1. NCCU Academic Hub
  2. 學術產出
  3. 文學院
  4. 學位論文
  5. Item

學術產出-學位論文

文章檢視/開啟

書目匯出

Google ScholarTM

政大圖書館

引文資訊

TAIR相關學術產出

題名 伊斯蘭、軍事與民主統治：以蘇丹為例
Islam、the military and democratic rules: the case of Sudan
作者 陳迪華
Chen, Cecilia
貢獻者 蔡源林
陳迪華
Chen, Cecilia
關鍵詞 魅力
馬赫迪
蘇丹
溫瑪黨
伊斯蘭民主神學
伊斯蘭社會神學
Charisma
Mahdi
Sudan
Umma
Islamic Democratic Theology
Islamic Social Theology
日期 2011
上傳時間 30-十月-2012 11:26:08 (UTC+8)
摘要 魅力(Charisma)型領袖Muhammad Ahmad運用馬赫迪(Mahdi)神學號召群眾推翻土耳其殖民統治；蘇丹獨立初期Abd al-Rahman繼承馬赫迪宗教領袖的權威，結合民族主義，主張蘇丹獨立的政治理念，將宗教組織轉換為溫瑪黨進入公領域，成為議會時期主導民主政治的宗教政治菁英。Abd al-Rahman歸真後，他的孫子Sadiq al-Mahdi歷經三次軍變和三次議會時期，轉換馬赫迪神學，號召民眾起來為蘇丹民主和獨立而奮戰，推動民主進程結合宗教聖戰的概念對抗軍事統治政權。蘇丹在全球化多元政治制度衝擊下，伊斯蘭政治神學成為解決蘇丹內政問題的一種「神學替代方案」以取代今日的民主政體和極權體制。本論文討論蘇丹政治神學如「伊斯蘭民主神學」及「伊斯蘭社會神學」與近代政治制度的融合和交互作用下，探討群眾運動與六次政治體制轉換的關係。
The charisma leader Muhammad Ahmad used the Mahdi theology to call a large mass of people that overthrew the Turkish colonial rule. In the early independent time, Abd al-Rahman combined nationalism with his inherited Mahdi power. He advocated an ideal of “Independent Sudan” in public and transformed his religious organization into the Umma party. After Abd al-Rahman passed away, his grandson Sadiq al-Mahdi had gone through three times the rotation of the democratic and military rules. Sadiq al-Mahdi has changed the Mahdi theology that calls people “jihad”for Sudan’s democracy and independency. He also proclaims a democratic progress with jihad against the military rule. As a result, Sudan, influenced by the globalized pluralist political system, chooses Islamic political system as a “theocratic alternative” to the present democratic and authoritarian systems to solve her domestic problems. This thesis discusses how Sudan’s political theologies, including “Islamic Democratic Theology” and “Islamic Social Theology”, interacted with the modern political systems and its outcomes to the relation between the mass movements and the six-time transitions between the democratic and military rules.
參考文獻 (一)、阿文文獻：

Arab Youth Festival.
1987. dwr al-shbab fi aliahdya wa al-itmiya,1987.
( دور الشباب في النهضة والتنمية 1987م) (The Role of
the Youth in 1987) Umma Party Revolution Bookle.
< http://www.umma.org/umma/ar/page.php?page_id=238 >
Mohammed Ahmed Mahgoub.
1965-1964.gihad fi sbyal al-istglal.(جهاد في سبيل الاستقلال )( Jihad for the Independence)Umma Party Revolution
Booklet.
< http://www.umma.org/umma/ar/page.php?page_id=238 >
Sadiq al-Mahdi.
1965. risala min al-sadig al-mahdi ila al-sayyid.
( رسالة من الصادق المهدي إلى السيد)( Message from Sadiq
al-Mahdi)Umma Party Revolution Booklet.
1982. hadith al-sadig al-mahdi fi al-magatmr al-
igtsldi al-gwami.
( حديث الصادق المهدي في المؤتمر الاقتصادي القومي)(Sadiq al-
Mahdi: The Conference of the National Economic)Umma
Party Revolution Booklet.
2005. itifagiya al-salm wa mshrwa al-dstwar fi al-
myaran.
( اتفاقية السلام ومشروع الدستور في الميزان)(The
Balance : the Peace Agreement and the Constitution)
Umma Party Revolution Booklet.

