1. NCCU Academic Hub
  2. 學術產出
  3. 社會科學學院
  4. 學位論文
  5. Item

學術產出-學位論文

文章檢視/開啟

書目匯出

Google ScholarTM

政大圖書館

引文資訊

TAIR相關學術產出

題名 聚集經濟形成因素之研究
The Analysis of the Causes of Agglomeration
作者 蘇曉瑞
Sue, Hsiao Ray
貢獻者 劉小蘭
Liu, Hsiao Lan
蘇曉瑞
Sue, Hsiao Ray
關鍵詞 聚集經濟
地方化經濟
都市化經濟
地方吉尼係數
agglomeration
localization
urbanization
locational gini coefficients
日期 2011
上傳時間 2-九月-2013 17:09:12 (UTC+8)
摘要 　　聚集經濟概念自提出後，於產業領域與都市領域皆已經有廣泛性研究，並且聚集經濟現象更被視為經濟成長的引擎，然而，深究聚集經濟的形成原因，目前國際上經濟學界正開始大量研究其原因且已有重要發現，相對的，反觀國內對聚集經濟所帶來之產業與都市之影響效果，已不乏許多研究著作，然而對於聚集經濟之形成因素探討卻較為缺乏，基於此由，遂興起本篇論文研究之動機。
　　本研究以台灣電子零組件產業為研究對象，並以全台區域為空間範疇，時間範圍以民國85年至民國95年為觀察期間，並以行政院主計處工商普查資料為基礎，進行跨期追蹤資料分析。此分析後得出國內聚集經濟形成因素中以勞工群與所得因素較為顯著，其他因素較不顯著之研究結論，針對此種結論可能為國內電子零組件之產業特性，亦或為傳統地理鄰近性觀點較不適用於本次研究。
　　Agglomeration is commonly regarded as the engine of economy growth. Its influence has also long been realized in the field of industry and urban studies. However, although economic studies have gradually turned its attention to the causes of agglomeration in recent years, Taiwanese academic community has devoted remarkably little attention to this issue. Most foci are still on the agglomeration effects. Therefore, this study aims to scrutinize the causes of agglomeration in Taiwan.
　　We used data addressing Taiwan Electronic Components industry from 1996 to 2006 and included all the counties and cities in Taiwan as regional scope in this study. The data come from Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting, and Statistics, Executive Yuan. Based on the results of Panel Data analysis, we found that Labor Pool and the Income factor are significantly related to agglomeration formation, while other factors do not have significant effect. The insignificant effect may derive from the characteristics of Electronic Components industry in Taiwan or that the proximity of traditional opinion is not suit in this paper.
參考文獻 中文參考文獻：
Florida著、林元興編譯，2010，「培養創意人才以增強都市成長的動力」，『土
　　地問題研究季刊』，9(3)：2-14。
James H. Stock and Mark W. Watson著、胥愛琦、呂瓊瑜譯，2010，『計量經濟學』，
　　台北：東華書局。
水啟梅，2005，「製造業廠商之區位選擇」，國立成功大學都市計劃研究所碩士論
　　文：台南。
方進呈，2002，「我國現階段製造業投資環境之政治經濟分析-以台南縣為例」，
國立中正大學政治學研究所碩士論文：嘉義。
方瀞儀，2006，「台灣製造業廠商聚集行為之決定因素探討」，國立中山大學經濟
　　學研究所：台南。
王憶靜，1996，「生產者服務業區位特性之研究-以台北都會區為例」，國立政治
　　大學地政研究所碩士論文：台北。
李宜璇，2004，「公共投資對製造業、生產者服務業發展之關聯性研究」，國立政
　　治大學地政研究所碩士論文：台北。
何祖睿，2002，「台灣地區製造業空間聚集之研究」，國立政治大學地政研究所碩
　　士論文：台北。
林元興、陳貞君，1994，「都市發展「黑洞化」與「一極化」之初探」，『台灣土
　　地金融季刊』，31(4)：1-14。
林春利，2003，「國際資本流動與聚集經濟」，國立政治大學中山人文社會科學研
　　究所博士論文：台北。
林森田，2009，『土地經濟學』，台北：政大書城。
林惠玲、陳正倉，2011，『應用統計學』四版，台北：雙葉書廊。
洪小文，2010，「聚集經濟、消費外部性與經濟成長」，『經濟論文叢刊』，38(3)：
387-412。
洪淑娟，2008，「總體經濟變數與中古屋、預售屋房價互動關係之研究」，國立台
灣大學農業經濟學研究所碩士論文：台北。
陳妍汎，2010，「區域差異性對失業率影響之研究」，國立政治大學地
　　政學系碩士論文：台北。
曹飴真，2010，「運輸系統與聚集經濟」，國立中山大學經濟學研究
