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題名 WiMAX2多重跳躍中繼網路上具服務品質感知之混和自動重傳機制以提升高解析影像品質之研究
QoS Aware HARQ to Improve High Definition Video Streaming over WiMAX2 MMR Network
作者 王茂盈
Wang, Mao Yin
貢獻者 張宏慶
Jang, Hung Chin
王茂盈
Wang, Mao Yin
關鍵詞 多重跳躍
具服務品質
混和自動重傳機制
QoS Aware HARQ
to Improve High Definition Video Streaming
over WiMAX2 MMR Network
日期 2011
上傳時間 3-十二月-2012 11:27:16 (UTC+8)
摘要 使用無線網路時常會遇到傳送訊號衰減、通訊死角或氣候不佳等原因，造成傳輸失敗。高畫質影像H.264/MPEG-4 編碼考慮影音封包具有不同重要性，對影音封包須制定不同的重傳機制。本研究改善WiMAX2中HARQ（Auto Repeat Request）的流程，將高畫質影像藉由TCP-Like方式傳輸影像，辨識影音封包資訊，確保GOP-Tree中＂骨幹＂節點的抵達率並利用Lagrange Method of Multiplier方法，對GOP-Tree中非骨幹節點提出合適的Trade-off。IEEE 802.16m標準支援Mobile Multi-hop Relay （MMR）的架構，針對目前基地台覆蓋範圍不足及遮蔽效應等問題提出中繼傳輸站(Relay Station，RS）來提升網路吞吐量並增進無線通訊品質。但也因此需要有較多的連線頻道及頻寬。然而此方式不能保證所有頻道都處於良好傳輸狀態，此而常有相當高的資料傳送失敗率。
     混和自動重傳要求（Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest, HARQ）的提出就是用來確保資料傳遞成功的機制。HARQ早在IEEE 802.16-2004就被提出，然而我們發現HARQ機制在IEEE 802.16m效能不佳，更無法保證QoS (Quality of Service）的服務品質要求。在本研究中我們改善Chen [4]所提出的Dynamic Pre-allocation HARQ（DP-HARQ）機制，考慮當slot分配不足，封包在發生非連續錯誤時造成延遲時間增加等問題。我們所提出的方法加入具服務品質感知（QoS aware）的機制，來降低整體延遲時間（delay）並能有效提高吞吐量（throughput）。在模擬實驗中，我們以具二個hop，二個BS及十個SS以上的模擬環境，對不同方法做不同效能的評比，並以PSNR值檢驗所提出之方法是否能提升畫質，以確保影像傳輸品質。我們透過實驗數據證明提出的方法優於IEEE 802.16m的HARQ機制。
This research focus on running high definition video over WiMAX2.It is usually that transmission fails through wireless network as it encounters factors like (transmission) signal attenuation, dead zone, bad weather, etc. The high definition video coding in H.264/MPEG-4 involves different degress of important video frames considering the video package. It defines different re-transmission mechanisms for video package. This research starts with the enhancement on the process of HARQ （Hybrid Auto Repeat Request）over WiMAX2, transmitting high definition video signals by“TCP-Like”protocol and indentifying the video package information to ensure a stable arrival rate of the “backbone” nodes in GOP-Tree. Furthermore, we apply Lagrange’s Method of Multiplier and propose an appropriate customization to the non-backbone part in GOP-Tree. Though the IEEE 802.16 standards has the concept of Mobile Multi-hop Relay（MMR）, yet there are problems to be resolved and improved when it comes to reality due to the facts like coverage deficiency of base stations and shadow effect. The IEEE 802.16m standard uses Relay Station (RS）to enhance network traffic throughput and improve QoS over wireless network.Relay transmission stations are set for data transmission in Mobile Multi-hop Relay (MMR),thus it requires more connection channels and bandwidth. The thesis concludes with performance comparison under the simulation environments of 2 hops, 2 BSs and 10 SSs, evaluation of the methodology with PSNR for enhancing the QoS of HD video transmission.The proposed method is proved to surpass the HARQ methodology in IEEE 802.16m.
參考文獻 [1] WiMAX Form, Available online: http://www.wimaxforum.org
     [2] “IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks, Part 16: Air Interface for Fixed and Mobile Broadband Wireless Access Systems, Amendment for Physical and Medium Access Control Layers for Combined Fixed and Mobile Operation in Licensed bands,” IEEE 802.16e-2005, Feb. 2006.