Umma Party.
1982. ahi al-mwaldin.( أخي المواطن)(Dear Citizen)
Umma Party Revolution Booklet.
risala al-istglal. ( رسالة الاستقلال)(Independence
Message)Umma Party Revolution Booklet.
1982. mustgbal al-islam fi al-sudan.
( مستقبل الإسلام في السودان)(The Future of Islam in
Sudan )Umma Party Revolution Booklet.
1969-1985.aliadam al-sudan wa tjrbthu al-islamiya.
( النظام السوداني وتجربته الإسلامية)(The Sudanese Regime
and the Islamic Experience) Umma Party Revolution
Booklet.
1985. al-islam wa al-tijarbaya al-sudan.
( الإسلام والتجربة السودانية)(Islam and Sudanese
Experience)Umma Party Revolution Booklet.
1988.al-tdrfi al-dyni wa ithrhu ala al-amin al-gwami
al-sudanni.
( التطرف الديني وأثره على الأمن القومي السوداني)
(Religious Extremism and its impact on the Sudanese
National Security) Umma Party Revolution Booklet.
1990. al-democradya fi al-sudan:alaida wa rljha.
( الديمقراطية في السودان: عائدة وراجحة) (Democracy in
Sudan: the past and the preponderant) 2nded. Umma
Party Revolution Booklet.
1993. al-sudan ila ayina? ( السودان إلى أين؟)(The
Future of Sudan?)Umma Party Revolution Booklet.
1999.mustgbal al-hl al-syasi gi al-sudan.
( مستقبل الحل السياسي في السودان)(The Future of Sudan)
Umma Party Revolution Booklet.

Zine al-Abidine Hussein Sharif.
1965-1964. jihad fi sbyal al-democradya.
(جهاد في سبيل الديمقراطية)(Jihad for the Democracy)Umma
Party Revolution Booklet.
< http://www.umma.org/umma/ar/page.php?page_id=238 >

(二)、中文參考書目：

郭承天著。
2001。《政教的分立與制衡》。台北：華神。
2008。《宗教價值與公共領域：公共宗教的中西文化對話》。江丕盛
、楊思言、梁媛媛編著。北京：中國社會科學出版社。
戴康生和彭耀編。
2006。《宗教社會學》。新北市：宗博出版社。
羅傳賢著。
2008。《立法程序與技術》。台北：五南。
金宜久主編。
1986。《古蘭經中文譯解》。麥地那：古蘭經印製場。
Eva Etzioni-Halevy著。
1998。《官僚政治與民主》。吳友明譯。台北：桂冠。
Locke，Lawrence F., Waneen Wyrick Spirduso and Stephen J. Silverman 著。
2002。《論文計畫與研究方法》。原文第四版。項靖、陳儒晰、陳玉箴
和李美馨譯。台北：韋伯文化事業出版社。
Max Weber。
1993。《宗教社會學》。劉援和王予文譯。張家銘校閱，臺北市：桂冠。
2003。《宗教社會學》。康樂．簡惠美譯。台北：遠流出版社。

