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題名 退出、呼籲、忠誠： 中國城市基層選舉參與的效能與行動
Exit, voice, and loyalty: how grassroots elections reshape urban Chinese citizens` political efficacy and political actions作者 蔡儀儂
Tsai, Yi Nung貢獻者 陳陸輝
Chen, Lu huei
蔡儀儂
Tsai, Yi Nung關鍵詞 政治參與
基層選舉
中國政治
政治功效意識
政治行動
political participation
grassroots elections
Chinese politics
political efficacy
political actions日期 2010 上傳時間 3-九月-2013 16:30:45 (UTC+8) 摘要 對於比較政治領域，威權政體的「選舉」開放，是否真的會使公民出現自主性參與，一直是學界極為關注的命題。檢視當前中國城市基層選舉，可以發現，參與帶動的「有限政治改革」，其效果仍難以預料。因此，本研究主要探討，轉型中政權選舉的制度效應，會對選民個體的「政治功效意識」與政治行動帶來何種影響。我們並嘗試從政治功效意識的研究範疇，提出「防禦性」與「認同性」兩種概念分類，「防禦性」功效意識是由於選民的維權心態激發的投票參與意願，「認同性」效能感是由選舉動員浮現的群體認同投票意識。我們假設，個體同時經歷過「認同性」與「防禦性」兩種功效意識的形塑過程，但又受到個人的「政權支持」程度影響，不可能出現兩種功效意識同時上升的情形。而個別心態傾向會影響後續的政治行動，會有「退出」、「呼籲」、「忠誠」三種行動抉擇。「退出」是不再進場參與投票，「呼籲」走向過激的政治反抗，「忠誠」則是向黨國輸誠。 針對上述假定，本研究以上海2006、2009年兩次居委會換屆選舉為研究個案。根據作者田野調查發現，經過選後，防禦性功效意意識較高的選民，最終採取「抗議」的政治行動；認同性功效意識較高的選民，雖部分仍表態黨國「忠誠」，但多數參與者卻由於選舉過程無法滿足，浮現「失望」，呈現參與「退出」的情況。因此，「『高認同性』功效意識選民退出－『高防禦性』功效意識選民呼籲」，構成了社區基層選舉存在著普遍的「集體行動困境」，但值得注意的是，這種選舉失望走向從「退出」的行動選擇，卻也可能最終又走回「呼籲」的過激行動。就此觀之，中國的基層民主發展，或許會是面臨集體行動困境之後，走向突發轉折的非預期性後果。 參考文獻 一、中文部分王邦佐，2003，《居委會與社區治理：城市社區居民委員會組織研究》，上海：上海人民出版社。左志堅，2006，〈上海進行建國後最大規模的基層民主試驗〉，新浪網，http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2006-07-25/000410521445.shtml，查閱時間：2010/1/26。王信賢，2006，「將社會帶回？中國大陸中介組織的發展與理論省思：以W 市商會與行業協會為例」，《人文及社會科學集刊》，18(2): 293-326。吳玉山，1998，〈現代化理論vs. 政權穩定論：中國大陸民主發展的前景〉，《政治科學論叢》，9: 443-464。吳玉山，2007，〈宏觀中國：後極權資本主義發展國家：蘇東與東亞模式的揉合〉，載於《黨國蛻變：中共政權的菁英與政策》，徐斯儉、吳玉山主編，臺北：五南出版社。吳重禮、湯京平、黃紀，1999，〈我國「政治功效意識」測量之初探〉，《選舉研究》，2(6): 23-44。李凡，2004，〈中國大陸城市社區基層民主發展背景〉，載於《中國大陸基層民主研究》：23-50，朱新民主編，台北：遠景基金會。李凡主編，2006，《2005中國基層民主發展報告》，北京：知識產權。李明輝，2001，〈儒家傳統與東亞的現代化──從李光耀與彭定康關於「亞洲價值」的爭論談起〉，載於《儒家思想在現代東亞：韓國與東南亞篇》，劉述先主編，臺北：中央研究院中國文哲研究所。林尚立，2006，〈基層組織：執政能力與和諧社會建設的戰略資源〉，《理論前沿》，9: 5-8。林尚立主編，2003，《社區民主與治理：案例研究》，台北：社會科學文獻。林佳龍，1998，〈地方選舉與國民黨政權的市場化──從威權鞏固到民主轉型（1946-1994）〉，載於《兩岸基層選舉與政治社會變遷》，陳明通、鄭永年主編，臺北：月旦出版社。邱崇原，2006，〈轉型中的威權政體：城市基層選舉與黨國權力重塑〉，中國大陸基層治理與基層選舉研討會，2006年12月9日，臺北：政治大學選舉研究中心。孫立平，2001，〈社區、社會資本與社區發育〉，《學海》，4: 93-96。孫立平、郭於華，2000，〈軟硬兼施：正式權力的非正式運作過程分析：華北B鎮定購糧收購的個案研究〉，載於《清華社會學評論》第一輯，廈門：鷺江出版社。徐斯儉，2004 ，〈退化極權政體下的「有限改革」〉，載於《未來中國：退化的極權主義》，林佳龍主編，臺北：時報文化。