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題名 跨國公司對在地國之影響: 以俄羅斯天然氣工業集團為例
The impact of multinational corporation on host country: the case of Gazprom group
作者 李苑如
貢獻者 林永芳
李苑如
關鍵詞 跨國公司
俄羅斯天然氣工業集團
全球化
議價能力衰減模型
天然氣糾紛
MNC
Gazprom Group
Globalization
Obsolescing Bargaining Model
Gas dispute
日期 2011
上傳時間 30-十月-2012 14:17:23 (UTC+8)
摘要 本文研究重點為探討跨國公司對在地國之影響,分析與比較俄羅斯天然氣工業集團(Gazprom Group)在烏克蘭與白俄羅斯兩國之議價關係。
Gazprom為全球壟斷性天然氣公司,在2006年冬季俄、烏天然氣談判破局而發生歐洲大規模斷氣事件後,其對在地國的特殊影響力才逐漸成為各界熱烈討論之議題。一般而言,在全球化下的跨國公司研究多半聚焦在跨國公司的經濟影響力,然而Gazprom在母國政府的支持下,在全球市場上除了經濟面外,還對其他國家發揮著政治面向上的影響力,特別是在烏克蘭與白俄羅斯的例子上格外明顯。學界目前對於Gazprom的主流評論認為Gazprom為母國外交工具,然而追溯Gazprom、在地國與俄羅斯三方之天然氣關係背景,發現Gazprom在烏、白兩國之作為不能單純將Gazprom設想為「母國外交工具」,Gazprom與兩國之天然氣衝突是俄羅斯政府「外交目標」與Gazprom「商業獲利」考量下之綜合結果;以Gazprom為主體方向下思考,對Gazprom來說,俄羅斯政府是企業對在地國的「產業政策影響工具」,更正確地來說,Gazprom與俄羅斯政府是屬於互相為用的關係。
為破除既定「外交工具」思考方向,本文採議價能力衰減模型(Obsolescing Bargaining Model)作為基礎研究架構,以Gazprom為研究主體,突破以往傳統上單層議價模型中只論跨國公司與在地國之議價過程,加入母國政府與在地國政府之議價關係,分析俄與烏、白兩國政府議價結果與Gazprom影響力之關聯,以貼合本文案例實際研究需要。
This paper examines the impact of multinational corporations (MNC) on host country, analyzes and compares the two cases in Ukraine and Belarus of bargaining relations between Gazprom Group and host governments.
Gazprom is a global natural gas monopoly, after the breakup of gas negotiation between Russia and Ukraine and cut-off of Russian gas to Europe, its special impact on host country has attracted people of all the different circles to discuss it. In most cases of globalization researches on MNC’s role, people concentrate on the economic impact of MNC; however, with the support from home government, Gazprom has shown not only its economic power, but also its political impact on host country, especially on Ukraine and Belarus. Till now, the academic circle has seen Gazprom as an instrument of Russian foreign policy, but after tracing back the historical background of gas relations between Gazprom, host country, and Russia, we can figure out Gazprom can’t be simply regarded as the policy instrument, in fact, the Russia-Ukraine and Russia-Belarus gas disputes between are the complex of Russian foreign policy consideration and Gazprom commercial actions. For Gazprom, Russian government is an instrument as well to influence host country’s policy in gas sector. More correctly, Gazprom and Russian government use each other for their own purposes.
To break through the existing “instrument of foreign policy” research direction, this paper uses obsolescing bargaining model as the basic framework, regarding Gazprom as the main subject, changing the traditional one-tier bargaining model into two-tier, including bargaining relationship between home government and host government, then analyzes the correlation between the governmental bargaining results and Gazprom’s bargaining power for the practical case study needs.
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三、俄文資料
(一)期刊論文
Гриб, Наталья, “"Газпром" дал партнерам цену,” Коммерсант, № 1 (2011), с. 9
Милов, В., “Может ли Россия стать энергетической сверхдержавой? ” Вопросы Экономики, № 9 (2006), сс. 21-30.
(二)網路資料
Белтрансгаз , www.btg.by (12 Июля2012).
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描述 碩士
國立政治大學
俄羅斯研究所
98263001
100
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0098263001
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 林永芳zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (作者) 李苑如zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) 李苑如zh_TW
dc.date (日期) 2011en_US
dc.date.accessioned 30-十月-2012 14:17:23 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 30-十月-2012 14:17:23 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 30-十月-2012 14:17:23 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0098263001en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/54890-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 俄羅斯研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 98263001zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 100zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本文研究重點為探討跨國公司對在地國之影響,分析與比較俄羅斯天然氣工業集團(Gazprom Group)在烏克蘭與白俄羅斯兩國之議價關係。
Gazprom為全球壟斷性天然氣公司,在2006年冬季俄、烏天然氣談判破局而發生歐洲大規模斷氣事件後,其對在地國的特殊影響力才逐漸成為各界熱烈討論之議題。一般而言,在全球化下的跨國公司研究多半聚焦在跨國公司的經濟影響力,然而Gazprom在母國政府的支持下,在全球市場上除了經濟面外,還對其他國家發揮著政治面向上的影響力,特別是在烏克蘭與白俄羅斯的例子上格外明顯。學界目前對於Gazprom的主流評論認為Gazprom為母國外交工具,然而追溯Gazprom、在地國與俄羅斯三方之天然氣關係背景,發現Gazprom在烏、白兩國之作為不能單純將Gazprom設想為「母國外交工具」,Gazprom與兩國之天然氣衝突是俄羅斯政府「外交目標」與Gazprom「商業獲利」考量下之綜合結果;以Gazprom為主體方向下思考,對Gazprom來說,俄羅斯政府是企業對在地國的「產業政策影響工具」,更正確地來說,Gazprom與俄羅斯政府是屬於互相為用的關係。
為破除既定「外交工具」思考方向,本文採議價能力衰減模型(Obsolescing Bargaining Model)作為基礎研究架構,以Gazprom為研究主體,突破以往傳統上單層議價模型中只論跨國公司與在地國之議價過程,加入母國政府與在地國政府之議價關係,分析俄與烏、白兩國政府議價結果與Gazprom影響力之關聯,以貼合本文案例實際研究需要。
zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) This paper examines the impact of multinational corporations (MNC) on host country, analyzes and compares the two cases in Ukraine and Belarus of bargaining relations between Gazprom Group and host governments.
Gazprom is a global natural gas monopoly, after the breakup of gas negotiation between Russia and Ukraine and cut-off of Russian gas to Europe, its special impact on host country has attracted people of all the different circles to discuss it. In most cases of globalization researches on MNC’s role, people concentrate on the economic impact of MNC; however, with the support from home government, Gazprom has shown not only its economic power, but also its political impact on host country, especially on Ukraine and Belarus. Till now, the academic circle has seen Gazprom as an instrument of Russian foreign policy, but after tracing back the historical background of gas relations between Gazprom, host country, and Russia, we can figure out Gazprom can’t be simply regarded as the policy instrument, in fact, the Russia-Ukraine and Russia-Belarus gas disputes between are the complex of Russian foreign policy consideration and Gazprom commercial actions. For Gazprom, Russian government is an instrument as well to influence host country’s policy in gas sector. More correctly, Gazprom and Russian government use each other for their own purposes.
To break through the existing “instrument of foreign policy” research direction, this paper uses obsolescing bargaining model as the basic framework, regarding Gazprom as the main subject, changing the traditional one-tier bargaining model into two-tier, including bargaining relationship between home government and host government, then analyzes the correlation between the governmental bargaining results and Gazprom’s bargaining power for the practical case study needs.
en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機與目的 1
第二節 研究方法 8
第三節 研究範圍與限制 9
第四節 文獻回顧 13