     [3] “IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks; Part 16: Air Interface for Fixed and Mobile Broadband Wireless Access Systems Multi-hop Relay Specification,” IEEE P802.16j/D6, Jul. 2008.
     [4] Kai-Wen Cheng and Jyh-Cheng Chen, “Dynamic Pre-allocation HARQ(DP-HARQ) in IEEE 802.16j Mobile Multihop Relay (MMR),”IEEE International Conference on Communications 2009. (ICC 2009) pp.1-6, June. 2009.
     [5] ITU-T and ISO/IEC JTC 1,“Advanced Video Coding for Generic Audiovisual Services”, ITU-T Recommendation H.264 and ISO/IEC 14496-10 (MPEG4-AVC), Version 1: May 2003, Version 2: Jan,2004, Version 3: Sep.2004, Version 4:July 2005.
     [6] J.Ostermann,J.Bormans,P.List,D.Marpe,M.Narroschke,F.Pereira,T.Stockhammer,and T.Wedi,“Video Coding with H.264/AVC:Tools,Performance, and Complexity,"IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine,vol.4,no.1,pp.7-28,2004.
     [7] ITU-T and ISO/IEC JTC 1, “Generic Coding of Moving Pictures and Associated Audio Information - Part 2: Video", ITU-T Recommendation H.262 and ISO/IEC 13818-2(MPEG-2 Video),Nov.1994.
     
     [8] J.Golston,D.Member,and A.Rao, “Video Compression: System Trade-offs with H.264,VC-1 and Other Advanced CODECs,”TECAS INSTRUMENTS White Paper,Aug.2006.
     [9] ITU-T, “Video Coding for Low Bit Rate Communication,”ITU-T Recommendation H.263, Version 1:Nov. 1995,Version Jan.1998,Version 3:Nov.2000.
     [10] ISO/IEC JTC 1, “Coding of Audio-Visual Object - Part2: Visual:,ISO/IEC 14492-2(MPEG-4 Visual),Version 1:Apr.1999,Version 2:Feb.2000,Version 3:May.2004.
     [11] T.Weigand,G.Sullivan,J.Reichel,H.Schwarz,M.Wien(eds),“Joint Draft 9 of SVC Amendment”,Markech,Morocco,Jan.2007.
     [12] H. Schwarz, D. Marpe, and T. Wiegand,“Overview of the Scable H.264/MPEG4-AVC Extension", IEEE ICIP 2006,Atlanta, GA, USA, Oct.2006.
     [13] Sikora, T.;“Trends and Perspectives in Image and Video Coding”,IEEE Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/JPROC. Page（s）:6–17 Volume 93, Issue 1, Jan. 2005.
     [14] Soo-Yong Jeon, Ki-Uoung Han, Kyungjoo Suh and Dong-Ho Cho,“An Efficient ARQ mechanism in Multi-hop Relay Systems based on IEEE 802.16 OFDMA,”IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC) Spring 2007. Pp.1649-1653, 30 Sept.-3 Oct. 2007.
     [15] Soo-Yong Jeon and Dong-Ho Cho,“Modeling and Analysis of ARQ Mechanisms for Wireless Mulit-hop Relay System,”IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC) Spring 2008. pp. 2436-2440, 2008.
     [16] MPEG.ORG http://www.mpeg.org
     [17] “The Network Simulator 2 (ns-2),”http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/, retrieved May 15, 2010.
     [18] Jenhui Chen, Chih-Chieh Wang, Frank Chee-Da Tsai, Chiang-Wei Chang, Syao-Syuan Liu, Jhenjhong Guo, Wei-Jen Lien, Jui-Hsiang Sum, Chih-Hsin Hung, “The Design and Implementation of WiMAX Module for ns-2 Simulator” International Communication Sciences and Technology Association, Vol. 202, 2006.
     [19] J. Klaue, B. Rathke, and A. Wolisz,“Evalvid – A Framework for Video Transmission and Quality Evaluation,” In Proc. Of the 13th International Conference on Modelling Techniques and Tools for Computer Performance Evaluation, Urbana, Illinois, USA, pp. 255-272, September 2003.