桂勇，2007，「鄰里政治：城市基層國家的權力操作策略與國家-社會的『黏連』」，《社會》，6: 102-126。桂勇、黃貴榮、李潔瑾、袁靜，2003，〈直選：社會資本還是行政推銷民主？〉，《城市管理》，6: 22-25。耿曙、陳奕伶，2007，〈中國大陸的社區治理與政治轉型：發展促變或政權維穩？〉，《遠景基金會季刊》，8(1): 87-121。耿曙、陳奕伶，2008，〈發展策略與政權體質：走向「內分─外聯」體制的中國大陸〉，《社會科學論叢》，2：191-222。耿曙、陳奕伶、陳陸輝，2008，〈有限改革的政治意義：中國大陸動員式選舉參與對其成居居民參與意識的影響〉，《人文與社會科學集刊》，20(4): 513-552。陳偉東、李雪萍，2004，〈社區民主治理的理論假設與案例分析〉，朱新民主編，《中國大陸基層民主研究》：85-107，臺北：遠景基金會。陳偉東、姚亮，2005，〈選舉行為背後：投機博奕：以武漢市C社區居委直接選舉為例〉，《華中師範大學學報》，44（3）：61-66。陳陸輝，2002，〈政治信任感與台灣地區選民投票行為〉，《選舉研究》，9(2): 65-84。陳陸輝，2003，〈政治信任、施政表現對台灣民主的展望〉，《臺灣政治學刊》，7(2): 149-188。陳義彥、陳陸輝，2002，〈政治功效意識、政治信任感以及台灣選民的民主價值〉，2001年台灣選舉與民主化調查研究學術研討會，2001年10月19-20日。臺北：政治大學選舉研究中心。陳映男，2005，〈當單位遇見居委會：中國大陸城市基層治理體制的轉型〉，《東亞研究》，37(6): 157-182。黃光國主編，1988，《中國人的權力遊戲》，台北：巨流。楊敏，2005，〈公民參與、群眾參與與社會參與〉，《社會》，2005(5): 78-95。楊敏，2006，〈誰參與？為何參與？如何參與？—對城市不同居民階層社區參與過程的個案研究〉，第三屆組織社會學實證研究工作坊，2006年10月21-24日。北京：中國人民大學社會學系。敬義嘉、劉春榮，2007，〈居委會直選與城市基層治理——對2006年上海市居委會直接選舉的分析〉，《復旦學報(社會科學版)》，2007（1）：132-140。劉春榮，2005，〈中國城市社區選舉的想像：從功能闡釋到過程分析〉，《社會》，2005(1): 119-143。劉春榮，2007，〈另類的鄰里動員：關鍵群眾與社區選舉的實踐〉，《年度學術2007︰治與亂》：374-398，北京：中國人民大學。劉春榮、桂勇、陳周旺，2010，〈爭議政治”的行為邏輯：對中國城市業主利益表達的實證分析〉，《中國社會科學輯刊》，2010(31): 67-93。 劉軍寧譯，Samuel P. 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國立政治大學
東亞研究所
97260012
99資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0097260012 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 陳陸輝 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Chen, Lu huei en_US dc.contributor.author (作者) 蔡儀儂 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (作者) Tsai, Yi Nung en_US dc.creator (作者) 蔡儀儂 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Tsai, Yi Nung en_US dc.date (日期) 2010 en_US dc.date.accessioned 3-九月-2013 16:30:45 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 3-九月-2013 16:30:45 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 3-九月-2013 16:30:45 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0097260012 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/59894 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 東亞研究所 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 97260012 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 99 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 對於比較政治領域，威權政體的「選舉」開放，是否真的會使公民出現自主性參與，一直是學界極為關注的命題。