第二章 跨國公司理論與Gazprom 29
第一節 議價能力衰減模型 29
第二節 Gazprom與議價能力衰減模型 48
第三節 小結 61

第三章 個案研究:烏克蘭 64
第一節 俄烏天然氣關係背景 66
第二節 俄烏天然氣議價分析 91
第三節 小結 130

第四章 個案研究:白俄羅斯 133
第一節 俄白天然氣關係背景 134
第二節 俄白天然氣議價分析 145
第三節 小結 166

第五章 結論 169
參考文獻 174
zh_TW
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0098263001en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 跨國公司zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 俄羅斯天然氣工業集團zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 全球化zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 議價能力衰減模型zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 天然氣糾紛zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) MNCen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Gazprom Groupen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Globalizationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Obsolescing Bargaining Modelen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Gas disputeen_US
dc.title (題名) 跨國公司對在地國之影響: 以俄羅斯天然氣工業集團為例zh_TW
dc.title (題名) The impact of multinational corporation on host country: the case of Gazprom groupen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 一、中文資料
(一)書籍
Adda, Jacques著,何竟等譯,經濟全球化 (臺北市:知書房,2000)。
Gilpin, Robert著,楊宇光等譯,國際關係的政治經濟分析 (臺北縣:桂冠,2005)。
Held, David等著,沈宗瑞等譯,全球化趨勢與衝撃:全球化對政治.經濟與文化的衝撃 (臺北縣:韋伯國際文化,2001)。
Hirst, Paul等著,朱道凱譯,全球化迷思 (臺北市:群學,2002)。
Krugman, Paul R.等著,林柏生等譯,國際經濟學:國際貿易 (臺北市:臺灣培生教育,2005)。
Nash, Kate著,林庭瑤譯,全球化、政治與權力:政治社學的分析 (臺北縣:韋伯文化,2004)。
Rugman, Alan著,常志霄等譯,全球化的終結:對全球化及其對商業影響的全新激進的分析 (上海市:三聯,2001)。
Spero, Joan Edelman著,楊鈞池等譯,國際政治經濟學 (臺北市:五南,1994)。
大前研一著,李宛蓉譯,民族國家的終結:區域經濟的興起 (臺北縣:立緖文化,1996)。
戴鴻超,現代國際政治經濟學―富強新論 (臺北市:三民,1995)。