     [20] Sheng Peng-Yu “Adapt ARQ to Improve MPEG-4 Video Streaming Based on MAC-centric Cross Layer Design in WiMAX”, July, 2008.
     [21] Chih-Yung Chang, Chao-Tsun Chang, Ming-Hsien Li,and Chun-Hung Chang,“A Novel Relay Placement Mechanism for Capacity Enhancement in IEEE 802.16j WiMAX Networks,” IEEE International Conference on Communications 2009. (ICC 2009) pp.1-5, 2009.
     [22] Shi-Kung Chou“QoS Aware HARQ Mechanism in IEEE 802.16j MMR Network”, November 2010.
     [23] YUV Video Sequences
     http://trace.eas.asu.edu/yuv/index.html,retrieved Apr, 2008.
     [24] Jens-Rainer Ohm.Bald signal bearbeitung fur multimedia-systeme. Skript, 1999.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
資訊科學學系
96971017
100
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0096971017
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 張宏慶zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Jang, Hung Chinen_US
dc.contributor.author (作者) 王茂盈zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (作者) Wang, Mao Yinen_US
dc.creator (作者) 王茂盈zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Wang, Mao Yinen_US
dc.date (日期) 2011en_US
dc.date.accessioned 3-十二月-2012 11:27:16 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 3-十二月-2012 11:27:16 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 3-十二月-2012 11:27:16 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0096971017en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/56327-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 資訊科學學系zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 96971017zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 100zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 使用無線網路時常會遇到傳送訊號衰減、通訊死角或氣候不佳等原因，造成傳輸失敗。高畫質影像H.264/MPEG-4 編碼考慮影音封包具有不同重要性，對影音封包須制定不同的重傳機制。本研究改善WiMAX2中HARQ（Auto Repeat Request）的流程，將高畫質影像藉由TCP-Like方式傳輸影像，辨識影音封包資訊，確保GOP-Tree中＂骨幹＂節點的抵達率並利用Lagrange Method of Multiplier方法，對GOP-Tree中非骨幹節點提出合適的Trade-off。IEEE 802.16m標準支援Mobile Multi-hop Relay （MMR）的架構，針對目前基地台覆蓋範圍不足及遮蔽效應等問題提出中繼傳輸站(Relay Station，RS）來提升網路吞吐量並增進無線通訊品質。但也因此需要有較多的連線頻道及頻寬。然而此方式不能保證所有頻道都處於良好傳輸狀態，此而常有相當高的資料傳送失敗率。
     混和自動重傳要求（Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest, HARQ）的提出就是用來確保資料傳遞成功的機制。HARQ早在IEEE 802.16-2004就被提出，然而我們發現HARQ機制在IEEE 802.16m效能不佳，更無法保證QoS (Quality of Service）的服務品質要求。在本研究中我們改善Chen [4]所提出的Dynamic Pre-allocation HARQ（DP-HARQ）機制，考慮當slot分配不足，封包在發生非連續錯誤時造成延遲時間增加等問題。我們所提出的方法加入具服務品質感知（QoS aware）的機制，來降低整體延遲時間（delay）並能有效提高吞吐量（throughput）。在模擬實驗中，我們以具二個hop，二個BS及十個SS以上的模擬環境，對不同方法做不同效能的評比，並以PSNR值檢驗所提出之方法是否能提升畫質，以確保影像傳輸品質。我們透過實驗數據證明提出的方法優於IEEE 802.16m的HARQ機制。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) This research focus on running high definition video over WiMAX2.It is usually that transmission fails through wireless network as it encounters factors like (transmission) signal attenuation, dead zone, bad weather, etc. The high definition video coding in H.264/MPEG-4 involves different degress of important video frames considering the video package. It defines different re-transmission mechanisms for video package. This research starts with the enhancement on the process of HARQ （Hybrid Auto Repeat Request）over WiMAX2, transmitting high definition video signals by“TCP-Like”protocol and indentifying the video package information to ensure a stable arrival rate of the “backbone” nodes in GOP-Tree. Furthermore, we apply Lagrange’s Method of Multiplier and propose an appropriate customization to the non-backbone part in GOP-Tree. Though the IEEE 802.16 standards has the concept of Mobile Multi-hop Relay（MMR）, yet there are problems to be resolved and improved when it comes to reality due to the facts