檢視當前中國城市基層選舉，可以發現，參與帶動的「有限政治改革」，其效果仍難以預料。因此，本研究主要探討，轉型中政權選舉的制度效應，會對選民個體的「政治功效意識」與政治行動帶來何種影響。我們並嘗試從政治功效意識的研究範疇，提出「防禦性」與「認同性」兩種概念分類，「防禦性」功效意識是由於選民的維權心態激發的投票參與意願，「認同性」效能感是由選舉動員浮現的群體認同投票意識。我們假設，個體同時經歷過「認同性」與「防禦性」兩種功效意識的形塑過程，但又受到個人的「政權支持」程度影響，不可能出現兩種功效意識同時上升的情形。而個別心態傾向會影響後續的政治行動，會有「退出」、「呼籲」、「忠誠」三種行動抉擇。「退出」是不再進場參與投票，「呼籲」走向過激的政治反抗，「忠誠」則是向黨國輸誠。 針對上述假定，本研究以上海2006、2009年兩次居委會換屆選舉為研究個案。根據作者田野調查發現，經過選後，防禦性功效意意識較高的選民，最終採取「抗議」的政治行動；認同性功效意識較高的選民，雖部分仍表態黨國「忠誠」，但多數參與者卻由於選舉過程無法滿足，浮現「失望」，呈現參與「退出」的情況。因此，「『高認同性』功效意識選民退出－『高防禦性』功效意識選民呼籲」，構成了社區基層選舉存在著普遍的「集體行動困境」，但值得注意的是，這種選舉失望走向從「退出」的行動選擇，卻也可能最終又走回「呼籲」的過激行動。就此觀之，中國的基層民主發展，或許會是面臨集體行動困境之後，走向突發轉折的非預期性後果。 zh_TW dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1 第一節 研究動機與目的 1 第二節 研究主題：政治功效意識 4第二章 文獻檢閱與研究設計 8 第一節 基層選舉的發展爭論 8 第二節 理論對話：政治功效意識 13 第三節 研究設計 17第三章 觀察驗證：居民選舉參與的效益與行動分析 25 第一節 城市基層自治組織-「居委會」 25 第二節 社區選舉過程的個案比較 33 第三節 選舉過程觀察：政治功效意識與參與行動的抉擇 43第四章 效能-行動「銜接機制」：選舉失望浮現的「退出-呼籲」 51 第一節 兩種政治功效意識的根源 53 第二節「失望」的浮現：選舉預期的「落差效應」 57 第三節 選舉開放的制度效應 59第五章 結論 64參考文獻 70附錄一：訪談案例 77附錄二：訪談題綱 78 zh_TW dc.format.extent 768104 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.language.iso en_US - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0097260012 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 政治參與 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 基層選舉 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 中國政治 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 政治功效意識 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 政治行動 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) political participation en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) grassroots elections en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Chinese politics en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) political efficacy en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) political actions en_US dc.title (題名) 退出、呼籲、忠誠： 中國城市基層選舉參與的效能與行動 zh_TW dc.title (題名) Exit, voice, and loyalty: how grassroots elections reshape urban Chinese citizens` political efficacy and political actions en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 一、中文部分王邦佐，2003，《居委會與社區治理：城市社區居民委員會組織研究》，上海：上海人民出版社。