　　所碩士論文：台南
曹書豪，2010，「聚集經濟對經濟成長之影響 – 全球之實證分析」，國立政治大
　　學經濟學系碩士論文：台北。
黃台心，2009，『計量經濟學』二版，台北：新陸書局。
詹立宇，2005，「台灣製造業聚集之研究」，國立中央大學產業經濟研究所博士論
　　文：桃園。
張晶晶，2011，「產業聚集、外部經濟與地方公共支出關係之研究」，國立台北大
　　學財政學系碩士論文：台北。
劉科汶，2009，「生產者服務業知識外溢效果-以台北都會區為例」，國立政治大
　　學地政研究所碩士論文：台北。
賴景昌，2004，『總體經濟學』二版，台北：雙葉書廊。

外文參考文獻：
Acemoglu, D. and Angrist, J., 1999, “How Large are the Social Returns to
　　Education? Evidence from Compulsory Schooling Laws”, NBER Working Paper
No. 7444. Cambridge: National Bureau of Economic Research.
Ades, A.F. and Glaeser, E.L., 1995, “Trade and Circuses: Explaining Urban
　　Giants”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(1): 195-227.
Audretsch, D.B. and Feldman, M.P., 1996, “R&D Spillovers and the Geography
　　of Innovation and Production”, The American Economic Review, 86(3): 630-640.
Brakman, S., Garretsen, H. and Marrewijk, C.V., 2009, The New Introduction to
　　Geographical Economics, Cambridge University Press.
Brulhart, M. and Trionfetti, F., 2004, “Public expenditure, international specialisation
and agglomeration”, European Economic Review, 48(4): 851-881.
Brulhart, M. and Sbergam, F., 2009,”Agglomeration and growth: Cross-country
　　evidence”, Journal of Urban Economics, 65(1): 48–63.
Charlot, S. and Duranton, G., 2002, “Communication externalities in cities”,
　　Journal of Urban Economics, 56(3): 581-613.
Cerina, F. and Mureddu, F., 2009, “Is Agglomeration Really Good For Growth?
Global Efficiency and Interregional Equity”, CUEC Working Paper,
No.2009/13. Cagliari: CRENoS and University of Cagliari.
Ciccone, A. and Hall, R.E., 1996, “Productivity and the Density of Economic
Activity”, American Economic Review, 86(1): 54-70.
Costa, D.L. and Kahn, M.E., 2001, “Power Couples: Changes in the Locational
Choice of the College Educated, 1940–1990”, The Quarterly Journal of
Economics, 115 (4):1287-1315.
Davis, D.R. and Weinstein, D.E., 1996, “Does Economic Geography Matter for
International Specialization?”, NBER Working Paper, No. 5706 Cambridge:
National Bureau of Economic Research.
Davis, D.R. and Weinstein, D.E., 1999, “Economic geography and regional
production structure: An empirical investigation”, European Economic Review,
43(2): 379-407.
de Blasio, G. and Di Addario, S., 2003, “Labor market pooling: evidence from
　　Italian industrial districts”, Bank of Italy Working Paper.
Diamond, C.A. and Simon, C.J., 1990, “Industrial Specialization and the
　　Returns to Labor”, Journal of Labor Economics, 8(2): 175-201.
Duranton , G., Puga , D., 2004, “Micro-Foundations of Urban Agglomeration
Economies”, NBER Working Paper, No. 9931. Cambridge:
National Bureau of Economic Research.
Ellison G., Glaeser E.L., and Kerr W., 2007, What Causes Industry Agglomeration? 　　　
