). A conceptual framework for the design of organizational control mechanisms. Management Science, 25(9): 833-848.Perrow, C. (1970). Organizational analysis: A sociological view. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.Perry, J. L., D. Mesch and L. Paarlberg (2006). Motivating Employees in a New Governance Era: The Performance Paradigm Revisited. Public Administration Review, 66(4): 505-514.Peters, B. G. (2000). Policy Instrument and Public Management: Bridging the Gaps. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 10(1): 35-47.Peters, B. G. and J. Pierre. (1998). Governance Without Government? Rethinking Public Administration. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 8(2): 223-43.Pierre, J. (2000). Debating Governance. New York: Oxford University Press.Plastrik, P. and M. Taylor (2007). Net Gains: A handbook for network builders seeking social change. Boston: Barr Foundation.Pratt, H. J. (1991). Principles of Effective Performance Management. ARMA Records Management Quarterly, 25(1): 28-37Pritchard, R. D., S. E. Jones, P. L. Roth, K. K. Stuebing and S. E. Ekeberg (1988). The effects of feedback, goal setting and incentives on organizational productivity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 73, 337-358.Pritchard, R. D., S. E. Jones, P. L. Roth, K. K. Stuebing and S. E. Ekeberg (1989). The evaluation of an integrated approach to measuring organizational productivity. Personnel Psychology, 42, 69-115.Pollitt, C. (1990). Managerialism and the Public Services: The Anglo-American Experience. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Raelin, J. A. (2008). Emancipatory Discourse and Liberation. Management Learning, 39(5): 519-540.Raelin, J. A. (2011). The End of Managerial Control? Group & Organization Management, 36(2): 135-160.Rhodes, R. A. W. (1996). The New Governance: Governing without Government. Political Studies, 44(4): 652-667.Rhodes, R. A. W. (1997). Understanding Governance: Policy Networks, Governance, Reflexivity and Accountability. Buckingham, UK: Open University.Risher, H. (2007). Fostering a Performance-Driven Culture in the Public Sector. Public Manager, 36(3): 51-56.Roberts, G. E. (2003). Employee Performance Appraisal System Participation: A Technique that Works. Public Personnel Management, 32(1): 89-98.Robin, L. and E. Stein (1990). Performance Appraisal: Support Services` Secret Weapon. Hospital Materiel Management Quarterly, 11(4): 1-5.Rodgers, R. and J. E. Hunter (1991). Impact of management by objectives on organizational productivity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 322-336.Rosenbloom, D. H., R. S. Kravchuk and D. G. Rosenbloom (2002). Public Administration: Understanding Management, Politics, and Law in the Public Sector. New York: McGraw-Hill.Salamon, L. M. (2002). The Tools of Government: A Guide to the New Governance. New York: Oxford University Press.Schmitter, P. C. (2002). Participation in Governance Arrangements: Is there any Reason to Expect It Will Achieve “Sustainable and Innovative Policies in a Multi-Level Context? In J. R. Grote and B. Gbikpi (Ed.), Participatory Governance: Political and Societal Implications. Opladen: Leske and Budrich.Scott, W. R. (1992). Organizations: Rational, natural, and open systems. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Self, P. (1993). Theories of Political Behavior. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Sinclair, A. (1994). The Tyranny of Team Ideology. Organization Studies, 13(4): 611-646.Skinner, B. F. (1969). Contingencies of Reinforcement. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.Spector, P. E. (1986). Perceived Control by Employees: A Meta-Analysis of Studies Concerning Autonomy and Participation at Work. Human Relations, 39(11): 1005-1017.Spence, D. B. (1999). Agency Discretion and the Dynamics of Procedural Reform. Public Administration Review, 59(5): 425-442.Stajkovic, A. D. and F. Luthans (1997). A Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Organizational Behavior Modification on Task Performance. Academy of Management Journal, 40: 1122-1149.Steel, B. S. (1985). Participative Performance Appraisal in Washington: An Assessment of Post Implementation Receptivity. Public Personnel Management, 14(2): 153-171.Stigler, G. (1975). The Citizen and the State. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Stoker, G. (1998). Public-Private Partnerships and Urban Governance. In J. Pierre (Ed.), Partnerships in Urban Governance: European and American Experiences. New York: Palgrave.Taylor, F. W. (1911). Principles and Methods of Scientific Management. New York: Harper.Thompson, J. D. (1967). Organizations in action. New York: McGraw-Hill.Vickers, J. and G. Yarrow (1988). Privatization: An Economic Analysis. Cambridge: MIT Press.Vigoda, E. (2002). From Responsiveness to Collaboration: Governance, Citizens, and the Next Generation of Public Administration. Public Administration Review, 62(5): 527-540.Vroom, V. H. (1964). Work and Motivation. New York: Wiley.Wagner, J. A., C. R. Leana, E. A. Locke and D. M. Schweiger (1997). Cognitive and motivational frameworks in U.S. research on participation: a meta-analysis of primary effects. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 18(1): 49-65.Waldo, D. (1952). Development of Theory of Democratic Administration. The American Political Science Review Review, 46(1): 81-103.Weber, M. (1977). Economy and Society. Berkeley: University of California Press.Westwood, R. I. and A. Chan (1992). Headship and leadership. In R. I. Westwood (Ed.), Organizational Behavior: A Southeast Asian perspective. Hong Kong: Longman Group.White, H. C. (1985). Agency as Control. In J. W. Pratt and R. J. Zeckhauser (Ed.), Principals and Agents: The Structure of Business. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.Williamson, O. E. (1985). The economic institution of capitalism. New York: Free Press.Williamson, O. E. (1986). Economic Organization: Firms, Markets and Policy Control. London: Wheatsheaf.Wilson, J. Q. (1989). Bureaucracy: What Government Agencies Do and Why They Do It. New York: Basic Books.Wilson, W. (1887). The Study of Administration. Political Science Quarterly, 2(2): 197-222.Zuboff, S. (1988). In the age of the smart machine. New York: Basic Books. 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
公共行政研究所
97256001
99資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0097256001 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 陳敦源 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Chen, Don Yun en_US dc.contributor.author (作者) 黃重豪 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (作者) Huang, Chung Hao en_US dc.creator (作者) 黃重豪 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Huang, Chung Hao en_US dc.date (日期) 2010 en_US dc.date.accessioned 30-十月-2012 10:46:03 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 30-十月-2012 10:46:03 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 30-十月-2012 10:46:03 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0097256001 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/54343 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 公共行政研究所 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 97256001 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 99 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 【研究目的】管理理論從素樸的績效評估過渡到發展性的績效管理，反映了從集權控制轉向分權參與的趨勢，一方面更加著重於人力資源發展，對政府部門而言，目的尚在鞏固文官的中立能力。