(二)期刊論文
王資峰,「跨國公司工業主權在東道國的綜合效應分析―跨國公司在東道國的社會影響及當地政府的對策」,探索,第5期 (2008),頁98-103。
呂紅岩,「國家與跨國公司的關係」,工會論壇,第14卷第6期 (2008),頁159。
熊光清,「經濟全球化對國際關係的影響」,學術探索,第5期 (2007),頁29-33。

(三)書籍中論文
江啟臣,「全球化」,張亞中主編,國際關係總論 (臺北市:揚智,2003),頁271-293。

(四)網路資料
「烏克蘭俄羅斯能源合作新模式:烏用武器換天然氣」,中國國際廣播電臺國際線上,,檢視日期:2012年7月12日。
「烏克蘭將請普京調解烏與俄天然氣價格糾紛問題」,新華網,,檢視日期:2012年7月12日。
劉乾,「俄羅斯多管齊下施壓俄烏天然氣談判」,俄新網,,檢視日期:2012年7月12日。

二、英文資料
(一)書籍
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Behrman, Jack N., National interests and the multinational enterprise tensions: among the North Atlantic countries (New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1970).
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Cohn, Theodore H., Global Political Economy:Theory and Practice (New York: Pearson Education, 2005).
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Fieldhouse, David Kenneth, Unilever overseas: the anatomy of a multinational 1895-1965 (London: Hoover Institution Press, 1978).
Fukuyama, Francis, The end of history and the last man (New York: Free Press, 1992).
Guisinger, Stephen E. and Associates, Investment incentives and performance requirements: patterns of international trade, production, and investment (New York : Praeger, 1985).
Hymer, Stephen Herbert, The International Operations of National Firms: A Study of Direct Foreign Investment (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1976).
Krasner, Stephen D., Structural Conflict: the Third World against Global Liberalism (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985).
Mittelman, James H., The globalization syndrome: transformation and resistance (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2000).
Miliband, Ralph, The state in capitalist society (New York: Basic Books, 1969).
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Pirani, Simon, Russian and CIS gas markets and their impact on Europe (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009).
Rivedal, Rune, Russian Energy Aggression 2000-2008: Multiple Case Study of Russian Energy Aggression during Vladimir Putin’s Presidency (Saarbrücken: VDM Verlag Dr. Müller, 2010).
Rosen, Daniel, Behind the Open Door: Foreign Enterprises in the Chinese Marketplace (Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics, 2001).
Rosner, Kevin, Gazprom and the Russian State (London: GMB Publishing, 2006).
Smith, Keith C., Russian Energy Politics in the Baltics, Poland, and Ukraine: A New Stealth Imperialism? (Washington, D. C.: The Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2004).
Stern, Jonathan P., Russian and CIS Gas markets and their impact on Europe (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009).
Stern, Jonathan P., The Future of Russian Gas and Gazprom (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005).
Vernon, Raymond, In the Hurricane’s Eye (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998).
Vernon, Raymond, Sovereignty at Bay: The Multinational Spread of U.S. Enterprises (New York: Basic Books, 1971).
Vernon, Raymond, The Economic and Political Consequences of Multinational Enterprise: An Anthology (Boston: Division of Research, Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University, 1972).
Vivoda, Vlado, The Return of the Obsolescing Bargain and the Decline of Big Oil: A Study of Bargaining in the Contemporary Oil Industry (Saarbrücken: VDM Verlag, 2008).
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World Bank, Belarus: Prices, Markets, and Enterprise Reform (Wanshington, D.C.: The World Bank, 1997).
Yafimava, Katja, Post-Soviet Russian-Belarussian Relationships: The Role of Gas Transit Pipelines (Stuttgart: ibidem Verlag, 2007).