Evidence from Coagglomeration Patterns, NBER Working Paper, No. 13068 Cambridge: National Bureau of Economic Research.
Fallick, B., Fleischman, C.A. and Rebitzer, J.B., 2006, “Job-Hopping in
　　Silicon Valley: Some Evidence Concerning the Microfoundations of a　
　　High-Technology Cluster”, The Review of Economics and statistics, 88(3):
472-481.
Feser E. J. and Bergman E. M., 2000, “National Industry Cluster Templates: A
Framework for Applied Regional Cluster Analysis”, Regional Studies, 34(1):
1-19.
Fujita, M., 1989, Urban economic theory : land use and city size , Cambridge:
　　University Press.
Fujita M. and Thisse J.F., 2002, Economics of Agglomeration Cities, Industrial
Location, and Regional Growth, Cambridge University Press.
Duranton, G. and Puga, D., 2001, “Nursery Cities: Urban Diversity, Process
　　Innovation, and the Life Cycle of Products”, The American Economic Review,
　　91(5): 1454-1477
George, L.and Waldfogel, J., 2003, "Who Benefits Whom In Daily Newspaper
　　Markets?”, Journal of Political Economy, 111: 765-784.
Glaeser, E.L., Kallal, H.D., Scheinkinan, J.A. and Shleifer, A., 1992, “Growth in
Cities”, NBER Working Paper, No.3787. Cambridge: National Bureau of
Economic Research.
Glaeser, E. L., 1998, “Are Cities Dying?”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 12(2):
193-160.
Glaeser E.L., 2008, Cities, Agglomeration and Spatial Equilibrium, New York:
Oxford University Press.
Glaeser, E.L., David C. Mare, 2001, "Cities And Skills," Journal of Labor
　　Economics, 19: 316-342.
Glaeser, E.L.,Kolko, J., Saiz, A., 2001, ”Consumer City”. Journal of Economic
　　Geography 1(1): 27-50.
Glazer, A., Gradstein, M. and Ranjan, P., 2003, “Consumption variety and urban
agglomeration”, Regional Science and Urban Economics, 33(6): 653-661.
Gianmarco I.P. Ottaviano, 2008, “Infrastructure and economic geography: An
overview of theory and evidence”, EIB Papers, 13(2): 8-35.
Guimarães, P., Figueiredo, O. and Woodward, D., “Agglomeration and the Location
of Foreign Direct Investment in Portugal”, Journal of Urban Economics, 47(1): 115-135.
Hanson, G.H., 1998a, “Regional Adjustment to Trade Liberalization”, NBER
Working Paper, No. 4713. Cambridge: National Bureau of
Economic Research.
Hanson, G.H., 1998b, North American Economic Integration and Industry
Location, NBER Working Paper, No. 6587. Cambridge: National Bureau of
Economic Research.
Helpman, E. and Krugman, P.R., 1985, Market structure and foreign trade: Increasing
returns, imperfect competition and the international economy, Cambridge: The
MIT Press.
Helsley, R.W. and Strange, W.C., 1990, “Matching and agglomeration economies in a
system of cities”, Regional Science and Urban Economics, 20(2): 189-212.
Henderson, V., 2003, “The Urbanization Process and Economic Growth: The So-What
Question”, Journal of Economic Growth, 8(1): 47-71.
Holmes, T.J., 1998, “The Effect of State Policies on the Location of
　　Manufacturing: Evidence from State Borders”, Journal of Political Economy,
　　106(4): 667-705.
_, 1999, “Scale of Local Production and City Size”, The American
　　Economic Review, 89(2) 317-320.
_, 1999, “Localization of Industry and Vertical Disintegration”, The
Review of Economics and Statistics, 81(2): 314-325.
Holmes, T.J. and Stevens, J.J., 2004, “Spatial distribution of economic activities in
North America” pp: 2797–2843 in Handbook of regional and
urban economics, edited by Henderson J.V. and Thisse J.F., Amsterdam:
North-Holland.
Huggins R., Johnston A., and Thompson P., 2012, “Network Capital, Social Capital and Knowledge Flow: How the Nature of Inter-organizational Networks Impacts on Innovation”, Industry and Innovation, 19(3): 203-232.
