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題名 建構一以RFID定位之擴增實境系統
Developing an augmented reality system based on rfid positioning
作者 劉彥辰
Liu, Yen Chen
貢獻者 姜國輝
Chiang, Johannes
劉彥辰
Liu, Yen Chen
關鍵詞 擴增實境
RFID定位
LANDMARC
Android
室內導覽
Augmented reality
RFID positioning
LANDMARC
Android
indoor navigation
日期 2009
上傳時間 4-Sep-2013 16:58:07 (UTC+8)
摘要 擴增實境的目的在於對真實環境做資訊的進一步擴充，發展技術中，主要面臨的挑戰為顯示方式、追蹤定位等，許多的技術限制使得發展逾三十年之擴增實境仍難以落實於日常生活中。近年來隨著智慧型手機的普及和軟硬體技術的發展，以擴增實境系統需要的顯示、通訊介面而言，智慧型手機具備發展行動式擴增實境的特點，致使許多擴增實境服務孕育而生，成為智慧型手機中重要的應用。然而目前應用於行動裝置的追蹤方式中，適用於戶外定位的全球衛星定位無法在室內精準定位，影像辨識的追蹤方式需倚賴實體辨識標籤的配置，使得少有在室內環境使用，及具完善行動性的擴增實境系統。本研究將針對擴增實境中追蹤定位方式加以擴充，增加擴增實境系統之適用範圍。
本研究運用RFID適用於室內環境定位之特點，使用LANDMARC方式進行定位計算，並實作定位環境的佈置，將RFID標籤作為環境中之定位點，計算出標的物以及使用者在環境中的位置，作為擴增實境的追蹤方式及顯示依據。系統平台以開放式平台Android進行開發，利用手機硬體中攝影鏡頭、三軸重力感測儀、通訊介面等支援，呈現擴增實境的畫面，其中將以虛擬物件標示出該標的物的實際位置，且可隨使用者及標的物間相對距離及角度進行調整，當使用者在環境中移動時，可即時的定位出所在位置，改變虛擬物件的標示。
本研究開發之系統目的在對真實環境中的實際位置或物件做資訊的擴充及指引，並提供即時性的互動，實驗結果中，此定位方式可達成較全球衛星定位(GPS)、無線網路定位(802.11)等更準確的定位結果，滿足在室內環境使用的行動型擴增實境系統追蹤定位之需求，未來可利用此顯示及追蹤方式，發展擴增實境更廣泛的應用。
The purpose of Augmented Reality(AR) is to make further information adding to the real world. In its development, the main challenges are display, and tracking etc. Over three-decade developed, due to many technical constraints, AR still limited to apply widely in daily life. In recent years, as a result of the popularity of smart phones and its advancements of software and hardware, many AR services became important applications of smart phones. But in tracking techniques of mobile AR system, GPS cannot provide accurate positioning in indoor environment, image recognized method cannot provide mobile use. Therefore there are so few AR systems used in the indoor environment and possessed mobility. This study will be aimed at tracking methods of augmented reality and increasing the scope of AR application.
This study use the feature of RFID positioning in indoor environment, and use LANDMARC method in position calculated. Make RFID tags as fiducial points in positioning environment, and calculate the object`s as well as user`s positions as the basis of display of AR system. In operating systems of smart phones, we use Android as our developing platform. By its supports of cameras, three-axis gravity sensor device, communication interfaces and others in mobile phone hardware, the system can show the overlayed virtual images of augmented reality. The actual location of the real object will be marked as a virtual object, which can be adjusted according to the distance and the angle between user and the position of real object. Also user will be located in real-time and the position of the virtual object will be adjusted when moves in the environment.
The system can make further information augmented and interact instantly with locations or items in real environment. Experiment results verified that this tracking method can provide more accurate results compared to the global satellite positioning (GPS), wireless network locating (802.11) and other wireless uses. It can fulfill the demand of tracking in augmented reality system in indoor using. By the display and the tracking method, augmented reality applications can be more widely used in the future.
參考文獻 [1]Milgram P., Kishino F. “ A Taxonomy of Mixed Reality Visual Displays ”, IEICE Transactions on Information Systems,p1321-1329,1994.
[2]Jun Rekimoto and Katashi Nagao. “ The World through the Computer: Computer Augmented Interaction with Real World Environments ”,Sony Computer Science Laboratory Inc.ACM,P30,1995.
[3]Stapleton, C. B.; Hughes, C. E.; Moshell, J. M.; Micikevicius, P.; Altman, M. “ Applying Mixed Reality to Entertainment ”, IEEE Computer,p122-124,2002.
[4] R.T. Azuma. “ A survey of augmented reality. ”Presence: Teleoperators
and Virtual Environments ,p355-385, 1997.
[5]R.T. Azuma, Yohan Baillot .et al, “ Recent Advances in Augmented Reality”,IEEE,2001.
[6]Ivan Sutherland, “A Head-Mounted Three-Dimensional Display ”Fall Joint Computer Conf., Am. Federation of Information Processing Soc.(AFIPS)Conf. Proc. 33,Thompson Books, Washington, D.C., pp. 757-764,1968.
