1. NCCU Academic Hub
  2. Publications
  3. College of Commerce
  4. Theses
  5. Item

Publications-Theses

Article View/Open

Publication Export

Google ScholarTM

NCCU Library

Citation Infomation

Related Publications in TAIR

題名 供應鏈中的跨階管理：以焦點廠商、一階供應商、二階供應商的三方關係為例
Managing Across Tiers in a Supply Chain: Case Studies in the Triad Relationship of `Focal Firm - First Tier Supplier - Second Tier Supplier`
作者 張雯然
貢獻者 司徒達賢
張雯然
關鍵詞 跨階管理
供應鏈管理
組織間關係
網絡結構
統治模式
日期 2011
上傳時間 30-Oct-2012 11:18:21 (UTC+8)
摘要 供應鏈中的各廠商彼此專業分工，專注於自己的核心能力，藉市場交易交換資源，可以讓整個供應鏈的生產效率最佳化。組織間的管理也是一樣，若每一個廠商都能管理好直接的上下游廠商，提昇合作的品質，則供應鏈整體的績效也會提昇。若有缺乏生產能力或管理能力的廠商，也會被市場機能淘汰。當供應鏈中每一階層的市場機能運作良好時，任何上下游市場的變化，也會層層傳遞到其他階層的市場，而影響了廠商的決策，並回過頭來傳遞而影響原來發生變化的源頭市場。因此，在理想的狀態中，廠商並不需要關心直接上下游之外的其他階層的市場的狀況，廠商在本身所面對的市場中做的決策自然會影響其他階層的市場，並最終達成整個供應鏈中各市場的均衡。但是，在實務上，我們卻發現廠商跨過直接的供應商去管理更上游的二階以上的供應商的情況愈來愈普遍。什麼原因造成了前述市場機能的失靈，且不能只依賴各階段市場中適當的混合統合模式選擇來回應市場失靈，以致於廠商必須協助或代替供應商去管理更上游的供應商(即本論文所稱的跨階管理)呢？在過去供應鏈管理相關文獻中，缺乏專文討論跨階管理的現象。僅能由一些供應鏈管理的研究中找到部份與跨階管理有關的案例描述，且缺乏理論的解釋。因此，本論文以「焦點廠商－一階供應商－二階供應商」的三方關係為分析單位，做為更一般化的跨階管理的代表，研究焦點廠商為何要介入一階供應商對二階供應商的管理，或焦點廠商為何要直接管理二階供應商。本論文透過個案研究，選擇具先進供應鏈管理實務的台灣資通產業中的九家廠商進行訪談及次級資料收集，歸納式地分析個案資料，以找出跨階管理的內涵及理由。
本論文發現跨階管理的內涵，可以用組織間關係中的協調(coordination)、控制(control)、協商(negotiation)為管理元素加以拆解。第一，焦點廠商介入一階供應商對二階供應商的管理，可以重新拆解為焦點廠商協調、控制、協商一階供應商對二階供應商的協調、控制、協商。第二，焦點廠商直接管理二階供應商，即為焦點廠商對二階供應商進行協調、控制、協商的行動。這兩種跨階管理做法的深度不同，但都是為了達到相同的結果，因此可以合併為更高層次的「跨階管理」構念，以這兩種做法代表中等程度及較高程度的跨階管理的水準表現。跨階管理的理由包括了焦點廠商對一階供應商的資訊不對稱及權力不對等、一階供應商對二階供應商的管理能耐不足及權力不對等、一階供應商處於二階供應商及焦點廠商間的資訊處理能力及任務協調能力不足。更進一步歸納這些原因，可以形成兩個類別，分別是一階供應商的投機和無能，導致焦點廠商必須進行跨階管理。一階供應商的投機是因它位於焦點廠商和二階供應商之間，而有資訊不對等和權力不對等的優勢。一階供應商的無能又分為管理二階供應商時協調、控制能力不足和談判力不足，以及做為焦點廠商和二階供應商的居中協調者卻在資訊傳遞及任務協調上的能力不足。而焦點廠商進行跨階管理後，可以改善或部份取代原來「焦點廠商－一階供應商」及「一階供應商－二階供應商」的關係及績效，因此可以提昇「焦點廠商－一階供應商－二階供應商」三方關係所形成的體系的整體績效。
參考文獻 王俊如(2003)，多元交易關係之研究-以兩個交易關係的相互影響為例，政治大學企管系博士論文。
司徒達賢(2001)，策略管理新論，台北:智勝文化。
司徒達賢(2005)，管理學的新世界，台北:天下遠見。
吳建明、胡哲生(2009)，以動態能力觀點探討企業經營流程變革與網路地位重塑關係之研究，管理學報，第26卷，第2期，頁145-166。
呂俊儀、楊玟欣(2011)，NB難賺 代工廠另找出路，工商時報2011年4月4日。
徐淑英、歐怡(2008)，科學過程與研究設計，載於陳曉萍、徐淑英、樊景立、鄭伯壎主編，組織與管理研究的實證方法 (頁3-27)，台北:華泰文化。
產業情報研究所 (2011)，台灣資通訊產業發展現況，擷取日期2011年9日10日，http://mic.iii.org.tw/aisp/
莊丙農(2011)，蘋果不斷鏈，觸控面板、相關零組件全面大漲，時報資訊2011年3月22日。
經濟部投資業務處 (2008)，資通訊產業分析及投資機會，擷取日期2011年9月10日，http://www.dois.moea.gov.tw/asp/iaaio.asp
詹惠珠 (2012)，iPhone 5讓利，零件廠嘗甜頭, 聯合報2012年3月30日。
盧智芳、陳一姍 (2002)，微利時代來了，天下雜誌, 252期, 頁150-161。
Anderson, J. C., Hakansson, H., & Johanson, J. (1994). Dyadic Business Relationships Within a Business Network Context. Journal of Marketing, 58(4), 1-15.
Argyres, N. S., & Liebeskind, J. P. (1999). Contractual Commitments, Bargaining Power, and Governance Inseparability: Incorporating History into Transaction Cost Theory. Academy of Management Review, 24(1), 449-463.
Bacharach, S. B., & Lawler, E. J. (1981). Power and Tactics in Bargaining. Industrial & Labor Relations Review, 34(2), 219-233.
Borgatti, S., & Li, X. (2009). On Social Network Analysis in a Supply Chain Context. Journal of Supply Chain Management, 45(2), 5-22.
Bosse, D. A., Philips, r. A., & Harrison, J. S. (2009). Stakeholders, Reciprocity, and Firm Performance. Strategic Management Journal, 30(4), 447-456.