Jaffe, A.B., Trajtenberg, M. and Henderson, R., 1993, “Geographic
　　Localization of Knowledge Spillovers as Evidenced by Patent Citations”,
　　Quarterly Journal of Economics, 108: 577-598.
Jens Südekum, 2003, Agglomeration and regional unemployment disparities : a
theoretical analysis with reference to the European Union, New York: Peter
Lang.
Jacobs, J., 1969, The Economy of Cities, New York: Random House.
Krugman, P., 1980, “Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of
Trade”, The American Economic Review, 70(5): 950-959.
Lall S., Shalizi Z., Deichmann U., 2004, Agglomeration Economies and Productivity
　　in Indian Industry, Journal of Development economics, 73: 643-673.
Lorentzen, A., 2008, “Knowledge networks in local and global space”,
Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 20(6): 533-545.
Liu H-L, Lin H-Y, Peng S-J, 2010, “The spillover effects of R&D on manufacturing
　　industry in Taiwan’s metropolitan areas”, The Annals of Regional Science,
　　45(3): 519-546.
Maurel, F. and Sédillot, B., “A measure of the geographic concentration in french
manufacturing industries”, Regional Science and Urban Economics, 29(5): 575-604.
Martin, P. and Ottaviano, G.I.P., 2001, “Growth and Agglomeration”, International
Economic Review, 42(4): 947-968.
Mcdonald, J.F., McMillen D. P., 2011, Urban Economics and Real Estate Theory and
　　Policy 2e, John Wiley&Sons , INC.
Moretti, E., 2004, “Estimating the social return to higher education: evidence from
longitudinal and repeated cross-sectional data”, Journal of Econometrics,
121(1-2): 175-212.
Ohlin, Bertil, 1933, Interregional and International Trade, Cambridge, Mass, Harvard
　　University Press.
O’sullian A., 2008, Urban Economics 6e, McGraw Hill.
Overman, H.G. and Puga, D., 2010, “Labor Pooling as a Source of Agglomeration: An
Empirical Investigation”, pp. 133-150 in Agglomeration Economics, edited by
Glaeser E.L., The University of Chicago Press.
Philippe Martin, Gianmarco I.P. Ottaviano, 1999, Growing locations: Industry
　　location in a model of endogenous growth, European Economic Review, 43(2):
281-302
Porter, M.P., 2000, “Location, Competition, and Economic Development: Local
Clusters in a Global Economy”, Economic Development Quarterly, 14(1): 15-34.
Rauch, J.E., 1993, “Productivity Gains From Geographic Concentration of
　　human Capital: Evidence From the Cities”, Journal of Urban Economics, 34(3):
380-400.
Rosenthal, S.S., 2001, ”The Determinants of Agglomeration”, Journal of Urban
　　Economics, 50(2): 191-229.
Rosenthal, S.S., Strange W.C., 2004, “Evidence on the nature and sources of
agglomeration economies”, Handbook of regional and urban economics, vol.4,
pp.2119-2171.
Robert W. Helsley, William C. Strange, 1990,“Matching and agglomeration
　　economies in a system of cities”, Regional Science and Urban Economics,
　　20(2): 189-212.
Romer, P.M., 1986, “Increasing Returns and Long-Run Growth”, Journal of Political
Economy, 94(5): 1002-1037.
Simon, C.J., 1988, “Frictional Unemployment and the Role of Industrial
　　Diversity”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 103(4): 715-728.
Suedekum J., 2003, Agglomeration and Regional Unemployment Disparities, Peter
　　Lang: Europaischer Verlag der Wissenschaften.