like coverage deficiency of base stations and shadow effect. The IEEE 802.16m standard uses Relay Station (RS）to enhance network traffic throughput and improve QoS over wireless network.Relay transmission stations are set for data transmission in Mobile Multi-hop Relay (MMR),thus it requires more connection channels and bandwidth. The thesis concludes with performance comparison under the simulation environments of 2 hops, 2 BSs and 10 SSs, evaluation of the methodology with PSNR for enhancing the QoS of HD video transmission.The proposed method is proved to surpass the HARQ methodology in IEEE 802.16m.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 簡介 11
     1.1 背景 11
      1.1.1 IEEE 802.16簡介 11
      1.1.2 MPEG簡介 12
      1.1.3 H.264/MPEG-4 SV可調性修正草案 16
      1.1.4 IEEE 802.16m Multi-hop Relay簡介 19
      1.1.5 Transparent mode and non-transparent mode 20
      1.1.6 IEEE 802.16m的frame架構 21
     1.2 研究動機與目的 24
     1.3 論文組織與架構 25
     第二章 相關研究 26
     2.1 WiMAX2 架構 26
      2.1.1 IEEE 802.16實體層 27
      2.1.2 IEEE 802.16m 媒體控制層（MAC）提供的QoS 30
     2.2 錯誤控制（error control） 33
     2.3 Multi-hop Relay的ARQ機制 34
     2.4 預先配置slot（pre-allocated slot） 37
     2.5 AIAD（Addition Increase/Addition Decrease） 38
     2.6 影音壓縮技術 38
      2.6.1 MPEG系統架構 39
     第三章 研究方法 43
     3.1 問題分析 43
      3.1.1 考慮因沒有足夠slot的pre-allocated slot配置 46
      3.1.2 需考慮不同類別的QoS 47
      3.1.3 重傳次數限制 47
      3.1.4 分配pre-allocated slot的限制（total slot limit） 47
      3.1.5 最大重傳次數（maximum retransmission times） 48
      3.1.6 最大pre-allocated slot分配個數（maximum slot） 49
      3.1.7 使用 pre-allocated slot的限制（using pre-allocated slot limit） 52
     3.2轉換GOP架構 53
      3.2.1 GOP-List與GOP-Tree架構 53
      3.2.2小結 53
      3.2.3非骨幹封包的交換式 53
     3.3 Lagrange’s Method of Mltipler的一般式與應用 58
      3.3.1 小結 59
     第四章 模擬實驗與數據分析 60
     4.1 PSNR（Peak Sgnal to Nise Rtio）值 62
     4.2影像模擬實驗 63
     4.3實驗結果與分析 64
     第五章 結論與未來展望 77
     參考文獻 78		zh_TW
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0096971017en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 多重跳躍zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 具服務品質zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 混和自動重傳機制zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) QoS Aware HARQen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) to Improve High Definition Video Streamingen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) over WiMAX2 MMR Networken_US
dc.title (題名) WiMAX2多重跳躍中繼網路上具服務品質感知之混和自動重傳機制以提升高解析影像品質之研究zh_TW
dc.title (題名) QoS Aware HARQ to Improve High Definition Video Streaming over WiMAX2 MMR Networken_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [1] WiMAX Form, Available online: http://www.wimaxforum.org
     [2] “IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks, Part 16: Air Interface for Fixed and Mobile Broadband Wireless Access Systems, Amendment for Physical and Medium Access Control Layers for Combined Fixed and Mobile Operation in Licensed bands,” IEEE 802.16e-2005, Feb. 2006.
     [3] “IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks; Part 16: Air Interface for Fixed and Mobile Broadband Wireless Access Systems Multi-hop Relay Specification,” IEEE P802.16j/D6, Jul. 2008.
     [4] Kai-Wen Cheng and Jyh-Cheng Chen, “Dynamic Pre-allocation HARQ(DP-HARQ) in IEEE 802.16j Mobile Multihop Relay (MMR),”IEEE International Conference on Communications 2009. (ICC 2009) pp.1-6, June. 2009.
     [5] ITU-T and ISO/IEC JTC 1,“Advanced Video Coding for Generic Audiovisual Services”, ITU-T Recommendation H.264 and ISO/IEC 14496-10 (MPEG4-AVC), Version 1: May 2003, Version 2: Jan,2004, Version 3: Sep.2004, Version 4:July 2005.