(三)、英文參考書目：

Amir Arjomand.
1998. The Turban for the Crown: the Islamic Revolution
in Iran. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Anderson,G. Norman.
1999. Sudan in Crisis: The Failure of
Democracy.Gainesville: Florida University.
Bermann ,Richard A..
2006.The Mahdi of Allah : A drama of the Sudan. New
York: Cosimo.
Blichfeldt,Jan-olaf.
1985. Early Mahadism: Politics and Religion in the
Formative Period of Islam, Ed. Gosta Vitestam,
Vol .2 .Leiden E. J. Brill.
Burr ,J. Millard and Robert O Collins.
2003. Revolutionary Sudan: Hasan Al-Turabi and the
Islamist State, 1989-2000. Leiden Boston: Brill.
----. 2010. Sudan in Turmoil: Hasan al-Turabi and the
Islamist State, 1989-2003. Princeton: Markus Wiener
Publishers.
Childress ,Diana.
2010. Omar al-Bashir`s Sudan .Minneapolis: Twenty-First
Century Books.
Clarke,Peter.
1995. Mahdism in West Africa---the Ijebu Mahdiyya
Movement. Lodon: Luzac Oriental.
Crossley,Nick.
2000.Key Concepts in Critical Social Theory.London：SAGE
Publications.
Dabashi, Hamid.
1989.Authority in Islam：Form the Rise of Muhammad to
the Establishment of the Umayyads.New Brunswick (U.S.A
)and London(U.K.): Transaction Publishers.
Esposito,John L. and John O. Voll.
1996. Islam and Democracy. New York: Oxford University
Press.
Fardol, Santino.
2006. Southern Sudan and Its Fight For Freedom. Santino
Fardol Bloomington, Ind., AuthorHouse.
Gallab ,Abdullahi A..
2008.The First Islamist Republic: Development and
Disintegration of Islamism in the Sudan. USA: Arizona
State University.
Glassman, Ronald M., William H. Swatos Jr., and Paul L. Rosen eds,
1987. Bureaucracy Against Democracy and Socialism, New
York: Greenwood Press.
Holt,P. M and M. W Daly.
1988. A History of the Sudan: form the coming of Islam
to the present day. 4th ed. Longman: London and New
York.
Holt , P. M.
1961. A Modern History of the Sudan: From the Funj
Sultanate to the Present Day. New York: Grove Press.
-----.1958. The Mahdist State in the Sudan, 1881-1898. New
York: Clarendon Press.
Hourani,Albert.
1995. Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, 1798-1939. New
York: Cambridge University Press.
Ibrahim , Hassan Ahmed
2004.Sayyid Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi: A study of neo-
mahdism in Sudan, 1899-1956. Leiden: Brill.
Jessup,John E.
1998. An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Conflict and
Conflict Resolution, 1945-1996.USA:Greenwood Publishing
Group.
Kandiyoti Deniz ed..
1991.Women, Islam and the State, Philadelphia, Pa:
Temple Univ. Press.
Lapidus, Ira M..
1988. A History of Islamic Societies. New York:
Cambridge University Press.
MacLeod , Arlene.
1991. Accommodating Pretes. New York: Zed Books.
Mehmet, Ozay.
1990. Islamic Identity and Development: Studies of the
Islamic Periphery. New York: Routledge.
Moussalli, Ahmad S..
1999. Moderate and Radical Islamic Fundamentalism: The
Quest for Modernity, Legitimacy, and the Islamic State.
Gainesville: University Press of Florida.
Maududi, AbulAla.
1999.A Short History of the Revivalist Movement in
Islam. (Tajdīd-o-Ihyā-i-Dīn), tran. Al-Ashari.Petaling
Jaya: The Other Press.
O`balance, Edgar.
2000. Sudan, Civil War and Terrorism 1956-99. England:
Macmillan Press.
Obert Voll , John and Sarah Potts Voll.
1985. The Sudan: Unity and Diversity in a Multicultural
State. New York: Westview Press.
Ohrwalder, Joseph and Francis R. Wingate.
2007. Ten Years Captivity In the Mahdi Camp 1882 -1892:
From The Original Manuscripts Of Father Joseph
Ohrwalder. 4th ed. London: Kessinger Pub.
Sachedina , Abdulaziz.
2001. The Islamic Roots of Democratic Pluralism.
Oxford :Oxford University Press.
Sidahmed, Abdel Salam and Alsir Sidahmed.
2005. Sudan.London: Routledge.
Schaebler, Birgit & Leif Stenberg. Eds.
2004. Globalization and the Muslim World: Culture,
Religion and Modernity. Syracuse: Syracuse University
Press.
Shaked , Haim.
2008. The life of the Sudanese Mahdi. New Brunswick:
Transaction Publishers.
Sidahmed, Abdel Salam and Alsir Sidahmed.
2004. Sudan. New York: Routledge.
Watt, W. Montgomery.
1963. Muslim Intellectual: A Study of Al-Ghazali .
Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh.
Warburg, Gabriel.
2003. Islam, sectarianism, and politics in Sudan since
the Mahdiyya. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
Weber ,Max.
1947. The Theory of Social and Economic Organization.
Tran. A. M. Henderson and Talcott Parsons. Free Press:
Glencoe, IL.
Woodward , Peter ed.
1991. Sudan after Nimeriri, London and New York: Centre
for Near and Middle Eastern Studies, SOAS.
Worsley,Peter.
1968. The Trumpet Shall Sound: A Study of “Cults”
in Melanesia. New York: Schocken Books.