Tabuchi, T. and Yoshida, A., 2002, “Separating Urban Agglomeration
Economies in Consumption and Production”, Journal of Urban Economics,
48(1): 70-84.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
地政研究所
99257022
100
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0099257022
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 劉小蘭zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Liu, Hsiao Lanen_US
dc.contributor.author (作者) 蘇曉瑞zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (作者) Sue, Hsiao Rayen_US
dc.creator (作者) 蘇曉瑞zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Sue, Hsiao Rayen_US
dc.date (日期) 2011en_US
dc.date.accessioned 2-九月-2013 17:09:12 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 2-九月-2013 17:09:12 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 2-九月-2013 17:09:12 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0099257022en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/59499-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 地政研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 99257022zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 100zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 　　聚集經濟概念自提出後，於產業領域與都市領域皆已經有廣泛性研究，並且聚集經濟現象更被視為經濟成長的引擎，然而，深究聚集經濟的形成原因，目前國際上經濟學界正開始大量研究其原因且已有重要發現，相對的，反觀國內對聚集經濟所帶來之產業與都市之影響效果，已不乏許多研究著作，然而對於聚集經濟之形成因素探討卻較為缺乏，基於此由，遂興起本篇論文研究之動機。
　　本研究以台灣電子零組件產業為研究對象，並以全台區域為空間範疇，時間範圍以民國85年至民國95年為觀察期間，並以行政院主計處工商普查資料為基礎，進行跨期追蹤資料分析。此分析後得出國內聚集經濟形成因素中以勞工群與所得因素較為顯著，其他因素較不顯著之研究結論，針對此種結論可能為國內電子零組件之產業特性，亦或為傳統地理鄰近性觀點較不適用於本次研究。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 　　Agglomeration is commonly regarded as the engine of economy growth. Its influence has also long been realized in the field of industry and urban studies. However, although economic studies have gradually turned its attention to the causes of agglomeration in recent years, Taiwanese academic community has devoted remarkably little attention to this issue. Most foci are still on the agglomeration effects. Therefore, this study aims to scrutinize the causes of agglomeration in Taiwan.
　　We used data addressing Taiwan Electronic Components industry from 1996 to 2006 and included all the counties and cities in Taiwan as regional scope in this study. The data come from Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting, and Statistics, Executive Yuan. Based on the results of Panel Data analysis, we found that Labor Pool and the Income factor are significantly related to agglomeration formation, while other factors do not have significant effect. The insignificant effect may derive from the characteristics of Electronic Components industry in Taiwan or that the proximity of traditional opinion is not suit in this paper.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 　　　　　　　　 7
第一節 研究動機與目的 　　　　 7
第二節 研究內容與流程 9
第三節 研究範圍與研究方法 11
第二章 文獻回顧 12
第一節　聚集經濟概念 12
第二節　聚集經濟影響面回顧 16
第三節　聚集經濟形成因素回顧 19
第三章　台灣電子零組件產業現況分析 30
第四章　研究設計 38
第一節　追蹤資料說明 38
第二節　變數選取與模型設計 41
第三節　敘述統計與資料分析 48
第五章　實證結果分析 52
第一節　共線性診斷 52
第二節　實證結果說明 53
第三節　結果分析 54
第四節　小結 58
第六章　結論與建議 59
第一節　研究結論 59
第二節　研究建議 61
參考文獻 62		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 826226 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0099257022en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 聚集經濟zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 地方化經濟zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 都市化經濟zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 地方吉尼係數zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) agglomerationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) localizationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) urbanizationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) locational gini coefficientsen_US