(二)期刊論文
Andreff, Wladimir, “The new multinational corporations from transition countries,” Economic Systems, Vol. 26, Issue 4 (2002), pp. 371-379.
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D`Anieri, Paul, “Democracy Unfulfilled: the Establishment of Electoral Authoritarianism in Ukraine,” Journal of Ukrainian Studies 26, No. 1 (2001), pp. 13-35.
Endermick, P., “Multinational enterprises and partial privatization of state owned enterprises,” International Business Review, Vol. 3, Issue 4 (1994), pp.135-147.
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Frieden, Jeffrey A., “Invested Interests: The Politics of National Economic Policies in a World of Global Finance,” International Organization, Vol.45, Issue 4 (1991), pp. 425-453.
Gomes-Casseres, B., “Ownership structure of foreign subsidiaries: Theory and evidence,” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organizations, Vol. 11, Issue 1 (1989), pp. 1-25.
Hansen, Wendy L., and Neil J. Mitchell, “Disaggregating and Explaining Corporate Political Activity: Domestic and Foreign Corporations in National Politics,” American Political Science Review, Vol. 94, Issue 4 (2000), pp. 891-903.
Hawkins, R. G., Mintz, N., and Provissiero, M., “Government takeovers of U.S. foreign affiliates,” Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 7, No. 1 (1976), pp. 3-16.
Held, David et al., “Globalization,” Global Governance, Vol. 5, No. 4 (1999), pp. 483-496.
Henisz, Witold, J., “The Institutional Environment for Multinational Investment,” The Journal of Law, Economics and Organization, Vol. 16, No. 2 (2000), pp. 334-364.
Hillman, Arye L., and Heinrich W. Ursprung, “Domestic Politics, Foreign Interests, and International Trade Policy,” American Economic Review, Vol. 78, Issue 4 (1988), pp. 729-745.
Kalotay, Kalman, “Russian transnationals and international investment paradigms,” Research in International Business and Finance, Vol. 22, Issue 2 (2008), pp. 85-107.
Kazantsev, Andrey, “The Crisis of Gazprom as the Crisis of Russia’s “Energy Super-State” Policy towards Europe and the Former Soviet Union,” Caucasian Review of International Affairs, Vol. 4, No.3 (2010), pp. 271-284.
Killing, J. P., “How to make a global joint venture work,” Harvard Business Review, Vol. 60, Issue 3 (1982), pp. 120-127.
Kimberly, John A., “Organizational Size and the Structure Perspective: A Review, Critique, and Proposal,” Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 21, Issue 4 (1976), pp. 571-597.Kuzmin, B., Vorobeva, L., Vorobeva, O., “Corporate Governance and Gazprom: Problems and Prospects,” Problems of Economic Transition, Vol. 50, No. 5 (2007), pp. 87-103.
Kim, W. C., “The effects of competition and corporate political responsiveness on multinational bargaining power,” Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 9, No. 3 (1988), pp. 289-295.
Kwok, Chuck C Y and Tadesse, Solomon, “The MNC as an agent of change for host-country institutions: FDI and corruption,” Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 37, No. 6 (2006), pp. 767-785.
Lecraw, D. J., “Bargaining power, ownership and probability of subsidiaries of transnational corporations in developing countries,” Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 15, No. 1 (1984), pp. 27-43.
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Markus, Ustina, “Energy Crisis Spurs Ukraine and Belarus to Seek Help Abroad,” Transition, Vol. 2, No. 9 (1996), p. 15.
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McGillivray, Fiona, and Alastair Smith, “Trust and Cooperation through Agent Specific Punishments,” International Organization, Vol. 54, Issue 4 (2000), pp. 809-824.
Moon, Chul W. and Lado, Augustine A., “MNC-Host Government Bargaining Power Relationship: A Critique and Extension Within the Resource-Based View,” Journal of Management, Vol. 26, No. 1 (2000), pp. 85-117.
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Rodrik, Dani, “Democracies Pay Higher Wages,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 114, Issue 3 (1999), pp. 707-738.
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Sakwa, Richard & Mark Webber, “The Commonwealth of Independent States: Stagnation and Survival,” Europe–Asia Studies, Vol. 51(1999), p. 232.
Stevens, Paul, “Pipelines or Pipe Dreams? Lessons from the History of Arab Transit Pipelines,” Middle East Journal, Vol. 32, No. 2 (2000), pp. 224–241.
“The gentle art of lobbying in China Foreign companies are learning to influence the government Series: Asia,” The Economist, Vol. 358, Issue 8209 (2001), p. 43.
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(三)書籍中論文
Babai, Don., “The World Bank and the IMF: Rolling back the State or Backing its Role?” in Vernon, Raymond ed., The Promise of Privatization (New York: The Council on Foreign Relations, 1988), pp. 254-285.
Bergsten, “Coming Investment Wars,” in Bergsten, Fred, C., et al. eds., American Multinationals and American Interests (Washington: Brookings Institution, 1978), pp. 139-143.
Hall, G. R. & Johnson, R.E., “Transfers of United States Aerospace to Japan,” in Vernon, Raymond ed., The Technology Factor in International Trade (New York: Columbia University Press, 1970), pp. 325-358.
Hennart, Jean-François, “Theories of the Multinational Enterprise,” in Rugman, Alan M. et al. eds., The Oxford Handbook of International Business (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. 127-149.
Kobrin, Stephen. J., “Sovereignty@Bay: Globalization, Multinational enterprise, and the International Political System,” in Rugman, Alan M. et al. eds., The Oxford Handbook of International Business (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. 181-205.
Rickards, Robert C., “Putin’s New Strategic Policy Tools: Gazprom and Rosneft,” in Nichol, Ulric R. ed., Focus on Politics and Economics of Russia and Eastern Europe (New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2007).