惟我國以績效管理為名進行考績制度的改革時，似乎仍執著於命令與控制手段的討論。準此，本研究首先檢討現行考績參與機制的良窳，再探詢公務人員對於考績制度民主化的認知，以此剖析制度轉變可能遭遇的困境，最後依據實務可行性重構參與式考績制度。【研究問題與研究方法】本研究採質化方法逐一針對研究問題分析之，分別為考績制度是否有體現民主價值的必要？考績委員會是否有助組織管理的民主化？公務人員是否認同考績制度體現民主價值？如何從民主行政角度設計參與式考績制度？本研究以次級資料及文獻分析法論證考績制度體現民主價值的必要性及考績委員會的制度起源；再從深度訪談法分析考績委員會是否發揮功能，以及公務人員對考績制度民主化的認知及接受度；最後綜合所有質性資料提出參與式考績制度的改革建議。【研究發現】本研究從理論與訪談論證考績制度的權力集中化將扼殺文官的專業能力，而考績委員會雖企求藉民主參與確保程序正義，卻仍將上下從屬的權力結構複製進獨立委員會，失卻水平制衡的功能。而以部分機關試行績效管理的經驗及深度訪談的假設性詢問發現，行政人員普遍無法接受考績制度開放民主參與，僅期盼獲悉考核原委，故仍將制度正義寄託在考核者身上。推其原因在於集體行動的邏輯、橫向組織力量的匱乏，以及家長式領導的文化，使組織民主遭到實用性價值的貶低。最後本研究在不侵犯管理權威的前提下，從資訊公開角度主張考核資訊透明化及考績委員會「實質參與」，作為考績制度改革的建議。 zh_TW dc.description.tableofcontents 謝辭 i摘要 xvi表次 xix圖次 xx附錄目次 xxi第一章 緒論 1第一節 研究背景 1第二節 研究動機 2第三節 研究目的 3第四節 研究問題 4第五節 小結 6第二章 文獻回顧 9第一節 民主治理與新公共管理 9第二節 科層權威與組織民主 20第三節 績效管理與考績制度 30第四節 考績制度與員工參與議題的相關研究 40第五節 小結 44第三章 研究設計 47第一節 研究架構 47第二節 研究對象 57第三節 研究方法 63第四節 訪談題綱 67第五節 小結 68第四章 考績制度與考績委員會 71第一節 公務人員績效考核的流程 71第二節 考績制度與民主行政的關係 77第三節 考績委員會的制度起源與初衷 86第四節 考績委員會功能發揮的障礙 97第五節 小結 107第五章 考績制度能不能參與？ 109第一節 考績制度開放個人參與的實務可行性 109第二節 窒礙難行的組織民主 120第三節 從民主行政與績效管理重新建構參與式考績制度 137第四節 小結 146第六章 結論與建議 149第一節 研究結論 149第二節 延伸研究建議 153第三節 結語 155參考文獻 157附錄 171 zh_TW dc.language.iso en_US - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0097256001 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 民主行政 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 分權參與 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 績效管理 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 考績制度 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) democratic administration en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) decentralization and participation en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) performance management en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) performance evaluation of civil servant en_US dc.title (題名) 參與的理想或授能的幻想？從民主行政重構政府績效管理制度 zh_TW dc.title (題名) The ideal of participation or the illusion of empowerment? Reframing government performance management from democratic administration en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 中文部分：王振寰（1996）。誰統治台灣：轉型中的國家機器與權力結購。台北：巨流。史炳堂（2006）。機關首長應否變更考績委員會之復議結果與績效考核公平性對工作態度影響之探討—以高雄縣各鄉鎮市公所為例。高苑科技大學經營管理研究所碩士學位論文，未出版，高雄。朱月中（2006）。嘉義縣各鄉鎮市公所公務人員考績制度之研究。國立中正大學政治學系碩士學位論文，未出版，嘉義。朱武獻（2003）。公務人力績效管理制度。T&D飛訊，15，1-17。杜文苓（2010）。環評決策中公民參與的省思：以中科三期開發爭議為例。公共行政學報，35，29-60。杜文苓，李翰林（2010年5月）。政府資訊公開的實踐課題：以霄裡溪光電廢水汙染爭議為例。差異與連結：STS、工程與社會研討會，高雄。李光儀（2009年12月24）。新考績法，後年上路；萬名公務員，考績丙恐解聘。聯合報，A4版。呂育誠（2005）。公共人事管理採行績效評量的關注焦點與落實途徑。考銓季刊，43，76-95。余致力（2003）。公務人員考績制度改進之研究。考試院研究發展委員會研究專題（無編號），未出版。林水波（1989）。考績正義論。行政學報，21，69。林水波、莊文忠（1999）。民主行政觀的政府再造策略。人事行政，128，6-29。林嘉誠（2004）。行政機關績效評估制度的建置與回顧。載於林嘉誠（編），政府績效評估（3-20頁）。台北：行政院研究發展考核委員會。旺旺中時民調中心（2010年3月4日）。公務員考績制度改革，民調87％支持。中國時報，A7版。吳瓊恩（2002）。公共行政學發展趨勢的探究：三種治理模式的互補關係及其政治理論的基礎。公共行政學報，7，173-220。吳瓊恩、周光輝、魏娜、盧偉斯（2004）。公共行政學。台北：智勝。吳瓊恩（2010）。行政學（增訂四版）。台北：三民書局。施金山（2002）。我國公務人員考績制度之研究：兼論行政機關績效獎金制度。東海大學公共行政學系碩士學位論文，未出版，台中。施能傑（2004）。建立組織績效管理引導員工績效評估的制度。考銓季刊，37，79-94。施能傑（2009）。建立行政機關團體績效評比機制之研究。考試院委託研究，未出版。洪國平（1997）。中華民國公務人員考績制度之研究。國立政治大學公共行政學系碩士學位論文，未出版，台北。孫同文（2003）。從威權政府到民主治理：台灣公共行政理論與實務之變遷。台北：元照。孫本初（2007）。新公共管理。台北：一品。孫煒（2008）。民主治理與非多數機構：公民社會的觀點。公共行政學報，26，1-35。馬凱（2011年1月17日）。公務員該如何加薪。聯合報，A4版。陳金貴（1998）。結合效率與民主的人事政策：政府再造中人力再造計劃的探討。公務人員月刊，28，3-21。陳恆鈞（2009）。參與治理是趨勢？或是迷思？文官制度季刊，考試院八十周年慶特刊，113-144。陳敦源（2009a）。民主治理：公共行政與民主政治的制度性調和。台北：五南圖書。陳敦源（2009b）。我國考績制度之檢視：從循證理論、正義觀點及參與管理角度檢視。考試院研究發展委員會研究專題（無編號），未出版。陳敦源（2009c年9月）。論民主治理下文官永業保障的正當性基礎：從代理人理論觀點的反思。民主治理研討會，杭州。陳敦源（2010年3月22日）。政務官為何反對考績改革。中國時報，A14版。陳敦源、黃東益、蕭乃沂、郭思禹（2006）。官僚回應性與內部顧客關係管理：台北市政府市長信箱個案研究。行政暨政策學報，42，143-182。郭耀昌（2003）。公共決策正當性之省思：一個民主行政之觀點。空大行政學報，13，75-104。張瓊玲（2009）。改進公務人員考績制度的議題探討：公平原則觀點。文官制度季刊，1（2），171-197。費孝通（1948）。鄉土中國與鄉土重建。上海：觀察社。