Burgess, K., Singh, P. J., & Koroglu, R. (2006). Supply Chain Management: A Structured Literature Review and Implications for Future Research. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 26(7), 703-729.
Burt, R. S. (1992). The Social Structure of Competition. Cambridge. MA: Harvard University Press.
Carr, C. H., & Truesdale, T. A. (1992). Lessons from Nissan`s British Suppliers. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 12(2), 49-57.
Carter, R., & Hodgson, G. M. (2006). The Impact of Empirical Tests of Transaction Cost Economics on the Debate on the Nature of the Firm. Strategic Management Journal, 27(5), 461-476.
Casciaro, T., & Piskorski, M. J. (2005). Power Imbalance, Mutual Dependence, and Constraint Absorption: A Closer Look at Resource Dependence Theory. Administrative Science Quarterly, 50(2), 167-199.
Chen, I. J., & Paulraj, A. (2004). Towards a Theory of Supply Chain Management: The Constructs and Measurements. Journal of Operations Management, 22(2), 119-150.
Chen, S. S. (2010). A General TCE Model of International Business Institutions: Market Failure and Reciprocity. Journal of International Business Studies, 41(6), 935-959.
Choi, T. Y., & Hong, Y. (2002). Unveiling the Structure of Supply Networks: Case Studies in Honda, Acura, and DaimlerChrysler. Journal of Operations Management, 20(5), 469-493.
Choi, T. Y., & Kim, Y. (2008). Structural Embeddedness and Supplier Management: A Network Perspective. Journal of Supply Chain Management, 44(4), 5-13.
Choi, T. Y., & Krause, D. R. (2006). The Supply Base and Its Complexity: Implications for Transaction Costs, Risks, Responsiveness, and Innovation. Journal of Operations Management, 24(5), 637-652.
Choi, T. Y., & Wu, Z. (2009a). Go Ahead, Leap: Triads and Their Practical and Theoretical Import: In Response to “To Leap or Not to Leap: Triads as Arbitrary Subsets of Networks of Connected Dyads” by Anna Dubois. Journal of Purchasing & Supply Management, 15(4), 269-270.
Choi, T. Y., & Wu, Z. (2009b). Taking the Leap from Dyads to Triads: Buyer–Supplier Relationships in Supply Networks. Journal of Purchasing & Supply Management, 15(4), 263-266.
Christopher, M. (1992). Logistics and Supply Chain Management. London: Pitman Publishing.
Coase, R. H. (1937). The Nature of the Firm. Economica, 4(6), 386-405.
Combs, J. G., & Ketchen, D. J. (1999). Explaining Interfirm Cooperation and Performance: Toward a Reconciliation of Predictions. Strategic Management Journal, 20(9), 867-888.
Conner, K. R., & Prahalad, C. K. (1996). A Resource-based Theory of the Firm: Knowledge Versus Opportunism. Organization Science, 7(5), 477-501.
Cook, K. S., & Emerson, R. M. (1978). Power, Equity and Commitment in Exchange Networks. American Sociological Review, 43(5), 721-739.
Cooper, M. C., Lambert, D. M., & Pagh, J. D. (1997). Supply Chain Management: More Than a New Name for Logistics. The International Journal of Logistics Management, 8(1), 1-14.
Croom, S., Romano, P., & Giannakis, M. (2000). Supply Chain Management: An Analytical Framework for Critical Literature Review. European Journal of Purchasing & Supply Management, 6, 67-83.
Das, T. K., & Teng, B. S. (2000). A Resource-Based Theory of Strategic Alliances. Journal of Management, 26(1), 31-61.
Demsetz, H. (1988). The Theory of the Firm Revisited. Journal of Law, Economics & Organization, 4(1), 141-161.
Dubois, A. (2003). Strategic Cost Management Across Boundaries of Firms. Industrial Marketing Management, 32(5), 365-374.
Dubois, A., & Fredriksson, P. (2008). Cooperating and Competing in Supply Networks: Making Sense of a Triadic Sourcing Strategy. Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management, 14(3), 170-179.
Dyer, J. H. (1997). Effective Interfirm Collaboration: How Firms Minimize Transaction Costs and Maximize Transaction Value. Strategic Management Journal, 18(7), 535-556.
Dyer, J. H., Cho, D. S., & Chu, W. (1998). Strategic Supplier Segmentation: The Next "Best Practice" in Supply Chain Management. California Management Review, 40(2), 57-77.
Dyer, J. H., & Singh, H. (1998). The Relational View: Cooperative Strategy and Sources of Interorganizational Competitive Advantage. Academy of Management Review, 23(4), 660-679.
Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989a). Agency Theory: An Assessment and Review. Academy of Management Review, 14(1), 57-74.
Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989b). Building Theories from Case Study Research. Academy of Management Review, 14(4), 532-550.
Ellram, L. M., & Cooper, M. C. (1990). Supply Chain Management, Partnerships, and the Shipper-Third Party Relationship. The International Journal of Logistics Management, 1(2), 1-10.
Emerson, R. M. (1962). Power-Dependence Relations. American Sociological Review, 27(1), 31-41.
Follis, M., & Enrietti, A. (1994). Improving Performances at the Second Tier of the Automative Supply Chain: A Draft Case Study of an Innovative Initiative in the Italian Car Industry. International Journal of Automative Technology and Management, 1(4), 449-455.
Forrester, J. W. (1958). Industrial Dynamics. Harvard Business Review, 36(4), 37-66.
Frohlich, M. T., & Westbrook, R. (2001). Arcs of Integration: An International Study of Supply Chain Strategies. Journal of Operations Management, 19(2), 185-200.
Galbraith, J. R. (1973). Designing Complex Organizations. Boston, MA, USA: Addison-Wesley Longman Publishing Co., Inc.
Galbraith, J. R. (1974). Organization Design: An Information Processing View. Interfaces, 4(3), 28-36.
Gargiulo, M. (1993). Two-step Leverage: Managing Constraint in Organizational Politics. Administrative Science Quarterly, 38(1), 1-19.
Giannakis, M., & Croom, S. R. (2004). Toward the Development of a Supply Chain Management Paradigm: A Conceptual Framework. Journal of Supply Chain Management, 40(2), 27-37.
Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. Chicago,IL: Aldine.
Gulati, R. (1995). Does Familiarity Breed Trust? The Implications of Repeated Ties for Contractual Choice in Alliances. Academy of Management Journal, 38(1), 85-112.
Gulati, R., Lawrence, P. R., & Puranam, P. (2005). Adaptation in Vertical Relationships: Beyond Incentive Conflict. Strategic Management Journal, 26(5), 415-440.