dc.title (題名) 聚集經濟形成因素之研究zh_TW
dc.title (題名) The Analysis of the Causes of Agglomerationen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 中文參考文獻：
Florida著、林元興編譯，2010，「培養創意人才以增強都市成長的動力」，『土
　　地問題研究季刊』，9(3)：2-14。
James H. Stock and Mark W. Watson著、胥愛琦、呂瓊瑜譯，2010，『計量經濟學』，
　　台北：東華書局。
水啟梅，2005，「製造業廠商之區位選擇」，國立成功大學都市計劃研究所碩士論
　　文：台南。
方進呈，2002，「我國現階段製造業投資環境之政治經濟分析-以台南縣為例」，
國立中正大學政治學研究所碩士論文：嘉義。
方瀞儀，2006，「台灣製造業廠商聚集行為之決定因素探討」，國立中山大學經濟
　　學研究所：台南。
王憶靜，1996，「生產者服務業區位特性之研究-以台北都會區為例」，國立政治
　　大學地政研究所碩士論文：台北。
李宜璇，2004，「公共投資對製造業、生產者服務業發展之關聯性研究」，國立政
　　治大學地政研究所碩士論文：台北。
何祖睿，2002，「台灣地區製造業空間聚集之研究」，國立政治大學地政研究所碩
　　士論文：台北。
林元興、陳貞君，1994，「都市發展「黑洞化」與「一極化」之初探」，『台灣土
　　地金融季刊』，31(4)：1-14。
林春利，2003，「國際資本流動與聚集經濟」，國立政治大學中山人文社會科學研
　　究所博士論文：台北。
林森田，2009，『土地經濟學』，台北：政大書城。
林惠玲、陳正倉，2011，『應用統計學』四版，台北：雙葉書廊。
洪小文，2010，「聚集經濟、消費外部性與經濟成長」，『經濟論文叢刊』，38(3)：
387-412。
洪淑娟，2008，「總體經濟變數與中古屋、預售屋房價互動關係之研究」，國立台
灣大學農業經濟學研究所碩士論文：台北。
陳妍汎，2010，「區域差異性對失業率影響之研究」，國立政治大學地
　　政學系碩士論文：台北。
曹飴真，2010，「運輸系統與聚集經濟」，國立中山大學經濟學研究
　　所碩士論文：台南
曹書豪，2010，「聚集經濟對經濟成長之影響 – 全球之實證分析」，國立政治大
　　學經濟學系碩士論文：台北。
黃台心，2009，『計量經濟學』二版，台北：新陸書局。
詹立宇，2005，「台灣製造業聚集之研究」，國立中央大學產業經濟研究所博士論
　　文：桃園。
張晶晶，2011，「產業聚集、外部經濟與地方公共支出關係之研究」，國立台北大
　　學財政學系碩士論文：台北。
劉科汶，2009，「生產者服務業知識外溢效果-以台北都會區為例」，國立政治大
　　學地政研究所碩士論文：台北。
賴景昌，2004，『總體經濟學』二版，台北：雙葉書廊。

外文參考文獻：
Acemoglu, D. and Angrist, J., 1999, “How Large are the Social Returns to
　　Education? Evidence from Compulsory Schooling Laws”, NBER Working Paper
No. 7444. Cambridge: National Bureau of Economic Research.
Ades, A.F. and Glaeser, E.L., 1995, “Trade and Circuses: Explaining Urban
　　Giants”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(1): 195-227.
Audretsch, D.B. and Feldman, M.P., 1996, “R&D Spillovers and the Geography
　　of Innovation and Production”, The American Economic Review, 86(3): 630-640.
Brakman, S., Garretsen, H. and Marrewijk, C.V., 2009, The New Introduction to
　　Geographical Economics, Cambridge University Press.
Brulhart, M. and Trionfetti, F., 2004, “Public expenditure, international specialisation
and agglomeration”, European Economic Review, 48(4): 851-881.
Brulhart, M. and Sbergam, F., 2009,”Agglomeration and growth: Cross-country
　　evidence”, Journal of Urban Economics, 65(1): 48–63.
Charlot, S. and Duranton, G., 2002, “Communication externalities in cities”,
　　Journal of Urban Economics, 56(3): 581-613.
Cerina, F. and Mureddu, F., 2009, “Is Agglomeration Really Good For Growth?
Global Efficiency and Interregional Equity”, CUEC Working Paper,
No.2009/13. Cagliari: CRENoS and University of Cagliari.
Ciccone, A. and Hall, R.E., 1996, “Productivity and the Density of Economic
Activity”, American Economic Review, 86(1): 54-70.
Costa, D.L. and Kahn, M.E., 2001, “Power Couples: Changes in the Locational
Choice of the College Educated, 1940–1990”, The Quarterly Journal of
Economics, 115 (4):1287-1315.
Davis, D.R. and Weinstein, D.E., 1996, “Does Economic Geography Matter for
International Specialization?”, NBER Working Paper, No. 5706 Cambridge:
National Bureau of Economic Research.
Davis, D.R. and Weinstein, D.E., 1999, “Economic geography and regional
production structure: An empirical investigation”, European Economic Review,
43(2): 379-407.
de Blasio, G. and Di Addario, S., 2003, “Labor market pooling: evidence from
　　Italian industrial districts”, Bank of Italy Working Paper.