曾薏蘋（2010年3月3日）。低標改革，累積3丙可能要10年。中國時報，A9版。楊艾俐（2008）。台灣文官陷入泥沼。天下雜誌，403，142-144。鄒美完（2006）。考績公平認知對工作士氣影響之研究—以台北市公立高中職學校人事人員為例。世新大學行政管理學系碩士論文，未出版，台北。楊國樞（1998）。家族化歷程、泛家族主義及組織管理。載於鄭伯壎、黃國隆、郭建志（編），海峽兩岸之組織與管理（20-59頁）。台北：遠流。楊瑪利（1994a）。探鑽文官體系黑洞。天下雜誌，12，116-129。楊瑪利（1994b）。公僕難為。天下雜誌，12，134-135。經濟日報（2010年11月16日）。得不到掌聲的高效率決策。經濟日報，A2版。趙達瑜（2004）。公務員保障案件徹些與駁回原因及影響救濟結果因素之分析研究。公共行政學報，11，35-75。廖義銘（2006）。從「產業自律管制」看國家新治理模式之實踐條件與要素。公共行政學報，18，1-20。蔡允棟（2006）。民主行政與網絡治理：「新治理」的理論探討及類型分析。台灣政治學刊，10（1），163-209。蔡良文（2005）。論績效考核與淘汰機制之建立與變革。考銓季刊，43，11-38。樊景立、鄭伯壎（2000）。家長式領導：一項文化觀點的分析。本土心理學研究，13，127-180。鄭伯壎（1995）。差序格局與華人組織行為。本土心理學研究，3，142-219。盧偉斯（2000）。政策分析的價值與倫理議題：民主行政實踐的實質理性。中央警察大學學報，36，89-99。韓保中（2009）。新治理的行政倫理意象：新公共服務論後設語言之分析。哲學與文化，36（1），121-142。鐘金玉（2000）。公務人員績效考核公平與工作態度之研究－以高雄市政府所屬警察、醫療、稅務人員為對象。國立中山大學人力資源管理研究所碩士論文，未出版，高雄。英文部分：Ackroyd, S. (1995). From Public Administration to Public Sector Management: Understanding Contemporary Change in British Public Services. The International Journal of Public Sector Management, 8(2): 19-31.Alchian, A. and H. Demsetz (1972). Production, Information Costs, and Economic Organization. American Economic Review, 62: 777-795.Alvesson, M. and H. Willmott (2002). Identity Regulation as Organizational Control: Producing the Appropriate Individual. Journal of Management Studies, 39(5): 619-644.Bagby, L. M. J. and J. L. Franke (2001). Escape from Politics: Philosophic Foundations of Public Administration. Management Decision, 39(8): 623-633.Banner, D. K., W. A. Kulisch and N. S. Peery (1992). Self-Managing Work Teams (SMWT) and the Human Resource Function. Management Decision, 30(3): 40-45.Benjamin, R. (1952). A survey of 130 merit rating plans. Personnel, 29: 289-294.Bentley, T. (2006). Managing Performance. Training Journal, Apr: 20-25.Bevir, M. (2006). Democratic Governance: Systems and Radical Perspectives. Public Administration Review, 66(3): 426-436.Bishop, P. and G. Davis (2002). Mapping Public Participation in Public Choices. Journal of Public Administration, 61(1): 14-29.Brewer, J. D. (1968). Review of the Human Organization. American Sociological Review, 33(5): 825-826.Brown, D. I. (1995). Team-Based Reward Plans. Team Performance Management, 1(1): 23-31.Buchanan, J. M. (1978). The Economics of Politics. London: Institute of Economic Affairs. Caiden, G. E. (1982). Public Administration. Pacific Palisades: Palisades Publishers.Campbell, C. and G. K. Wilson (1995). The End of Whitehall: Death of a Paradigm? Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.Campbell, D. and C. Lee (1988). Self Appraisal in Performance Evaluation: Development versus Evaluation. Academy of Management Review, 13: 302-314.Campbell, D. J., K. M. Campbell and H. B. Chia (1998). Merit Pay, Performance Appraisal, and Individual Motivation: An Analysis and Alternative. Human Resource Management, 37(2): 131-146.Cascio, W. F. (1998). Applied Psychology in Human Resource Management. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.Cawley, B. D., L. M. Keeping and P. E. Levy (1998). Participation in the Performance Appraisal Process and Employee Reactions: A Meta Analytic Review of Field Investigations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(4): 615-633.Chenhall, R. H. (2003). Management control systems design within its organizational context: Findings from contingency-based research and directions for the future. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 28(2-3): 127-168.Coase, R. (1937). The Nature of the firm. Economica, 4: 386-405.Coens, T. and M. Jenkins (2002). Abolishing Performance Appraisals: Why They Backfire and What to Do Instead. San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, Inc.Cortner, H. (1993). Public Involvement. Alexandria, VA: Institute for Water Resources, U. S. Corps of Army Engineers.Crozier, M. (1964). The bureaucratic phenomenon. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.DeGregorio, M. B. and C. D. Fisher (1988). Providing Performance Feedback: Reactions To Alternate Methods. Journal of Management, 14(4): 605-616.Donnellon, A. and M. Scully (1994). Teams Performance and Rewards: Will the Postbureaucratic Organization be a Post-meritocratic Organization? In C. Heckscher and A. Donnellon (Ed.), The post-bureaucratic organization. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Dorfman, P. N., W. G. Stephan and J. Loveland (1986). Performance appraisal behaviors: Superior Perceptions and Subordinate Reactions. Personnel Psychology, 39: 579-597.Doucouliagos, C. (1995). Worker Participation and Productivity in Labor-Managed and Participatory Capitalist Firms: A Meta-Analysis. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 49(1): 58-77.Drucker, P. F. (1976). What Results Should You Expect? A User’s Guide to MBO. Public Administration Review, 36, 12-19.Dunleavy, P. (1991). Democracy, Bureaucracy and Public Choice: Economic Explanations in Political Science. London: Harvester Wheatsheaf.Dunn, D. D. and Legge Jr., J. S. (2001). U.S. Local Government Managers and the Complexity of Responsibility and Accountability in Democratic Governance. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 11(1): 73-88.Eckes, G. (1994). Practical Alternatives to Performance Appraisals. Quality Progress, 27(11): 57-60.Effrat, A. (1968). Review: Democratizing and Producing. Science, 162(3859): 1260-1261.Fahed-Sreih, J. (2009). An Exploratory Study on a New Corporate Governance Mechanism: Evidence from Small Family Firms. Management Research News, 32(1): 50-61.Fama, E. F. and M. C. Jensen (1983). Agency problems and residual claims. Journal of Law and Economics, 26: 301-326.Flower, A. (1995). Performance Management: The MOB of the ‘90s? Personnel Management, July, 47-51. Franklin Covey (2003). The Real Leadership Challenge: Top-to-Bottom Focus and Execution. Salt Lake City, UT: Franklin Covey.Fry, B. R. (1989). Mastering Public Administration: From Max Weber to Dwight Waldo. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House.Glew, D. J., A. M. O`Leary-Kelly, R. W. Griffin and D. D. V. Fleet (1995). Participation in Organizations: A Preview of Issues and Proposed Framework for Future Analysis. Journal of Management, 21(3): 395-421.Goodnow, F. (1990). Politics and Administration. London: Macmillan.Goodsell, C. (1983). The Case for Bureaucracy: A Public Administration Polemic. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House Publishers.Gray, A. and B. Jenkins (1995). From Public Administration to Public Management Reassessing a Revolution? Public Administration, 73(1): 75-99.Grey, C. and C. Garsten (2001). Trust, control and post-bureacuracy. Organization Studies, 22(2): 229-250.Heclo, H. (1975). OMB and the Presidency: the Problem of “Neutral Competence”. Public Interest, 38(winter): 80-89.Heckscher, C. (1994). Defining the post-bureaucratic type. In C. Heckscher and A. Donnellon (Ed.), The post-bureaucratic organization. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Hendry, C., Bradley, P. and Perkins, S. (1997). Missed a Motivator. People Management, 11: 20-25.Herzberg, F., B. Mausner and B. B. Snyderman (1959). The Motivation to Work. New York: Wiley.Hesketh, A. and Fletwood S. (2006). Beyond Measuring the Human Resources Management-Organizational Performance Link: Applying Critical Realist Meta-Theory. Organization, 13(5): 677-700.Hobbes, T. (1961). Leviathan. London: Penguin Classics.Honey, C. (2006). Community weaving: Creative solutions to a new century. Bothell, WA: Family Support Network, International.Horn, M. J. (1995). The Political Economy of Public Administration. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Houldsworth, E. (2007). Measuring and Managing Performance. Personnel Today, 9: 24-26.Hughes, O. E. (1998). Public Management and Administration: An Introduction. Toronto: St. Martin`s Press.Jermier, J. M. (1998). Introduction: Critical Perspectives on Organizational Control. Administrative Science Quarterly, 43(2): 235-256.Jun, J. S. (1986). Public Administration: Design and Problem Solving. New York: Macmillan.Kaplan, R. S. and D. P. Norton (2001). The Strategy-Focused Organization: How Balanced Scorecard Companies Thrive in the New Business Environment. Boston, Mass.: Harvard Business School Press.Karl, B. (1987). The American Bureaucrat: A History of Sheep in Wolves Clothing. Public Administration Review, 47(1): 26-34.Kettl, D. (2000). Public Administration at the Millennium: The State of the Field. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 10(1): 7-34.Kleingeld A., H. V. Tuijl and J. A. Algera (2004). Participation in the Design of Performance Management Systems: A Quasi-experimental Field Study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25, 831-851.Knights, D. and H. Willmott (1987). Organizational Culture as Corporate Strategy. International Studies of Management and Organization, 17(3): 40-63.Lavelle, L. (2002). The Best and Worst Boards: How the Corporate Scandals are Sparking a Revolution in Governance. Business week, 3802: 104-117.Levine, C. H., B. G. Peters and F. J. Thompson. (1990). Public Administration: Challenges, Choices, Consequences. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman/ Little Brown Higher Education.Likert, R. (1961). New patterns of management. New York: McGraw-Hill.Likert, R. and J. G. Likert (1976). New Ways of Managing Conflicts. New York: McGraw-Hill.Locke, E. A. and D. M. Schweiger (1979). Participation in Decision Making: One More Look. In B. Straw and L. L. Cummings (Ed.), Research in Organizational Behavior. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.Locke, E. A., D. B. Feren, V. M. McCaleb, K. N. Shaw and A. T. Denny (1980). The Relative Effectiveness of Four Methods of Motivating Employee Performance. In K. D. Duncan, M. M. Gruenberg and P. Wallis (Ed.), Changes in Working Life. New York: WileyLuthans, F. (1973). Organizational Behavior. New York: McGraw-Hill.McGregor, D. (1960). The Human Side of Enterprise. New York: McGraw-Hill.Meier, K. (1997). Bureaucracy and Democracy: The Case for More Bureaucracy and Less Democracy. Public Administration Review, 57(3): 193-199.Merton, R. K. (1940). Bureaucratic structure and personality. Social Forces, 18: 560-568.Meyer, H. H. (1980). Self-appraisal of Job Performance. Personnel Psychology, 33: 291-295.Milgram, S. (1974). Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View. London: Tavistock Publications.Milgrom, P. and J. Roberts (1992). Economics, organization and management. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.Miller, G. J. (1992). Managerial Dilemmas: The Political Economy of Hierarchy. New York: Cambridge University Press.Miller, G. J. (2000). Above Politics: Credible Commitment and Efficiency in the Design of Public Agencies. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 10(2): 289-327.Miller, G. and A. Whitford (2007). The Principal’s Moral Hazard: Constraints on the Use of Incentives in Hierarchy. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 17(2): 213-233.Mintzberg, H. (1979). The Structuring of Organizations. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.Mosher, F. (1968). Democracy and the Public Service. New York: Oxford University Press.Mueller, F. (1994). Teams Between Hierarchy and Commitment: Change Strategies and the Internal Environment. Journal of Management Studies, 31: 383-403.Murphy, K. R. and J. N. Cleveland (1995). Understanding Performance Appraisal: Social, Organizational, and Goal-Based Perspectives. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.Noe, R. A. (2002). Employee Training and Development. New York: McGraw-Hill.Nyhan, R. C. (2000). Changing the Paradigm: Trust and Its Role in Public Sector Organizations. American Review of Public Administration, 30(1): 87-109.Odiorne, G. S. (1976). MBO in State Government. Public Administration Review, Jan/Feb: 28-33.OECD (1991). Public Management Developments: 1991. Paris: OECD.Ortiz, J. P. and L. Arnborg (2005). Making High Performance Last: Reflections on Involvement, Culture, and Power in Organizations. Performance Improvement, 44(6): 31-37.Osborne, D. and T. Gaebler (1992). Reinventing Government: how the entrepreneurial spirit is transforming the public sector. New York: Plume.Ouchi, W. G. (1979). A conceptual framework for the design of organizational control mechanisms. Management Science, 25(9): 833-848.Perrow, C. (1970). Organizational analysis: A sociological view. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.Perry, J. L., D. Mesch and L. Paarlberg (2006). Motivating Employees in a New Governance Era: The Performance Paradigm Revisited. Public Administration Review, 66(4): 505-514.Peters, B. G. (2000). Policy Instrument and Public Management: Bridging the Gaps. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 10(1): 35-47.Peters, B. G. and J. Pierre. (1998). Governance Without Government? Rethinking Public Administration. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 8(2): 223-43.Pierre, J. (2000). Debating Governance. New York: Oxford University Press.Plastrik, P. and M. Taylor (2007). Net Gains: A handbook for network builders seeking social change. Boston: Barr Foundation.Pratt, H. J. (1991). Principles of Effective Performance Management. ARMA Records Management Quarterly, 25(1): 28-37Pritchard, R. D., S. E. Jones, P. L. Roth, K. K. Stuebing and S. E. Ekeberg (1988). The effects of feedback, goal setting and incentives on organizational productivity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 73, 337-358.Pritchard, R. D., S. E. Jones, P. L. Roth, K. K. Stuebing and S. E. Ekeberg (1989). The evaluation of an integrated approach to measuring organizational productivity. Personnel Psychology, 42, 69-115.Pollitt, C. (1990). Managerialism and the Public Services: The Anglo-American Experience. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Raelin, J. A. (2008). Emancipatory Discourse and Liberation. Management Learning, 39(5): 519-540.Raelin, J. A. (2011). The End of Managerial Control? Group & Organization Management, 36(2): 135-160.Rhodes, R. A. W. (1996). The New Governance: Governing without Government. Political Studies, 44(4): 652-667.Rhodes, R. A. W. (1997). Understanding Governance: Policy Networks, Governance, Reflexivity and Accountability. Buckingham, UK: Open University.Risher, H. (2007). Fostering a Performance-Driven Culture in the Public Sector. Public Manager, 36(3): 51-56.Roberts, G. E. (2003). Employee Performance Appraisal System Participation: A Technique that Works. Public Personnel Management, 32(1): 89-98.Robin, L. and E. Stein (1990). Performance Appraisal: Support Services` Secret Weapon. Hospital Materiel Management Quarterly, 11(4): 1-5.Rodgers, R. and J. E. Hunter (1991). Impact of management by objectives on organizational productivity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 