Gulati, R., & Singh, H. (1998). The Architecture of Cooperation: Managing Coordination Costs and Appropriation Concerns in Strategic Alliances. Administrative Science Quarterly, 43(4), 781-814.
Heide, J. B. (2003). Plural Governance in Industrial Purchasing. Journal of Marketing, 67(4), 18-29.
Heide, J. B., & John, G. (1988). The Role of Dependence Balancing in Safeguarding Transaction-Specific Assets in Conventional Channels. Journal of Marketing, 52(1), 20-35.
Heide, J. B., & John, G. (1990). Alliances in Industrial Purchasing: The Determinants of Joint Action in Buyer- Supplier Relationships. Journal of Marketing Research, 27(1), 24-36.
Heide, J. B., & John, G. (1992). Do Norms Matter in Marketing Relationships? Journal of Marketing, 56(2), 32-44.
Heide, J. B., Wathne, K. H., & Rokkan, A. I. (2007). Interfirm Monitoring, Social Contracts, and Relatioinship Outcomes. Journal of Marketing Research, 44(3), 425-433.
Henke, J. W. (2000). Strategic Selling in the Age of Modules and Systems. Industrial Marketing Management, 29(3), 271-284.
Hennart, J.-F. (1993). Explaining the Swollen Middle: Why Most Transactions Are a Mix of "Market" and "Hierarchy". Organization Science, 4(4), 529-547.
Ho, D. C. K., Au, K. F., & Newton, E. (2002). Empirical Research on Supply Chain Management: A Critical Review and Recommendations. International Journal of Production Research, 40(17), 4415-4430.
Hoffmann, W. H. (2007). Strategies for Managing a Portfolio of Alliances. Strategic Management Journal, 28(8), 827-856.
Hofman, D., O`Marah, K., & Elvy, C. (June 1 2011). The Gartner Supply Chain Top 25 for 2011, from http://www.gartner.com/DisplayDocument?doc_cd=213740
Jacobides, M. G., & Hitt, L. M. (2005). Losing Sight of the Forest for the Trees? Productive Capabilities and Gains from Trade as Drivers of Vertical Scope. Strategic Management Journal, 26(13), 1209-1227.
Jacobides, M. G., & Winter, S. G. (2005). The Co-Evolution of Capabilities and Transaction Costs: Explaining the Institutional Structure of Production. Strategic Management Journal, 26(5), 395-413.
Kang, M. P., Mahoney, J. T., & Tan, D. (2009). Why Firms Make Unilateral Investments Specific to Other Firms: The Case of OEM Suppliers. Strategic Management Journal, 30(2), 117-135.
Kim, Y., Choi, T. Y., Yan, T., & Dooley, K. (2011). Structural Investigation of Supply Networks: A Social Network Analysis Approach. Journal of Operations Management, 29(3), 194-211.
Kogut, B., & Zander, U. (1992). Knowledge of the Firm, Combinative Capabilities, and the Replication of Technology. Organization Science, 3(3), 383-397.
Kogut, B., & Zander, U. (1996). What Firms Do? Coordination, Identity, and Learning. Organization Science, 7(5), 502-518.
Lambert, D. M., & Cooper, M. C. (2000). Issues in Supply Chain Management. Industrial Marketing Management, 29(1), 65-83.
Lambert, D. M., Cooper, M. C., & Pagh, J. D. (1998). Supply Chain Management: Implementation Issues and Research Opportunities. International Journal of Logistics Management, 9(2), 1-19.
Langlois, R. N., & Foss, N. J. (1997). Capabilities and Governance: The Rebirth of Production in the Theory of Economic Organization. DRUID Working Paper. Danish Research Unit for Industrial Dynamics. Denmark.
Lee, T. W., Mitchell, T. R., & Sablynski, C. J. (1999). Qualitative Research in Organizational and Vocational Psychology, 1979-1999. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 55, 161-187.
Li, M. E. I., & Choi, T. Y. (2009). Triads in Services Outsourcing: Bridge, Bridge Decay and Bridge Transfer. Journal of Supply Chain Management, 45(3), 27-39.
Madhok, A. (1996). The Organization of Economic Activity: Transaction Costs, Firm Capabilities, and the Nature of Governance. Organization Science, 7(5), 577-590.
Madhok, A. (2002). Reassessing the Fundamentals and Beyond: Ronald Coase, the Transaction Cost and Resource-Based Theories of the Firm and the Institutional Structure of Production. Strategic Management Journal, 23(6), 535-550.
Mahoney, J. T., & Pandian, J. R. (1992). The Resource-Based View within the Conversation of Strategic Management. Strategic Management Journal, 13(5), 363-380.
Malone, T. W., Yates, J., & Benjamin, R. I. (1987). Electronic Markets and Electronic Hierarchies. Communications of the ACM, 30(6), 484-497.
McFarland, R. G., Bloodgood, J. M., & Payan, J. M. (2008). Supply Chain Contagion. Journal of Marketing, 72(2), 63-79.
McMillan, J. (1990). Managing Suppliers: Incentive Systems in Japanese and U.S. Industry. California Management Review, 32(4), 38-55.
Mentzer, J. T., DeWitt, W., Keebler, J. S., Min, S., Nix, N. W., Smith, C. D., & Zacharia, Z. G. (2001). Defining Supply Chain Management. Journal of Business Logistics, 22(2), 1-25.
Mesquita, L. F., & Brush, T. H. (2008). Untangling Safeguard and Production Coordination Effects in Long-Term Buyer-Supplier Relationships. Academy of Management Journal, 51(4), 785-807.
Mizruchi, M. S., & Yoo, M. (2002). Interorganizational Power and Dependence. In J. A. C. Baum (Ed.), The Blackwell Companion to Organizations (pp. 599-620). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers.
Moller, K. (2003). Business Suppliers` Value Creation Potential: A Capability-Based Analysis. Industrial Marketing Management, 32(2), 109-118.
Monteverde, K. (1995). Technical Dialog as an Incentive for Vertical Integration in the Semiconductor Industry. Management Science, 41(10), 1624-1639.
Noordewier, T. G., John, G., & Nevin, J. R. (1990). Performance Outcomes of Purchasing Arrangements in Industrial Buyer-Vendor Relationships. Journal of Marketing, 54(4), 80-93.
Obstfeld, D. (2005). Social Networks, the Tertius Iungens Orientation, and Involvement in Innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 50(1), 100-130.
Oliver, C. (1990). Determinants of Interorganizational Relationships: Integration and Future Directions. Academy of Management Review, 15(2), 241-265.
Park, S., & Hartley, J. L. (2002). Exploring the Effect of Supplier Management on Performance in the Korean Automotive Supply Chain. The Journal of Supply Chain Management, 38(2), 46-53.