左志堅，2006，〈上海進行建國後最大規模的基層民主試驗〉，新浪網，http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2006-07-25/000410521445.shtml，查閱時間：2010/1/26。王信賢，2006，「將社會帶回？中國大陸中介組織的發展與理論省思：以W 市商會與行業協會為例」，《人文及社會科學集刊》，18(2): 293-326。吳玉山，1998，〈現代化理論vs. 政權穩定論：中國大陸民主發展的前景〉，《政治科學論叢》，9: 443-464。吳玉山，2007，〈宏觀中國：後極權資本主義發展國家：蘇東與東亞模式的揉合〉，載於《黨國蛻變：中共政權的菁英與政策》，徐斯儉、吳玉山主編，臺北：五南出版社。吳重禮、湯京平、黃紀，1999，〈我國「政治功效意識」測量之初探〉，《選舉研究》，2(6): 23-44。李凡，2004，〈中國大陸城市社區基層民主發展背景〉，載於《中國大陸基層民主研究》：23-50，朱新民主編，台北：遠景基金會。李凡主編，2006，《2005中國基層民主發展報告》，北京：知識產權。李明輝，2001，〈儒家傳統與東亞的現代化──從李光耀與彭定康關於「亞洲價值」的爭論談起〉，載於《儒家思想在現代東亞：韓國與東南亞篇》，劉述先主編，臺北：中央研究院中國文哲研究所。林尚立，2006，〈基層組織：執政能力與和諧社會建設的戰略資源〉，《理論前沿》，9: 5-8。林尚立主編，2003，《社區民主與治理：案例研究》，台北：社會科學文獻。林佳龍，1998，〈地方選舉與國民黨政權的市場化──從威權鞏固到民主轉型（1946-1994）〉，載於《兩岸基層選舉與政治社會變遷》，陳明通、鄭永年主編，臺北：月旦出版社。邱崇原，2006，〈轉型中的威權政體：城市基層選舉與黨國權力重塑〉，中國大陸基層治理與基層選舉研討會，2006年12月9日，臺北：政治大學選舉研究中心。孫立平，2001，〈社區、社會資本與社區發育〉，《學海》，4: 93-96。孫立平、郭於華，2000，〈軟硬兼施：正式權力的非正式運作過程分析：華北B鎮定購糧收購的個案研究〉，載於《清華社會學評論》第一輯，廈門：鷺江出版社。徐斯儉，2004 ，〈退化極權政體下的「有限改革」〉，載於《未來中國：退化的極權主義》，林佳龍主編，臺北：時報文化。桂勇，2007，「鄰里政治：城市基層國家的權力操作策略與國家-社會的『黏連』」，《社會》，6: 102-126。桂勇、黃貴榮、李潔瑾、袁靜，2003，〈直選：社會資本還是行政推銷民主？〉，《城市管理》，6: 22-25。耿曙、陳奕伶，2007，〈中國大陸的社區治理與政治轉型：發展促變或政權維穩？〉，《遠景基金會季刊》，8(1): 87-121。耿曙、陳奕伶，2008，〈發展策略與政權體質：走向「內分─外聯」體制的中國大陸〉，《社會科學論叢》，2：191-222。耿曙、陳奕伶、陳陸輝，2008，〈有限改革的政治意義：中國大陸動員式選舉參與對其成居居民參與意識的影響〉，《人文與社會科學集刊》，20(4): 513-552。陳偉東、李雪萍，2004，〈社區民主治理的理論假設與案例分析〉，朱新民主編，《中國大陸基層民主研究》：85-107，臺北：遠景基金會。陳偉東、姚亮，2005，〈選舉行為背後：投機博奕：以武漢市C社區居委直接選舉為例〉，《華中師範大學學報》，44（3）：61-66。陳陸輝，2002，〈政治信任感與台灣地區選民投票行為〉，《選舉研究》，9(2): 65-84。陳陸輝，2003，〈政治信任、施政表現對台灣民主的展望〉，《臺灣政治學刊》，7(2): 149-188。陳義彥、陳陸輝，2002，〈政治功效意識、政治信任感以及台灣選民的民主價值〉，2001年台灣選舉與民主化調查研究學術研討會，2001年10月19-20日。臺北：政治大學選舉研究中心。陳映男，2005，〈當單位遇見居委會：中國大陸城市基層治理體制的轉型〉，《東亞研究》，37(6): 157-182。黃光國主編，1988，《中國人的權力遊戲》，台北：巨流。楊敏，2005，〈公民參與、群眾參與與社會參與〉，《社會》，2005(5): 78-95。楊敏，2006，〈誰參與？為何參與？如何參與？—對城市不同居民階層社區參與過程的個案研究〉，第三屆組織社會學實證研究工作坊，2006年10月21-24日。北京：中國人民大學社會學系。敬義嘉、劉春榮，2007，〈居委會直選與城市基層治理——對2006年上海市居委會直接選舉的分析〉，《復旦學報(社會科學版)》，2007（1）：132-140。劉春榮，2005，〈中國城市社區選舉的想像：從功能闡釋到過程分析〉，《社會》，2005(1): 119-143。劉春榮，2007，〈另類的鄰里動員：關鍵群眾與社區選舉的實踐〉，《年度學術2007︰治與亂》：374-398，北京：中國人民大學。劉春榮、桂勇、陳周旺，2010，〈爭議政治”的行為邏輯：對中國城市業主利益表達的實證分析〉，《中國社會科學輯刊》，2010(31): 67-93。 劉軍寧譯，Samuel P. 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