(四)學位論文
Cracco, E. F., “The nature and perception of political risk for the international corporation: An exploratory analysis with special reference to Brazil,” Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, Michigan State University (1972).
Kelly, O. Cillian, “The Russian State and Gazprom: A Study in the Politics of Russia’s Natural Gas,” Master’s thesis, International Relations, School of History, University College Cork (2010).
Kaloudis, Stergos Carl Thornton, “Gazprom and Russia: The Economic Rationality of Russian Foreign Energy Policy,” Ph. D. dissertation, Department of Politics, School of Arts and Sciences, The Cathoic University of America (2009).
Natsvlishvili, Ana, “Favorities of Nature but Orphans of Justice―Multinational Corporations In Resource Rich Yet Poor Countries: Human Rights Perspective,” Master’s thesis, Legal Studies Department, Central European University (2008), p. 18.
Valeriu, Negru, “Russian Gas: the Most Efficient Instrument of Russian Foreign Policy towards Ukraine?” Master’s thesis, Department of International Relations and European Studies, Central European University (2009).
Zabanova, Yana, “Energy as a Contested Domain: Explaining Russia’s Policy toward Foreign Direct Investment in the Energy Sector,” Master’s thesis, Department of International Relations and European Studies, Central European University (2007).

(五)網路資料
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三、俄文資料
(一)期刊論文
Гриб, Наталья, “"Газпром" дал партнерам цену,” Коммерсант, № 1 (2011), с. 9
Милов, В., “Может ли Россия стать энергетической сверхдержавой? ” Вопросы Экономики, № 9 (2006), сс. 21-30.
(二)網路資料
Белтрансгаз , www.btg.by (12 Июля2012).
Газпром, http://www.gazprom.ru (12 Июля2012).
Держкомстат України, http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua (12 Июля2012).
Еременко, Алла, “Новый год под «Газпромом» отменяется?” Зеркало недели. Украина, http://zn.ua/POLITICS/novyy_god_pod_gazpromom_otmenyaetsya-55158.html (10 June 2012).
Зыгарь, Михаил и Панюшкин, Валерий, «Газпром. Новое Русское Оружие», READER, http://readr.ru/mihail-zigar-i-dr-gazprom-novoe-russkoe-orughie.html?page=1&submit=%D0%BE%D0%BA (5 Июля 2012).
Федеральная служба государственной статистики, http://www.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat/rosstatsite/main
Национальный статистический комитет Республики Беларусь, http://www.belstat.gov.by/index.htm (12 Июля2012).
Национальное Бюро Статистики Республики Молдова, http://www.statistica.md
Немцов, Б. и Милов, В., «Путин и «Газпром», Владимир Милов персональный сайт, http://www.milov.info/cp/wp-content/uploads/2008/09/putin-i-gazprom.pdf (11 Апреля 2012).
“Подписаны Протокол об отчислениях ОАО «Белтрансгаз» в Инновационный фонд и Дополнение к контракту на поставку и транзит газа,”Газпром, http://www.gazprom.ru/press/news/2010/july/article100645/ (12 Июля 2012).
Президента России, http://archive.kremlin.ru (12 Июля 2012).
“Текст соглашения между "Нафтогазом" і "Газпромом",” Украинская правда, http://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/articles/4b1aaeb82d0ef/ (5 June 2012).
“Топливо дружбы, ”ВЗГЛЯД, http://vz.ru/economy/2010/3/16/384288.html (12 Июля 2012).
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