(四)、網路資料：

African Elections Database.
2011. African Elections Database.
< http://africanelections.tripod.com/sd.html >
AS Samanniyyh Alhasaniyyah Sufi Order.
2011. Sammaniyyah.com. < Sammaniyyah.com >
Encyclopedia of World Biography.
2005-2006.Encyclopedia of World Biography.
-ferik/>
Godlas.
1997-2008.University of Georgia, US.
< http://www.uga.edu/islam/shiism.html >
Specialist Studies Center of Al-Iman Al-Mahdi
2009. 2004-2008 m-mahdi.com.
< http://www.m-mahdi.com/english/>
Translation of Sahih Bukhari,
2007-2009.Translator: M. Muhsin Khan ,Center for Muslim
-Jewish Engagement, Center for Religion and Civic
Culture and University of Southern California.
engagement/resources/texts/muslim/hadith/bukhari/>
Umma Party.
2003. Sudan Umma Party in English.
< http://www.umma.org/English.html >
2011. Sudan Umma Party in Arabic/English.
< http://www.umma.org/umma/ar/>

(五) 、新聞網資料

Ahmed Mansour(أحمد منصور ).
“ahddlt al-mgtmr al-shabi al-maard fi al-sudan .”
(مخططات المؤتمر الشعبي المعارض في السودان)(Schemes: the
opposition Popular Congress in Sudan).Al-Jazeera,
2005/10/23,2011/10/10.
< http://www.aljazeera.net/ >
Fred Bridgland.
"President Bashir, you are hereby charged. corrupted
leader." The Scotsman.2008/7/14.2012/7/25.
-you-are-hereby.4287299.jp.Retrieved >
Maher Abdallah (ماهر عبد الله).
“msir alamshrwq al-islami.”(مصير المشروع الإسلامي)(The
fate of the Islamic project), Al-Jazeera,
2004/10/13,2011/10/16. < http://www.aljazeera.net/ >
BBC News.
“Garang`s death is blamed on pilot,”BBC News,
2006/4/18, 2011/7/24.
< http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4920322.stm>
Nile News .(Egypt)
“Sudanese Islamist leader Hassan al-Turabi: I Support
the Arrest of President Al-Bashir in the International
Criminal Court,” The middle east media research
institute TV monitor project, August 4, 2008, November
13, 2011.
< http://www.memritv.org/clip/en/1831.htm >
蕭倩芸譯。
〈投票箱不翼而飛，蘇丹20年大選蒙陰影〉。大紀元。2010/4/12，
2010/7/29
< http://www.epochtimes.com/b5/10/4/12/n2874452.htm>
方文軍。
〈蘇丹大選存在不足但總體良好〉。編輯楊玉國。國際在線網。
2010/4/13，2011/7/29。
< http://big5.chinabroadcast.cn/gate/big5/gb.cri.cn/
27824/2010/04/13/3245s2814580.htm>
邵杰。
〈巴希爾贏得蘇丹大選〉。新華網。2010/4/27，2011/7/29。
< http://world.people.com.cn/BIG5/11462923.html >
方文軍和戴貝。
〈蘇丹大選臨近，各反對黨依然意見不一〉。編輯姚毅婧。國際在
線網。2010/4/9，2011/7/29。
< http://big5.cri.cn/gate/big5/gb.cri.cn/27824/2010/
04/09/3785s2811198.htm>
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
宗教研究所
98156010
100
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0098156010
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 蔡源林zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (作者) 陳迪華zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (作者) Chen, Ceciliaen_US
dc.creator (作者) 陳迪華zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Chen, Ceciliaen_US
dc.date (日期) 2011en_US
dc.date.accessioned 30-十月-2012 11:26:08 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 30-十月-2012 11:26:08 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 30-十月-2012 11:26:08 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0098156010en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/54628-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 宗教研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 98156010zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 100zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 魅力(Charisma)型領袖Muhammad Ahmad運用馬赫迪(Mahdi)神學號召群眾推翻土耳其殖民統治；蘇丹獨立初期Abd al-Rahman繼承馬赫迪宗教領袖的權威，結合民族主義，主張蘇丹獨立的政治理念，將宗教組織轉換為溫瑪黨進入公領域，成為議會時期主導民主政治的宗教政治菁英。Abd al-Rahman歸真後，他的孫子Sadiq al-Mahdi歷經三次軍變和三次議會時期，轉換馬赫迪神學，號召民眾起來為蘇丹民主和獨立而奮戰，推動民主進程結合宗教聖戰的概念對抗軍事統治政權。蘇丹在全球化多元政治制度衝擊下，伊斯蘭政治神學成為解決蘇丹內政問題的一種「神學替代方案」以取代今日的民主政體和極權體制。本論文討論蘇丹政治神學如「伊斯蘭民主神學」及「伊斯蘭社會神學」與近代政治制度的融合和交互作用下，探討群眾運動與六次政治體制轉換的關係。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) The charisma leader Muhammad Ahmad used the Mahdi theology to call a large mass of people that overthrew the Turkish colonial rule. In the early independent time, Abd al-Rahman combined nationalism with his inherited Mahdi power. He advocated an ideal of “Independent Sudan” in public and transformed his religious organization into the Umma party. After Abd al-Rahman passed away, his grandson Sadiq al-Mahdi had gone through three times the rotation of the democratic and military rules. Sadiq al-Mahdi has changed the Mahdi theology that calls people “jihad”for Sudan’s democracy and independency. He also proclaims a democratic progress with jihad against the military rule. As a result, Sudan, influenced by the globalized pluralist political system, chooses Islamic political system as a “theocratic alternative” to the present democratic and authoritarian systems to solve her domestic problems. This thesis discusses how Sudan’s political theologies, including “Islamic Democratic Theology” and “Islamic Social Theology”, interacted with the modern political systems and its outcomes to the relation between the mass movements and the six-time transitions between the democratic and military rules.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 摘要 Ⅱ
ABSTRACT Ⅲ