Pfeffer, J., & Nowak, P. (1976). Joint Ventures and Interorganizational Interdependence. Administrative Science Quarterly, 21(3), 398-418.
Pfeffer, J., & Salancik, G. R. (2003). The External Control of Organizations: A Resource Dependence Perspective. CA: Stanford University Press.
Poppo, L., & Zenger, T. (1998). Testing Alternative Theories of the Firm: Transaction Cost, Knowledge-Based, and Measurement Explanations for Make-or-Buy Decisions in Information Services. Strategic Management Journal, 19(9), 853-877.
Poppo, L., & Zenger, T. (2002). Do Formal Contracts and Relational Governance Function as Substitutes or Complements ? Strategic Management Journal, 23(8), 707-725.
Provan, K. G., Beyer, J. M., & Kruytbosch, C. (1980). Environmental Linkages and Power in Resource-Dependence Relations Between Organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 25(2), 200-225.
Rich, N., & Hines, P. (1997). Supply-Chain Managmenet and Time-Based Competition: The Role of the Supplier Association. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 27(3/4), 210-225.
Rindfleisch, A., & Heide, J. B. (1997). Transaction Cost Analysis: Past, Present, and Future Applications. Journal of Marketing, 61(4), 30-54.
Ritter, T. (2000). A Framework for Analyzing Interconnectedness of Relationships. Industrial Marketing Management, 29(4), 317-326.
Rossetti, C. L., & Choi, T. Y. (2005). On the Dark Side of Strategic Sourcing: Experiences from the Aerospace Industry. Academy of Management Executive, 19(1), 46-60.
Rossetti, C. L., & Choi, T. Y. (2008). Supply Management Under High Goal Incongruence: An Empirical Examination of Disintermediation in the Aerospace Supply Chain. Decision Sciences, 39(3), 507-540.
Sachan, A., & Datta, S. (2005). Review of Supply Chain Management and Logistics Research. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 35(9), 664-705.
Santos, F. M., & Eisenhardt, K. M. (2005). Organizational Boundaries and Theories of Organization. Organization Science, 16(5), 491-508.
Schilling, M. A., & Steensma, H. K. (2001). The Use of Modular Organizational Forms: An Industry-Level Analysis. Academy of Management Journal, 44(6), 1149-1168.
Shelanski, H. A., & Klein, P. G. (1995). Empirical Research in Transaction Cost Economics: A Review and Assessment. Journal of Law, Economics, & Organization, 11(2), 335-361.
Skjoett-Larsen, T. (1999). Supply Chain Management: A New Challenge for Researchers and Managers in Logistics. International Journal of Logistics Management, 10(2), 41-53.
Sousa, R., & Voss, C. A. (2007). Operational Implications of Manufacturing Outsourcing for Subcontractor Plants: An Empirical Investigation. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 27(9), 974-997.
Storey, J., Emberson, C., Godsell, J., & Harrison, A. (2006). Supply Chain Management: Theory, Practice and Future Challenges. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 26(7), 754-774.
Stump, R. L., & Heide, J. B. (1996). Controlling Supplier Opportunism in Industrial Relationships. Journal of Marketing Research, 33(4), 431-441.
Thompson, J. D. (1967). Organizations in Action. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Tiwana, A., & Keil, M. (2007). Does Peripheral Knowledge Complement Control? An Empirical Test in Technology Outsourcing Alliances. Strategic Management Journal, 28(6), 623-634.
Tushman, M. L., & Nadler, D. A. (1978). Information Processing as an Integrating Concept in Organizational Design. Academy of Management Review, 3(3), 613-624.
Wagner, S. M., & Johnson, J. L. (2004). Configuring and Managing Strategic Partner Portfolios. Industrial Marketing Management, 33, 717-730.
Walker, G., & Weber, D. (1984). A Transaction Cost Approach to Make-or-Buy Decisions. Administrative Science Quarterly, 29(3), 373-391.
Wathne, K. H., & Heide, J. B. (2000). Opportunism in Interfirm Relationships: Forms, Outcomes, and Solutions. Journal of Marketing, 64(4), 36-51.
Wathne, K. H., & Heide, J. B. (2004). Relationship Governance in a Supply Chain Network. Journal of Marketing, 68(1), 73-89.
Webster, M., Alder, C., & Muhlemann, A. P. (1997). Subcontracting within the Supply Chain for Electronics Assembly Manufacture. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 17(9), 827-841.
White, S., & Lui, S. S.-Y. (2005). Distinguishing Costs of Cooperation and Control in Alliances. Strategic Management Journal, 26(10), 913-932.
Williamson, O. (2008). Outsourcing: Transaction Cost Economics and Supply Chian Management. Journal of Supply Chain Management, 44(5), 5-16.
Williamson, O. E. (1975). Markets and Hierarchies: Analysis and antitrust implications. New York: Free Press.
Williamson, O. E. (1983). Credible Commitments: Using Hostages to Support Exchange. American Economic Review, 73(4), 519-540.
Williamson, O. E. (1985). The Economic Institutions of Capitalism: Firms, Markets, Relational Contracting. New York: Free Press.
Williamson, O. E. (1991). Comparative Economic Organization: The Analysis of Discrete Structural Alternatives. Administrative Science Quarterly, 36(2), 269-296.
Wuyts, S., Stremersch, S., Van Den Bulte, C., & Franses, P. H. (2004). Vertical Marketing Systems for Complex Products: A Triadic Perspective. Journal of Marketing Research, 41(4), 479-487.
Yan, A., & Gray, B. (1994). Bargaining Power, Management Control, and Performance in United States - China Joint Ventures: A Comparative Case Study. Academy of Management Journal, 37(6), 1478-1517.
Yin, R. K. (2003). Case Study Research: Design and Methods (4 ed. Vol. 5). Thousand Oasks, CA: Sage Inc.
Zajac, E. J., & Olsen, C. P. (1993). From Transaction Cost to Transaction Value Analysis: Implication for the Study of Interorganizational Strategies. Journal of Management Studies, 30(1), 131-145.