Diamond, C.A. and Simon, C.J., 1990, “Industrial Specialization and the
　　Returns to Labor”, Journal of Labor Economics, 8(2): 175-201.
Duranton , G., Puga , D., 2004, “Micro-Foundations of Urban Agglomeration
Economies”, NBER Working Paper, No. 9931. Cambridge:
National Bureau of Economic Research.
Ellison G., Glaeser E.L., and Kerr W., 2007, What Causes Industry Agglomeration? 　　　
Evidence from Coagglomeration Patterns, NBER Working Paper, No. 13068 Cambridge: National Bureau of Economic Research.
Fallick, B., Fleischman, C.A. and Rebitzer, J.B., 2006, “Job-Hopping in
　　Silicon Valley: Some Evidence Concerning the Microfoundations of a　
　　High-Technology Cluster”, The Review of Economics and statistics, 88(3):
472-481.
Feser E. J. and Bergman E. M., 2000, “National Industry Cluster Templates: A
Framework for Applied Regional Cluster Analysis”, Regional Studies, 34(1):
1-19.
Fujita, M., 1989, Urban economic theory : land use and city size , Cambridge:
　　University Press.
Fujita M. and Thisse J.F., 2002, Economics of Agglomeration Cities, Industrial
Location, and Regional Growth, Cambridge University Press.
Duranton, G. and Puga, D., 2001, “Nursery Cities: Urban Diversity, Process
　　Innovation, and the Life Cycle of Products”, The American Economic Review,
　　91(5): 1454-1477
George, L.and Waldfogel, J., 2003, "Who Benefits Whom In Daily Newspaper
　　Markets?”, Journal of Political Economy, 111: 765-784.
Glaeser, E.L., Kallal, H.D., Scheinkinan, J.A. and Shleifer, A., 1992, “Growth in
Cities”, NBER Working Paper, No.3787. Cambridge: National Bureau of
Economic Research.
Glaeser, E. L., 1998, “Are Cities Dying?”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 12(2):
193-160.
Glaeser E.L., 2008, Cities, Agglomeration and Spatial Equilibrium, New York:
Oxford University Press.
Glaeser, E.L., David C. Mare, 2001, "Cities And Skills," Journal of Labor
　　Economics, 19: 316-342.
Glaeser, E.L.,Kolko, J., Saiz, A., 2001, ”Consumer City”. Journal of Economic
　　Geography 1(1): 27-50.
Glazer, A., Gradstein, M. and Ranjan, P., 2003, “Consumption variety and urban
agglomeration”, Regional Science and Urban Economics, 33(6): 653-661.
Gianmarco I.P. Ottaviano, 2008, “Infrastructure and economic geography: An
overview of theory and evidence”, EIB Papers, 13(2): 8-35.
Guimarães, P., Figueiredo, O. and Woodward, D., “Agglomeration and the Location
of Foreign Direct Investment in Portugal”, Journal of Urban Economics, 47(1): 115-135.
Hanson, G.H., 1998a, “Regional Adjustment to Trade Liberalization”, NBER
Working Paper, No. 4713. Cambridge: National Bureau of
Economic Research.
Hanson, G.H., 1998b, North American Economic Integration and Industry
Location, NBER Working Paper, No. 6587. Cambridge: National Bureau of
Economic Research.
Helpman, E. and Krugman, P.R., 1985, Market structure and foreign trade: Increasing
returns, imperfect competition and the international economy, Cambridge: The
MIT Press.
Helsley, R.W. and Strange, W.C., 1990, “Matching and agglomeration economies in a
system of cities”, Regional Science and Urban Economics, 20(2): 189-212.
Henderson, V., 2003, “The Urbanization Process and Economic Growth: The So-What
Question”, Journal of Economic Growth, 8(1): 47-71.
Holmes, T.J., 1998, “The Effect of State Policies on the Location of
　　Manufacturing: Evidence from State Borders”, Journal of Political Economy,
　　106(4): 667-705.
_, 1999, “Scale of Local Production and City Size”, The American
　　Economic Review, 89(2) 317-320.
_, 1999, “Localization of Industry and Vertical Disintegration”, The
Review of Economics and Statistics, 81(2): 314-325.