第一章 緒論 1

第一節 研究動機與目的 1
第二節 研究主題與範圍 3
第三節 論文內容與架構 7
第四節 文獻回顧 11
第五節 研究方法 16
第六節 研究貢獻與限制 22

第二章 馬赫迪王朝(1885-1899)的崛起與轉型 24

第一節 馬赫迪革命神學 24
第二節 馬赫迪王朝治理制度 30
第三節 馬赫迪王朝宗教聯盟 37
第四節 英埃共治時期(1899-1956)的政治轉型 42

第三章 第一時期政府輪替(1956-1958，1958-1964) 55

第一節 政受制於教的民主制度 55
第二節 馬赫迪的民主革命神學 60

第四章 第二時期政府輪替(1965-1969，1969-1985) 71

第一節 宗教菁英執政的民主制度 71
第二節 第二軍事統治的政教政策 79

第五章 第三時期政府輪替(1986-1989，1989-2012) 88

第一節 第三宗教政黨的興起 88
第二節 伊斯蘭社會改革運動 93
第三節 第三軍政府政教矛盾與衝擊 103

第六章 結論 114

參考書目 119		zh_TW
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0098156010en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 魅力zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 馬赫迪zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 蘇丹zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 溫瑪黨zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 伊斯蘭民主神學zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 伊斯蘭社會神學zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Charismaen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Mahdien_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Sudanen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Ummaen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Islamic Democratic Theologyen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Islamic Social Theologyen_US
dc.title (題名) 伊斯蘭、軍事與民主統治：以蘇丹為例zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Islam、the military and democratic rules: the case of Sudanen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) (一)、阿文文獻：