描述 博士
國立政治大學
企業管理研究所
94355507
100
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0094355507
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 司徒達賢zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 張雯然zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) 張雯然zh_TW
dc.date (日期) 2011en_US
dc.date.accessioned 30-Oct-2012 11:18:21 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 30-Oct-2012 11:18:21 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 30-Oct-2012 11:18:21 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0094355507en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/54520-
dc.description (描述) 博士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 企業管理研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 94355507zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 100zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 供應鏈中的各廠商彼此專業分工，專注於自己的核心能力，藉市場交易交換資源，可以讓整個供應鏈的生產效率最佳化。組織間的管理也是一樣，若每一個廠商都能管理好直接的上下游廠商，提昇合作的品質，則供應鏈整體的績效也會提昇。若有缺乏生產能力或管理能力的廠商，也會被市場機能淘汰。當供應鏈中每一階層的市場機能運作良好時，任何上下游市場的變化，也會層層傳遞到其他階層的市場，而影響了廠商的決策，並回過頭來傳遞而影響原來發生變化的源頭市場。因此，在理想的狀態中，廠商並不需要關心直接上下游之外的其他階層的市場的狀況，廠商在本身所面對的市場中做的決策自然會影響其他階層的市場，並最終達成整個供應鏈中各市場的均衡。但是，在實務上，我們卻發現廠商跨過直接的供應商去管理更上游的二階以上的供應商的情況愈來愈普遍。什麼原因造成了前述市場機能的失靈，且不能只依賴各階段市場中適當的混合統合模式選擇來回應市場失靈，以致於廠商必須協助或代替供應商去管理更上游的供應商(即本論文所稱的跨階管理)呢？在過去供應鏈管理相關文獻中，缺乏專文討論跨階管理的現象。僅能由一些供應鏈管理的研究中找到部份與跨階管理有關的案例描述，且缺乏理論的解釋。因此，本論文以「焦點廠商－一階供應商－二階供應商」的三方關係為分析單位，做為更一般化的跨階管理的代表，研究焦點廠商為何要介入一階供應商對二階供應商的管理，或焦點廠商為何要直接管理二階供應商。本論文透過個案研究，選擇具先進供應鏈管理實務的台灣資通產業中的九家廠商進行訪談及次級資料收集，歸納式地分析個案資料，以找出跨階管理的內涵及理由。
本論文發現跨階管理的內涵，可以用組織間關係中的協調(coordination)、控制(control)、協商(negotiation)為管理元素加以拆解。第一，焦點廠商介入一階供應商對二階供應商的管理，可以重新拆解為焦點廠商協調、控制、協商一階供應商對二階供應商的協調、控制、協商。第二，焦點廠商直接管理二階供應商，即為焦點廠商對二階供應商進行協調、控制、協商的行動。這兩種跨階管理做法的深度不同，但都是為了達到相同的結果，因此可以合併為更高層次的「跨階管理」構念，以這兩種做法代表中等程度及較高程度的跨階管理的水準表現。跨階管理的理由包括了焦點廠商對一階供應商的資訊不對稱及權力不對等、一階供應商對二階供應商的管理能耐不足及權力不對等、一階供應商處於二階供應商及焦點廠商間的資訊處理能力及任務協調能力不足。更進一步歸納這些原因，可以形成兩個類別，分別是一階供應商的投機和無能，導致焦點廠商必須進行跨階管理。一階供應商的投機是因它位於焦點廠商和二階供應商之間，而有資訊不對等和權力不對等的優勢。一階供應商的無能又分為管理二階供應商時協調、控制能力不足和談判力不足，以及做為焦點廠商和二階供應商的居中協調者卻在資訊傳遞及任務協調上的能力不足。而焦點廠商進行跨階管理後，可以改善或部份取代原來「焦點廠商－一階供應商」及「一階供應商－二階供應商」的關係及績效，因此可以提昇「焦點廠商－一階供應商－二階供應商」三方關係所形成的體系的整體績效。		zh_TW
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究背景與動機 1
第二節 研究問題與研究目的 3
第三節 研究範圍、分析單位及相關名詞說明 5
第四節 論文章節安排 8
第二章 文獻探討 9
第一節 供應鏈管理與跨階管理 9
第二節 三方關係理論 16
第三章 研究方法 28
第四章 個案分析 34
第一節 ID公司個案分析 34
第二節 UH公司個案分析 48
第三節 GH公司個案分析 53
第四節 SH公司個案分析 59
第五節 JF公司個案分析 68
第六節 HW公司個案分析 75
第七節 BU公司個案分析 82
第八節 TW公司個案分析 90
第九節 HE公司個案分析 94
第五章 研究發現與命題推導 99
第一節 研究發現 99
第二節 命題推導 108
第六章 結論與建議 123
第一節 研究結論 123
第二節 理論意涵 126
第三節 實務意涵 130
第四節 研究限制與後續研究建議 133
參考文獻 136
附錄一 訪談大綱 143		zh_TW
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0094355507en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 跨階管理zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 供應鏈管理zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 組織間關係zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 網絡結構zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 統治模式zh_TW
dc.title (題名) 供應鏈中的跨階管理：以焦點廠商、一階供應商、二階供應商的三方關係為例zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Managing Across Tiers in a Supply Chain: Case Studies in the Triad Relationship of `Focal Firm - First Tier Supplier - Second Tier Supplier`en_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 王俊如(2003)，多元交易關係之研究-以兩個交易關係的相互影響為例，政治大學企管系博士論文。
司徒達賢(2001)，策略管理新論，台北:智勝文化。
司徒達賢(2005)，管理學的新世界，台北:天下遠見。
吳建明、胡哲生(2009)，以動態能力觀點探討企業經營流程變革與網路地位重塑關係之研究，管理學報，第26卷，第2期，頁145-166。
呂俊儀、楊玟欣(2011)，NB難賺 代工廠另找出路，工商時報2011年4月4日。
徐淑英、歐怡(2008)，科學過程與研究設計，載於陳曉萍、徐淑英、樊景立、鄭伯壎主編，組織與管理研究的實證方法 (頁3-27)，台北:華泰文化。
產業情報研究所 (2011)，台灣資通訊產業發展現況，擷取日期2011年9日10日，http://mic.iii.org.tw/aisp/
莊丙農(2011)，蘋果不斷鏈，觸控面板、相關零組件全面大漲，時報資訊2011年3月22日。
經濟部投資業務處 (2008)，資通訊產業分析及投資機會，擷取日期2011年9月10日，http://www.dois.moea.gov.tw/asp/iaaio.asp
詹惠珠 (2012)，iPhone 5讓利，零件廠嘗甜頭, 聯合報2012年3月30日。
盧智芳、陳一姍 (2002)，微利時代來了，天下雜誌, 252期, 頁150-161。
Anderson, J. C., Hakansson, H., & Johanson, J. (1994). Dyadic Business Relationships Within a Business Network Context. Journal of Marketing, 58(4), 1-15.
Argyres, N. S., & Liebeskind, J. P. (1999). Contractual Commitments, Bargaining Power, and Governance Inseparability: Incorporating History into Transaction Cost Theory. Academy of Management Review, 24(1), 449-463.