322-336.Rosenbloom, D. H., R. S. Kravchuk and D. G. Rosenbloom (2002). Public Administration: Understanding Management, Politics, and Law in the Public Sector. New York: McGraw-Hill.Salamon, L. M. (2002). The Tools of Government: A Guide to the New Governance. New York: Oxford University Press.Schmitter, P. C. (2002). Participation in Governance Arrangements: Is there any Reason to Expect It Will Achieve “Sustainable and Innovative Policies in a Multi-Level Context? In J. R. Grote and B. Gbikpi (Ed.), Participatory Governance: Political and Societal Implications. Opladen: Leske and Budrich.Scott, W. R. (1992). Organizations: Rational, natural, and open systems. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Self, P. (1993). Theories of Political Behavior. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Sinclair, A. (1994). The Tyranny of Team Ideology. Organization Studies, 13(4): 611-646.Skinner, B. F. (1969). Contingencies of Reinforcement. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.Spector, P. E. (1986). Perceived Control by Employees: A Meta-Analysis of Studies Concerning Autonomy and Participation at Work. Human Relations, 39(11): 1005-1017.Spence, D. B. (1999). Agency Discretion and the Dynamics of Procedural Reform. Public Administration Review, 59(5): 425-442.Stajkovic, A. D. and F. Luthans (1997). A Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Organizational Behavior Modification on Task Performance. Academy of Management Journal, 40: 1122-1149.Steel, B. S. (1985). Participative Performance Appraisal in Washington: An Assessment of Post Implementation Receptivity. Public Personnel Management, 14(2): 153-171.Stigler, G. (1975). The Citizen and the State. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Stoker, G. (1998). Public-Private Partnerships and Urban Governance. In J. Pierre (Ed.), Partnerships in Urban Governance: European and American Experiences. New York: Palgrave.Taylor, F. W. (1911). Principles and Methods of Scientific Management. New York: Harper.Thompson, J. D. (1967). Organizations in action. New York: McGraw-Hill.Vickers, J. and G. Yarrow (1988). Privatization: An Economic Analysis. Cambridge: MIT Press.Vigoda, E. (2002). From Responsiveness to Collaboration: Governance, Citizens, and the Next Generation of Public Administration. Public Administration Review, 62(5): 527-540.Vroom, V. H. (1964). Work and Motivation. New York: Wiley.Wagner, J. A., C. R. Leana, E. A. Locke and D. M. Schweiger (1997). Cognitive and motivational frameworks in U.S. research on participation: a meta-analysis of primary effects. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 18(1): 49-65.Waldo, D. (1952). Development of Theory of Democratic Administration. The American Political Science Review Review, 46(1): 81-103.Weber, M. (1977). Economy and Society. Berkeley: University of California Press.Westwood, R. I. and A. Chan (1992). Headship and leadership. In R. I. Westwood (Ed.), Organizational Behavior: A Southeast Asian perspective. Hong Kong: Longman Group.White, H. C. (1985). Agency as Control. In J. W. Pratt and R. J. Zeckhauser (Ed.), Principals and Agents: The Structure of Business. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.Williamson, O. E. (1985). The economic institution of capitalism. New York: Free Press.Williamson, O. E. (1986). Economic Organization: Firms, Markets and Policy Control. London: Wheatsheaf.Wilson, J. Q. (1989). Bureaucracy: What Government Agencies Do and Why They Do It. New York: Basic Books.Wilson, W. (1887). The Study of Administration. Political Science Quarterly, 2(2): 197-222.Zuboff, S. (1988). In the age of the smart machine. New York: Basic Books. zh_TW