Holmes, T.J. and Stevens, J.J., 2004, “Spatial distribution of economic activities in
North America” pp: 2797–2843 in Handbook of regional and
urban economics, edited by Henderson J.V. and Thisse J.F., Amsterdam:
North-Holland.
Huggins R., Johnston A., and Thompson P., 2012, “Network Capital, Social Capital and Knowledge Flow: How the Nature of Inter-organizational Networks Impacts on Innovation”, Industry and Innovation, 19(3): 203-232.
Jaffe, A.B., Trajtenberg, M. and Henderson, R., 1993, “Geographic
　　Localization of Knowledge Spillovers as Evidenced by Patent Citations”,
　　Quarterly Journal of Economics, 108: 577-598.
Jens Südekum, 2003, Agglomeration and regional unemployment disparities : a
theoretical analysis with reference to the European Union, New York: Peter
Lang.
Jacobs, J., 1969, The Economy of Cities, New York: Random House.
Krugman, P., 1980, “Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of
Trade”, The American Economic Review, 70(5): 950-959.
Lall S., Shalizi Z., Deichmann U., 2004, Agglomeration Economies and Productivity
　　in Indian Industry, Journal of Development economics, 73: 643-673.
Lorentzen, A., 2008, “Knowledge networks in local and global space”,
Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 20(6): 533-545.
Liu H-L, Lin H-Y, Peng S-J, 2010, “The spillover effects of R&D on manufacturing
　　industry in Taiwan’s metropolitan areas”, The Annals of Regional Science,
　　45(3): 519-546.
Maurel, F. and Sédillot, B., “A measure of the geographic concentration in french
manufacturing industries”, Regional Science and Urban Economics, 29(5): 575-604.
Martin, P. and Ottaviano, G.I.P., 2001, “Growth and Agglomeration”, International
Economic Review, 42(4): 947-968.
Mcdonald, J.F., McMillen D. P., 2011, Urban Economics and Real Estate Theory and
　　Policy 2e, John Wiley&Sons , INC.
Moretti, E., 2004, “Estimating the social return to higher education: evidence from
longitudinal and repeated cross-sectional data”, Journal of Econometrics,
121(1-2): 175-212.
Ohlin, Bertil, 1933, Interregional and International Trade, Cambridge, Mass, Harvard
　　University Press.
O’sullian A., 2008, Urban Economics 6e, McGraw Hill.
Overman, H.G. and Puga, D., 2010, “Labor Pooling as a Source of Agglomeration: An
Empirical Investigation”, pp. 133-150 in Agglomeration Economics, edited by
Glaeser E.L., The University of Chicago Press.
Philippe Martin, Gianmarco I.P. Ottaviano, 1999, Growing locations: Industry
　　location in a model of endogenous growth, European Economic Review, 43(2):
281-302
Porter, M.P., 2000, “Location, Competition, and Economic Development: Local
Clusters in a Global Economy”, Economic Development Quarterly, 14(1): 15-34.
Rauch, J.E., 1993, “Productivity Gains From Geographic Concentration of
　　human Capital: Evidence From the Cities”, Journal of Urban Economics, 34(3):
380-400.
Rosenthal, S.S., 2001, ”The Determinants of Agglomeration”, Journal of Urban
　　Economics, 50(2): 191-229.
Rosenthal, S.S., Strange W.C., 2004, “Evidence on the nature and sources of
agglomeration economies”, Handbook of regional and urban economics, vol.4,
pp.2119-2171.
Robert W. Helsley, William C. Strange, 1990,“Matching and agglomeration
　　economies in a system of cities”, Regional Science and Urban Economics,
　　20(2): 189-212.
Romer, P.M., 1986, “Increasing Returns and Long-Run Growth”, Journal of Political
Economy, 94(5): 1002-1037.
Simon, C.J., 1988, “Frictional Unemployment and the Role of Industrial
　　Diversity”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 103(4): 715-728.
Suedekum J., 2003, Agglomeration and Regional Unemployment Disparities, Peter
　　Lang: Europaischer Verlag der Wissenschaften.
Tabuchi, T. and Yoshida, A., 2002, “Separating Urban Agglomeration
Economies in Consumption and Production”, Journal of Urban Economics,
48(1): 70-84.		zh_TW