Bacharach, S. B., & Lawler, E. J. (1981). Power and Tactics in Bargaining. Industrial & Labor Relations Review, 34(2), 219-233.
Borgatti, S., & Li, X. (2009). On Social Network Analysis in a Supply Chain Context. Journal of Supply Chain Management, 45(2), 5-22.
Bosse, D. A., Philips, r. A., & Harrison, J. S. (2009). Stakeholders, Reciprocity, and Firm Performance. Strategic Management Journal, 30(4), 447-456.
Burgess, K., Singh, P. J., & Koroglu, R. (2006). Supply Chain Management: A Structured Literature Review and Implications for Future Research. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 26(7), 703-729.
Burt, R. S. (1992). The Social Structure of Competition. Cambridge. MA: Harvard University Press.
Carr, C. H., & Truesdale, T. A. (1992). Lessons from Nissan`s British Suppliers. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 12(2), 49-57.
Carter, R., & Hodgson, G. M. (2006). The Impact of Empirical Tests of Transaction Cost Economics on the Debate on the Nature of the Firm. Strategic Management Journal, 27(5), 461-476.
Casciaro, T., & Piskorski, M. J. (2005). Power Imbalance, Mutual Dependence, and Constraint Absorption: A Closer Look at Resource Dependence Theory. Administrative Science Quarterly, 50(2), 167-199.
Chen, I. J., & Paulraj, A. (2004). Towards a Theory of Supply Chain Management: The Constructs and Measurements. Journal of Operations Management, 22(2), 119-150.
Chen, S. S. (2010). A General TCE Model of International Business Institutions: Market Failure and Reciprocity. Journal of International Business Studies, 41(6), 935-959.
Choi, T. Y., & Hong, Y. (2002). Unveiling the Structure of Supply Networks: Case Studies in Honda, Acura, and DaimlerChrysler. Journal of Operations Management, 20(5), 469-493.
Choi, T. Y., & Kim, Y. (2008). Structural Embeddedness and Supplier Management: A Network Perspective. Journal of Supply Chain Management, 44(4), 5-13.
Choi, T. Y., & Krause, D. R. (2006). The Supply Base and Its Complexity: Implications for Transaction Costs, Risks, Responsiveness, and Innovation. Journal of Operations Management, 24(5), 637-652.
Choi, T. Y., & Wu, Z. (2009a). Go Ahead, Leap: Triads and Their Practical and Theoretical Import: In Response to “To Leap or Not to Leap: Triads as Arbitrary Subsets of Networks of Connected Dyads” by Anna Dubois. Journal of Purchasing & Supply Management, 15(4), 269-270.
Choi, T. Y., & Wu, Z. (2009b). Taking the Leap from Dyads to Triads: Buyer–Supplier Relationships in Supply Networks. Journal of Purchasing & Supply Management, 15(4), 263-266.
Christopher, M. (1992). Logistics and Supply Chain Management. London: Pitman Publishing.
Coase, R. H. (1937). The Nature of the Firm. Economica, 4(6), 386-405.
Combs, J. G., & Ketchen, D. J. (1999). Explaining Interfirm Cooperation and Performance: Toward a Reconciliation of Predictions. Strategic Management Journal, 20(9), 867-888.
Conner, K. R., & Prahalad, C. K. (1996). A Resource-based Theory of the Firm: Knowledge Versus Opportunism. Organization Science, 7(5), 477-501.
Cook, K. S., & Emerson, R. M. (1978). Power, Equity and Commitment in Exchange Networks. American Sociological Review, 43(5), 721-739.
Cooper, M. C., Lambert, D. M., & Pagh, J. D. (1997). Supply Chain Management: More Than a New Name for Logistics. The International Journal of Logistics Management, 8(1), 1-14.
Croom, S., Romano, P., & Giannakis, M. (2000). Supply Chain Management: An Analytical Framework for Critical Literature Review. European Journal of Purchasing & Supply Management, 6, 67-83.
Das, T. K., & Teng, B. S. (2000). A Resource-Based Theory of Strategic Alliances. Journal of Management, 26(1), 31-61.
Demsetz, H. (1988). The Theory of the Firm Revisited. Journal of Law, Economics & Organization, 4(1), 141-161.
Dubois, A. (2003). Strategic Cost Management Across Boundaries of Firms. Industrial Marketing Management, 32(5), 365-374.
Dubois, A., & Fredriksson, P. (2008). Cooperating and Competing in Supply Networks: Making Sense of a Triadic Sourcing Strategy. Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management, 14(3), 170-179.
Dyer, J. H. (1997). Effective Interfirm Collaboration: How Firms Minimize Transaction Costs and Maximize Transaction Value. Strategic Management Journal, 18(7), 535-556.
Dyer, J. H., Cho, D. S., & Chu, W. (1998). Strategic Supplier Segmentation: The Next "Best Practice" in Supply Chain Management. California Management Review, 40(2), 57-77.
Dyer, J. H., & Singh, H. (1998). The Relational View: Cooperative Strategy and Sources of Interorganizational Competitive Advantage. Academy of Management Review, 23(4), 660-679.
Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989a). Agency Theory: An Assessment and Review. Academy of Management Review, 14(1), 57-74.
Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989b). Building Theories from Case Study Research. Academy of Management Review, 14(4), 532-550.
Ellram, L. M., & Cooper, M. C. (1990). Supply Chain Management, Partnerships, and the Shipper-Third Party Relationship. The International Journal of Logistics Management, 1(2), 1-10.
Emerson, R. M. (1962). Power-Dependence Relations. American Sociological Review, 27(1), 31-41.
Follis, M., & Enrietti, A. (1994). Improving Performances at the Second Tier of the Automative Supply Chain: A Draft Case Study of an Innovative Initiative in the Italian Car Industry. International Journal of Automative Technology and Management, 1(4), 449-455.
Forrester, J. W. (1958). Industrial Dynamics. Harvard Business Review, 36(4), 37-66.
Frohlich, M. T., & Westbrook, R. (2001). Arcs of Integration: An International Study of Supply Chain Strategies. Journal of Operations Management, 19(2), 185-200.
Galbraith, J. R. (1973). Designing Complex Organizations. Boston, MA, USA: Addison-Wesley Longman Publishing Co., Inc.
Galbraith, J. R. (1974). Organization Design: An Information Processing View. Interfaces, 4(3), 28-36.
Gargiulo, M. (1993). Two-step Leverage: Managing Constraint in Organizational Politics. Administrative Science Quarterly, 38(1), 1-19.
Giannakis, M., & Croom, S. R. (2004). Toward the Development of a Supply Chain Management Paradigm: A Conceptual Framework. Journal of Supply Chain Management, 40(2), 27-37.
Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. Chicago,IL: Aldine.
Gulati, R. (1995). Does Familiarity Breed Trust? The Implications of Repeated Ties for Contractual Choice in Alliances. Academy of Management Journal, 38(1), 85-112.
Gulati, R., Lawrence, P. R., & Puranam, P. (2005). Adaptation in Vertical Relationships: Beyond Incentive Conflict. Strategic Management Journal, 26(5), 415-440.
Gulati, R., & Singh, H. (1998). The Architecture of Cooperation: Managing Coordination Costs and Appropriation Concerns in Strategic Alliances. Administrative Science Quarterly, 43(4), 781-814.
Heide, J. B. (2003). Plural Governance in Industrial Purchasing. Journal of Marketing, 67(4), 18-29.
Heide, J. B., & John, G. (1988). The Role of Dependence Balancing in Safeguarding Transaction-Specific Assets in Conventional Channels. Journal of Marketing, 52(1), 20-35.
Heide, J. B., & John, G. (1990). Alliances in Industrial Purchasing: The Determinants of Joint Action in Buyer- Supplier Relationships. Journal of Marketing Research, 27(1), 24-36.
Heide, J. B., & John, G. (1992). Do Norms Matter in Marketing Relationships? Journal of Marketing, 56(2), 32-44.
Heide, J. B., Wathne, K. H., & Rokkan, A. I. (2007). Interfirm Monitoring, Social Contracts, and Relatioinship Outcomes. Journal of Marketing Research, 44(3), 425-433.
Henke, J. W. (2000). Strategic Selling in the Age of Modules and Systems. Industrial Marketing Management, 29(3), 271-284.
Hennart, J.-F. (1993). Explaining the Swollen Middle: Why Most Transactions Are a Mix of "Market" and "Hierarchy". Organization Science, 4(4), 529-547.
Ho, D. C. K., Au, K. F., & Newton, E. (2002). Empirical Research on Supply Chain Management: A Critical Review and Recommendations. International Journal of Production Research, 40(17), 4415-4430.
Hoffmann, W. H. (2007). Strategies for Managing a Portfolio of Alliances. Strategic Management Journal, 28(8), 827-856.
Hofman, D., O`Marah, K., & Elvy, C. (June 1 2011). The Gartner Supply Chain Top 25 for 2011, from http://www.gartner.com/DisplayDocument?doc_cd=213740
Jacobides, M. G., & Hitt, L. M. (2005). Losing Sight of the Forest for the Trees? Productive Capabilities and Gains from Trade as Drivers of Vertical Scope. Strategic Management Journal, 26(13), 1209-1227.
Jacobides, M. G., & Winter, S. G. (2005). The Co-Evolution of Capabilities and Transaction Costs: Explaining the Institutional Structure of Production. Strategic Management Journal, 26(5), 395-413.
Kang, M. P., Mahoney, J. T., & Tan, D. (2009). Why Firms Make Unilateral Investments Specific to Other Firms: The Case of OEM Suppliers. Strategic Management Journal, 30(2), 117-135.
Kim, Y., Choi, T. Y., Yan, T., & Dooley, K. (2011). Structural Investigation of Supply Networks: A Social Network Analysis Approach. Journal of Operations Management, 29(3), 194-211.
Kogut, B., & Zander, U. (1992). Knowledge of the Firm, Combinative Capabilities, and the Replication of Technology. Organization Science, 3(3), 383-397.
Kogut, B., & Zander, U. (1996). What Firms Do? Coordination, Identity, and Learning. Organization Science, 7(5), 502-518.
Lambert, D. M., & Cooper, M. C. (2000). Issues in Supply Chain Management. Industrial Marketing Management, 29(1), 65-83.
Lambert, D. M., Cooper, M. C., & Pagh, J. D. (1998). Supply Chain Management: Implementation Issues and Research Opportunities. International Journal of Logistics Management, 9(2), 1-19.
Langlois, R. N., & Foss, N. J. (1997). Capabilities and Governance: The Rebirth of Production in the Theory of Economic Organization. DRUID Working Paper. Danish Research Unit for Industrial Dynamics. Denmark.
Lee, T. W., Mitchell, T. R., & Sablynski, C. J. (1999). Qualitative Research in Organizational and Vocational Psychology, 1979-1999. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 55, 161-187.
Li, M. E. I., & Choi, T. Y. (2009). Triads in Services Outsourcing: Bridge, Bridge Decay and Bridge Transfer. Journal of Supply Chain Management, 45(3), 27-39.
Madhok, A. (1996). The Organization of Economic Activity: Transaction Costs, Firm Capabilities, and the Nature of Governance. Organization Science, 7(5), 577-590.
Madhok, A. (2002). Reassessing the Fundamentals and Beyond: Ronald Coase, the Transaction Cost and Resource-Based Theories of the Firm and the Institutional Structure of Production. Strategic Management Journal, 23(6), 535-550.
Mahoney, J. T., & Pandian, J. R. (1992). The Resource-Based View within the Conversation of Strategic Management. Strategic Management Journal, 13(5), 363-380.
Malone, T. W., Yates, J., & Benjamin, R. I. (1987). Electronic Markets and Electronic Hierarchies. Communications of the ACM, 30(6), 484-497.
McFarland, R. G., Bloodgood, J. M., & Payan, J. M. (2008). Supply Chain Contagion. Journal of Marketing, 72(2), 63-79.
McMillan, J. (1990). Managing Suppliers: Incentive Systems in Japanese and U.S. Industry. California Management Review, 32(4), 38-55.
Mentzer, J. T., DeWitt, W., Keebler, J. S., Min, S., Nix, N. W., Smith, C. D., & Zacharia, Z. G. (2001). Defining Supply Chain Management. Journal of Business Logistics, 22(2), 1-25.
Mesquita, L. F., & Brush, T. H. (2008). Untangling Safeguard and Production Coordination Effects in Long-Term Buyer-Supplier Relationships. Academy of Management Journal, 51(4), 785-807.
Mizruchi, M. S., & Yoo, M. (2002). Interorganizational Power and Dependence. In J. A. C. Baum (Ed.), The Blackwell Companion to Organizations (pp. 599-620). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers.
Moller, K. (2003). Business Suppliers` Value Creation Potential: A Capability-Based Analysis. Industrial Marketing Management, 32(2), 109-118.
Monteverde, K. (1995). Technical Dialog as an Incentive for Vertical Integration in the Semiconductor Industry. Management Science, 41(10), 1624-1639.