Arab Youth Festival.
1987. dwr al-shbab fi aliahdya wa al-itmiya,1987.
( دور الشباب في النهضة والتنمية 1987م) (The Role of
the Youth in 1987) Umma Party Revolution Bookle.
< http://www.umma.org/umma/ar/page.php?page_id=238 >
Mohammed Ahmed Mahgoub.
1965-1964.gihad fi sbyal al-istglal.(جهاد في سبيل الاستقلال )( Jihad for the Independence)Umma Party Revolution
Booklet.
< http://www.umma.org/umma/ar/page.php?page_id=238 >
Sadiq al-Mahdi.
1965. risala min al-sadig al-mahdi ila al-sayyid.
( رسالة من الصادق المهدي إلى السيد)( Message from Sadiq
al-Mahdi)Umma Party Revolution Booklet.
1982. hadith al-sadig al-mahdi fi al-magatmr al-
igtsldi al-gwami.
( حديث الصادق المهدي في المؤتمر الاقتصادي القومي)(Sadiq al-
Mahdi: The Conference of the National Economic)Umma
Party Revolution Booklet.
2005. itifagiya al-salm wa mshrwa al-dstwar fi al-
myaran.
( اتفاقية السلام ومشروع الدستور في الميزان)(The
Balance : the Peace Agreement and the Constitution)
Umma Party Revolution Booklet.

Umma Party.
1982. ahi al-mwaldin.( أخي المواطن)(Dear Citizen)
Umma Party Revolution Booklet.
risala al-istglal. ( رسالة الاستقلال)(Independence
Message)Umma Party Revolution Booklet.
1982. mustgbal al-islam fi al-sudan.
( مستقبل الإسلام في السودان)(The Future of Islam in
Sudan )Umma Party Revolution Booklet.
1969-1985.aliadam al-sudan wa tjrbthu al-islamiya.
( النظام السوداني وتجربته الإسلامية)(The Sudanese Regime
and the Islamic Experience) Umma Party Revolution
Booklet.
1985. al-islam wa al-tijarbaya al-sudan.
( الإسلام والتجربة السودانية)(Islam and Sudanese
Experience)Umma Party Revolution Booklet.
1988.al-tdrfi al-dyni wa ithrhu ala al-amin al-gwami
al-sudanni.
( التطرف الديني وأثره على الأمن القومي السوداني)
(Religious Extremism and its impact on the Sudanese
National Security) Umma Party Revolution Booklet.
1990. al-democradya fi al-sudan:alaida wa rljha.
( الديمقراطية في السودان: عائدة وراجحة) (Democracy in
Sudan: the past and the preponderant) 2nded. Umma
Party Revolution Booklet.
1993. al-sudan ila ayina? ( السودان إلى أين؟)(The
Future of Sudan?)Umma Party Revolution Booklet.
1999.mustgbal al-hl al-syasi gi al-sudan.
( مستقبل الحل السياسي في السودان)(The Future of Sudan)
Umma Party Revolution Booklet.

Zine al-Abidine Hussein Sharif.
1965-1964. jihad fi sbyal al-democradya.
(جهاد في سبيل الديمقراطية)(Jihad for the Democracy)Umma
Party Revolution Booklet.
< http://www.umma.org/umma/ar/page.php?page_id=238 >

(二)、中文參考書目：

郭承天著。
2001。《政教的分立與制衡》。台北：華神。
2008。《宗教價值與公共領域：公共宗教的中西文化對話》。江丕盛
、楊思言、梁媛媛編著。北京：中國社會科學出版社。
戴康生和彭耀編。
2006。《宗教社會學》。新北市：宗博出版社。
羅傳賢著。
2008。《立法程序與技術》。台北：五南。
金宜久主編。
1986。《古蘭經中文譯解》。麥地那：古蘭經印製場。
Eva Etzioni-Halevy著。
1998。《官僚政治與民主》。吳友明譯。台北：桂冠。
Locke，Lawrence F., Waneen Wyrick Spirduso and Stephen J. Silverman 著。
2002。《論文計畫與研究方法》。原文第四版。項靖、陳儒晰、陳玉箴
和李美馨譯。台北：韋伯文化事業出版社。
Max Weber。
1993。《宗教社會學》。劉援和王予文譯。張家銘校閱，臺北市：桂冠。
2003。《宗教社會學》。康樂．簡惠美譯。台北：遠流出版社。