     [6] J.Ostermann,J.Bormans,P.List,D.Marpe,M.Narroschke,F.Pereira,T.Stockhammer,and T.Wedi,“Video Coding with H.264/AVC:Tools,Performance, and Complexity,"IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine,vol.4,no.1,pp.7-28,2004.
     [7] ITU-T and ISO/IEC JTC 1, “Generic Coding of Moving Pictures and Associated Audio Information - Part 2: Video", ITU-T Recommendation H.262 and ISO/IEC 13818-2(MPEG-2 Video),Nov.1994.
     
     [8] J.Golston,D.Member,and A.Rao, “Video Compression: System Trade-offs with H.264,VC-1 and Other Advanced CODECs,”TECAS INSTRUMENTS White Paper,Aug.2006.
     [9] ITU-T, “Video Coding for Low Bit Rate Communication,”ITU-T Recommendation H.263, Version 1:Nov. 1995,Version Jan.1998,Version 3:Nov.2000.
     [10] ISO/IEC JTC 1, “Coding of Audio-Visual Object - Part2: Visual:,ISO/IEC 14492-2(MPEG-4 Visual),Version 1:Apr.1999,Version 2:Feb.2000,Version 3:May.2004.
     [11] T.Weigand,G.Sullivan,J.Reichel,H.Schwarz,M.Wien(eds),“Joint Draft 9 of SVC Amendment”,Markech,Morocco,Jan.2007.
     [12] H. Schwarz, D. Marpe, and T. Wiegand,“Overview of the Scable H.264/MPEG4-AVC Extension", IEEE ICIP 2006,Atlanta, GA, USA, Oct.2006.
     [13] Sikora, T.;“Trends and Perspectives in Image and Video Coding”,IEEE Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/JPROC. Page（s）:6–17 Volume 93, Issue 1, Jan. 2005.
     [14] Soo-Yong Jeon, Ki-Uoung Han, Kyungjoo Suh and Dong-Ho Cho,“An Efficient ARQ mechanism in Multi-hop Relay Systems based on IEEE 802.16 OFDMA,”IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC) Spring 2007. Pp.1649-1653, 30 Sept.-3 Oct. 2007.
     [15] Soo-Yong Jeon and Dong-Ho Cho,“Modeling and Analysis of ARQ Mechanisms for Wireless Mulit-hop Relay System,”IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC) Spring 2008. pp. 2436-2440, 2008.
     [16] MPEG.ORG http://www.mpeg.org
     [17] “The Network Simulator 2 (ns-2),”http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/, retrieved May 15, 2010.
     [18] Jenhui Chen, Chih-Chieh Wang, Frank Chee-Da Tsai, Chiang-Wei Chang, Syao-Syuan Liu, Jhenjhong Guo, Wei-Jen Lien, Jui-Hsiang Sum, Chih-Hsin Hung, “The Design and Implementation of WiMAX Module for ns-2 Simulator” International Communication Sciences and Technology Association, Vol. 202, 2006.
     [19] J. Klaue, B. Rathke, and A. Wolisz,“Evalvid – A Framework for Video Transmission and Quality Evaluation,” In Proc. Of the 13th International Conference on Modelling Techniques and Tools for Computer Performance Evaluation, Urbana, Illinois, USA, pp. 255-272, September 2003.
     [20] Sheng Peng-Yu “Adapt ARQ to Improve MPEG-4 Video Streaming Based on MAC-centric Cross Layer Design in WiMAX”, July, 2008.
     [21] Chih-Yung Chang, Chao-Tsun Chang, Ming-Hsien Li,and Chun-Hung Chang,“A Novel Relay Placement Mechanism for Capacity Enhancement in IEEE 802.16j WiMAX Networks,” IEEE International Conference on Communications 2009. (ICC 2009) pp.1-5, 2009.
     [22] Shi-Kung Chou“QoS Aware HARQ Mechanism in IEEE 802.16j MMR Network”, November 2010.
     [23] YUV Video Sequences
     http://trace.eas.asu.edu/yuv/index.html,retrieved Apr, 2008.
     [24] Jens-Rainer Ohm.Bald signal bearbeitung fur multimedia-systeme. Skript, 1999.		zh_TW