Noordewier, T. G., John, G., & Nevin, J. R. (1990). Performance Outcomes of Purchasing Arrangements in Industrial Buyer-Vendor Relationships. Journal of Marketing, 54(4), 80-93.
Obstfeld, D. (2005). Social Networks, the Tertius Iungens Orientation, and Involvement in Innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 50(1), 100-130.
Oliver, C. (1990). Determinants of Interorganizational Relationships: Integration and Future Directions. Academy of Management Review, 15(2), 241-265.
Park, S., & Hartley, J. L. (2002). Exploring the Effect of Supplier Management on Performance in the Korean Automotive Supply Chain. The Journal of Supply Chain Management, 38(2), 46-53.
Pfeffer, J., & Nowak, P. (1976). Joint Ventures and Interorganizational Interdependence. Administrative Science Quarterly, 21(3), 398-418.
Pfeffer, J., & Salancik, G. R. (2003). The External Control of Organizations: A Resource Dependence Perspective. CA: Stanford University Press.
Poppo, L., & Zenger, T. (1998). Testing Alternative Theories of the Firm: Transaction Cost, Knowledge-Based, and Measurement Explanations for Make-or-Buy Decisions in Information Services. Strategic Management Journal, 19(9), 853-877.
Poppo, L., & Zenger, T. (2002). Do Formal Contracts and Relational Governance Function as Substitutes or Complements ? Strategic Management Journal, 23(8), 707-725.
Provan, K. G., Beyer, J. M., & Kruytbosch, C. (1980). Environmental Linkages and Power in Resource-Dependence Relations Between Organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 25(2), 200-225.
Rich, N., & Hines, P. (1997). Supply-Chain Managmenet and Time-Based Competition: The Role of the Supplier Association. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 27(3/4), 210-225.
Rindfleisch, A., & Heide, J. B. (1997). Transaction Cost Analysis: Past, Present, and Future Applications. Journal of Marketing, 61(4), 30-54.
Ritter, T. (2000). A Framework for Analyzing Interconnectedness of Relationships. Industrial Marketing Management, 29(4), 317-326.
Rossetti, C. L., & Choi, T. Y. (2005). On the Dark Side of Strategic Sourcing: Experiences from the Aerospace Industry. Academy of Management Executive, 19(1), 46-60.
Rossetti, C. L., & Choi, T. Y. (2008). Supply Management Under High Goal Incongruence: An Empirical Examination of Disintermediation in the Aerospace Supply Chain. Decision Sciences, 39(3), 507-540.
Sachan, A., & Datta, S. (2005). Review of Supply Chain Management and Logistics Research. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 35(9), 664-705.
Santos, F. M., & Eisenhardt, K. M. (2005). Organizational Boundaries and Theories of Organization. Organization Science, 16(5), 491-508.
Schilling, M. A., & Steensma, H. K. (2001). The Use of Modular Organizational Forms: An Industry-Level Analysis. Academy of Management Journal, 44(6), 1149-1168.
Shelanski, H. A., & Klein, P. G. (1995). Empirical Research in Transaction Cost Economics: A Review and Assessment. Journal of Law, Economics, & Organization, 11(2), 335-361.
Skjoett-Larsen, T. (1999). Supply Chain Management: A New Challenge for Researchers and Managers in Logistics. International Journal of Logistics Management, 10(2), 41-53.
Sousa, R., & Voss, C. A. (2007). Operational Implications of Manufacturing Outsourcing for Subcontractor Plants: An Empirical Investigation. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 27(9), 974-997.
Storey, J., Emberson, C., Godsell, J., & Harrison, A. (2006). Supply Chain Management: Theory, Practice and Future Challenges. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 26(7), 754-774.
Stump, R. L., & Heide, J. B. (1996). Controlling Supplier Opportunism in Industrial Relationships. Journal of Marketing Research, 33(4), 431-441.
Thompson, J. D. (1967). Organizations in Action. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Tiwana, A., & Keil, M. (2007). Does Peripheral Knowledge Complement Control? An Empirical Test in Technology Outsourcing Alliances. Strategic Management Journal, 28(6), 623-634.
Tushman, M. L., & Nadler, D. A. (1978). Information Processing as an Integrating Concept in Organizational Design. Academy of Management Review, 3(3), 613-624.
Wagner, S. M., & Johnson, J. L. (2004). Configuring and Managing Strategic Partner Portfolios. Industrial Marketing Management, 33, 717-730.
Walker, G., & Weber, D. (1984). A Transaction Cost Approach to Make-or-Buy Decisions. Administrative Science Quarterly, 29(3), 373-391.
Wathne, K. H., & Heide, J. B. (2000). Opportunism in Interfirm Relationships: Forms, Outcomes, and Solutions. Journal of Marketing, 64(4), 36-51.
Wathne, K. H., & Heide, J. B. (2004). Relationship Governance in a Supply Chain Network. Journal of Marketing, 68(1), 73-89.
Webster, M., Alder, C., & Muhlemann, A. P. (1997). Subcontracting within the Supply Chain for Electronics Assembly Manufacture. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 17(9), 827-841.
White, S., & Lui, S. S.-Y. (2005). Distinguishing Costs of Cooperation and Control in Alliances. Strategic Management Journal, 26(10), 913-932.
Williamson, O. (2008). Outsourcing: Transaction Cost Economics and Supply Chian Management. Journal of Supply Chain Management, 44(5), 5-16.
Williamson, O. E. (1975). Markets and Hierarchies: Analysis and antitrust implications. New York: Free Press.
Williamson, O. E. (1983). Credible Commitments: Using Hostages to Support Exchange. American Economic Review, 73(4), 519-540.
Williamson, O. E. (1985). The Economic Institutions of Capitalism: Firms, Markets, Relational Contracting. New York: Free Press.
Williamson, O. E. (1991). Comparative Economic Organization: The Analysis of Discrete Structural Alternatives. Administrative Science Quarterly, 36(2), 269-296.
Wuyts, S., Stremersch, S., Van Den Bulte, C., & Franses, P. H. (2004). Vertical Marketing Systems for Complex Products: A Triadic Perspective. Journal of Marketing Research, 41(4), 479-487.
Yan, A., & Gray, B. (1994). Bargaining Power, Management Control, and Performance in United States - China Joint Ventures: A Comparative Case Study. Academy of Management Journal, 37(6), 1478-1517.
Yin, R. K. (2003). Case Study Research: Design and Methods (4 ed. Vol. 5). Thousand Oasks, CA: Sage Inc.
Zajac, E. J., & Olsen, C. P. (1993). From Transaction Cost to Transaction Value Analysis: Implication for the Study of Interorganizational Strategies. Journal of Management Studies, 30(1), 131-145.		zh_TW