(三)、英文參考書目：

Amir Arjomand.
1998. The Turban for the Crown: the Islamic Revolution
in Iran. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Anderson,G. Norman.
1999. Sudan in Crisis: The Failure of
Democracy.Gainesville: Florida University.
Bermann ,Richard A..
2006.The Mahdi of Allah : A drama of the Sudan. New
York: Cosimo.
Blichfeldt,Jan-olaf.
1985. Early Mahadism: Politics and Religion in the
Formative Period of Islam, Ed. Gosta Vitestam,
Vol .2 .Leiden E. J. Brill.
Burr ,J. Millard and Robert O Collins.
2003. Revolutionary Sudan: Hasan Al-Turabi and the
Islamist State, 1989-2000. Leiden Boston: Brill.
----. 2010. Sudan in Turmoil: Hasan al-Turabi and the
Islamist State, 1989-2003. Princeton: Markus Wiener
Publishers.
Childress ,Diana.
2010. Omar al-Bashir`s Sudan .Minneapolis: Twenty-First
Century Books.
Clarke,Peter.
1995. Mahdism in West Africa---the Ijebu Mahdiyya
Movement. Lodon: Luzac Oriental.
Crossley,Nick.
2000.Key Concepts in Critical Social Theory.London：SAGE
Publications.
Dabashi, Hamid.
1989.Authority in Islam：Form the Rise of Muhammad to
the Establishment of the Umayyads.New Brunswick (U.S.A
)and London(U.K.): Transaction Publishers.
Esposito,John L. and John O. Voll.
1996. Islam and Democracy. New York: Oxford University
Press.
Fardol, Santino.
2006. Southern Sudan and Its Fight For Freedom. Santino
Fardol Bloomington, Ind., AuthorHouse.
Gallab ,Abdullahi A..
2008.The First Islamist Republic: Development and
Disintegration of Islamism in the Sudan. USA: Arizona
State University.
Glassman, Ronald M., William H. Swatos Jr., and Paul L. Rosen eds,
1987. Bureaucracy Against Democracy and Socialism, New
York: Greenwood Press.
Holt,P. M and M. W Daly.
1988. A History of the Sudan: form the coming of Islam
to the present day. 4th ed. Longman: London and New
York.
Holt , P. M.
1961. A Modern History of the Sudan: From the Funj
Sultanate to the Present Day. New York: Grove Press.
-----.1958. The Mahdist State in the Sudan, 1881-1898. New
York: Clarendon Press.
Hourani,Albert.
1995. Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, 1798-1939. New
York: Cambridge University Press.
Ibrahim , Hassan Ahmed
2004.Sayyid Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi: A study of neo-
mahdism in Sudan, 1899-1956. Leiden: Brill.
Jessup,John E.
1998. An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Conflict and
Conflict Resolution, 1945-1996.USA:Greenwood Publishing
Group.
Kandiyoti Deniz ed..
1991.Women, Islam and the State, Philadelphia, Pa:
Temple Univ. Press.
Lapidus, Ira M..
1988. A History of Islamic Societies. New York:
Cambridge University Press.
MacLeod , Arlene.
1991. Accommodating Pretes. New York: Zed Books.
Mehmet, Ozay.
1990. Islamic Identity and Development: Studies of the
Islamic Periphery. New York: Routledge.
Moussalli, Ahmad S..
1999. Moderate and Radical Islamic Fundamentalism: The
Quest for Modernity, Legitimacy, and the Islamic State.
Gainesville: University Press of Florida.
Maududi, AbulAla.
1999.A Short History of the Revivalist Movement in
Islam. (Tajdīd-o-Ihyā-i-Dīn), tran. Al-Ashari.Petaling
Jaya: The Other Press.
O`balance, Edgar.
2000. Sudan, Civil War and Terrorism 1956-99. England:
Macmillan Press.
Obert Voll , John and Sarah Potts Voll.
1985. The Sudan: Unity and Diversity in a Multicultural
State. New York: Westview Press.
Ohrwalder, Joseph and Francis R. Wingate.
2007. Ten Years Captivity In the Mahdi Camp 1882 -1892:
From The Original Manuscripts Of Father Joseph
Ohrwalder. 4th ed. London: Kessinger Pub.
Sachedina , Abdulaziz.
2001. The Islamic Roots of Democratic Pluralism.
Oxford :Oxford University Press.
Sidahmed, Abdel Salam and Alsir Sidahmed.
2005. Sudan.London: Routledge.
Schaebler, Birgit & Leif Stenberg. Eds.
2004. Globalization and the Muslim World: Culture,
Religion and Modernity. Syracuse: Syracuse University
Press.
Shaked , Haim.
2008. The life of the Sudanese Mahdi. New Brunswick:
Transaction Publishers.
Sidahmed, Abdel Salam and Alsir Sidahmed.
2004. Sudan. New York: Routledge.
Watt, W. Montgomery.
1963. Muslim Intellectual: A Study of Al-Ghazali .
Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh.
Warburg, Gabriel.
2003. Islam, sectarianism, and politics in Sudan since
the Mahdiyya. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
Weber ,Max.
1947. The Theory of Social and Economic Organization.
Tran. A. M. Henderson and Talcott Parsons. Free Press:
Glencoe, IL.
Woodward , Peter ed.
1991. Sudan after Nimeriri, London and New York: Centre
for Near and Middle Eastern Studies, SOAS.
Worsley,Peter.
1968. The Trumpet Shall Sound: A Study of “Cults”
in Melanesia. New York: Schocken Books.

(四)、網路資料：

African Elections Database.
2011. African Elections Database.
< http://africanelections.tripod.com/sd.html >
AS Samanniyyh Alhasaniyyah Sufi Order.
2011. Sammaniyyah.com. < Sammaniyyah.com >
Encyclopedia of World Biography.
2005-2006.Encyclopedia of World Biography.
-ferik/>
Godlas.
1997-2008.University of Georgia, US.
< http://www.uga.edu/islam/shiism.html >
Specialist Studies Center of Al-Iman Al-Mahdi
2009. 2004-2008 m-mahdi.com.
< http://www.m-mahdi.com/english/>
Translation of Sahih Bukhari,
2007-2009.Translator: M. Muhsin Khan ,Center for Muslim
-Jewish Engagement, Center for Religion and Civic
Culture and University of Southern California.
engagement/resources/texts/muslim/hadith/bukhari/>
Umma Party.
2003. Sudan Umma Party in English.
< http://www.umma.org/English.html >
2011. Sudan Umma Party in Arabic/English.
< http://www.umma.org/umma/ar/>

(五) 、新聞網資料

Ahmed Mansour(أحمد منصور ).
“ahddlt al-mgtmr al-shabi al-maard fi al-sudan .”
(مخططات المؤتمر الشعبي المعارض في السودان)(Schemes: the
opposition Popular Congress in Sudan).Al-Jazeera,
2005/10/23,2011/10/10.
< http://www.aljazeera.net/ >
Fred Bridgland.
"President Bashir, you are hereby charged. corrupted
leader." The Scotsman.2008/7/14.2012/7/25.
-you-are-hereby.4287299.jp.Retrieved >
Maher Abdallah (ماهر عبد الله).
“msir alamshrwq al-islami.”(مصير المشروع الإسلامي)(The
fate of the Islamic project), Al-Jazeera,
2004/10/13,2011/10/16. < http://www.aljazeera.net/ >
BBC News.
“Garang`s death is blamed on pilot,”BBC News,
2006/4/18, 2011/7/24.
< http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4920322.stm>
Nile News .(Egypt)
“Sudanese Islamist leader Hassan al-Turabi: I Support
the Arrest of President Al-Bashir in the International
Criminal Court,” The middle east media research
institute TV monitor project, August 4, 2008, November
13, 2011.
< http://www.memritv.org/clip/en/1831.htm >
蕭倩芸譯。
〈投票箱不翼而飛，蘇丹20年大選蒙陰影〉。大紀元。2010/4/12，
2010/7/29
< http://www.epochtimes.com/b5/10/4/12/n2874452.htm>
方文軍。
〈蘇丹大選存在不足但總體良好〉。編輯楊玉國。國際在線網。
2010/4/13，2011/7/29。
< http://big5.chinabroadcast.cn/gate/big5/gb.cri.cn/
27824/2010/04/13/3245s2814580.htm>
邵杰。
〈巴希爾贏得蘇丹大選〉。新華網。2010/4/27，2011/7/29。
< http://world.people.com.cn/BIG5/11462923.html >
方文軍和戴貝。
〈蘇丹大選臨近，各反對黨依然意見不一〉。編輯姚毅婧。國際在
線網。2010/4/9，2011/7/29。
< http://big5.cri.cn/gate/big5/gb.cri.cn/27824/2010/
04/09/3785s2811198.htm>		zh_TW