[7] Red Dot Design concept award-Looking glass concept, from: http://petitinvention.wordpress.com
[8] Feng Zhou1, Henry Been-Lirn Duh2, Mark Billinghurst3,“ Trends in Augmented Reality Tracking, Interaction and Display: A Review of Ten Years of ISMAR”,2008.
[9]Vallino, J. R. “ Interactive augmented reality. ” Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Rochester, New York,1998.
[10] Taehee Lee and, Tobias H¨ollerer,“ Hybrid Feature Tracking and User Interaction for Markerless Augmented Reality”,IEEE Virtual reality ,2008.
[11]ARToolKit，http://www.hitl.washington.edu/artoolkit/
[12]J.P. Roll and, L.D. Davis, and Y. Baillot, “A Survey of Tracking Technologies for Virtual Environments,” Fundamentals of Wearable Computers and Augmented Reality, W. Barfield and T. Caudell, eds., Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, N.J.,2001.
[13] Differential Global Positioning System, from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_GPS
[14] P. Bahl and V.N. Padmanabhan,“ RADAR: An In-Building RFBased User Location and Tracking System,”Proc. INFOCOM, 2000.
[15] Jeffrey Hightower, Gaetano Borriello, “ SpotON:An Indoor 3D Location Sensing Technology Based on RF Signal Strength”,Feb.18, 2000.
[16] Jeffery HighTower, Chris Vakili, Caetano Borriello, and Roy Want, “Design and Calibration of the SpotON AD-Hoc Location Sensing System”, UWCSE,University of Washington, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Seattle,2000.
[17]Lionel M.Ni, Yunhao Liu,Yiu Cho Lau, Abhishek P. Patil,“LANDMARC: indoor location sensing using active RFID ”,PerCom,2003.
[18] Loomis, J., Golledge, R., and Klatzky, R. “ Personal guidance system for the visually impaired using GPS, GIS, and VR technologies”. In Proc. Conf. on Virtual Reality and Persons with Disabilities, Millbrae, CA,1993.
[19] Petrie, H., Johnson, V., Strothotte, T., Raab, A., Fritz, S., and Michel, R. “ MoBIC:Designing a travel aid for blind and elderly people” Jnl. of Navigation, 49(1):45–52,1996.
[20] T. Höllerer and S. Feiner. “ Mobile augmented reality”, In H. Karimi and A. Hammad, editors,Telegeoinformatics: Location-Based Computing and Services. Taylor and Francis Books Ltd., London, UK, 2004.
[21]Studierstube augmented reality project.from: http://studierstube.icg.tu-graz.ac.at/
[22] Feiner, S., MacIntyre, B., Höllerer, T., Webster, A.“A Touring Machine: prototyping 3D mobile augmented reality systems for exploring the urban environment”, Proceedings of the First AnnualInternational Symposium on Wearable Computing：p74-81,1997.
[23] TwittARound.from: http://i.document.m05.de/?p=685
[24]Layar.http://www.layar.com/
[25]TAT Augmented ID.http://www.tat.se/
[26]Wikitude. http://www.wikitude.org/
[27]Junaio. http://www.junaio.com/
[28]Vinny Reynolds, Michael Hausenblas et al. “ Exploiting Linked Open Data for Mobile Augmented Reality”from: www.w3.org/2010/06/w3car/exploiting_lod_for_ar.pdf
[29]KML, from:http://code.google.com/intl/zh-TW/apis/kml/
[30]ARML introduction, from:http://openarml.org/
[31]Android Basics, from:http://developer.android.com/intl/zh-TW/guide/basics/what-is-android.html
[32] Chong Wang, Hongyi Wu, and Nian-Feng Tzeng, “ RFID-Based 3-D Positioning Schemes”,IEEE,2007.
[33] G-sensor三軸感應器。http://finalfrank.pixnet.net/blog/post/24522864
[34]蔡子傑。課程講義-RFID實驗環境架構, 政大資訊科學研究所。
[35]吳世賢。“支援RFID定位之3D 虛擬導覽系統”，真理大學數理科學研究所碩士學位論文，2008。
[36]王燕超。“從擴增實境觀點論數位學習之創新”，國立臺灣師範大學圖文傳播學系論文，2006。
[37]美商蘋果公司之視網膜螢幕。來源：http://www.apple.com/iphone/features/retina-display.html
[38]郭其綱、鄭泰昇，“擴增實境技術應用於建築與城市戶外導覽之研究-以「古蹟導覽系統」與「隱形招牌」應用為例”，建築學報，中華民國建築學會：台北，第66期，p.145~166，(TSSCI)，2008。
[39]楊智超。“A RFID-Based Location Sensing Mechanism”，國立交通大學資訊管理研究所碩士論，2006。
[40]葉生正、 彭詠靖、邱奕世、王晉良。“以無線區域網路為基礎利用無線電波
預測模型之室內位置感知系統研究”，2006。
[41]李國豪。“以RFID 為基礎建構資訊服務平台-實現於Windows Mobile PDA”國立中央大學資訊工程研究所碩士論文，2009。
[42]江凱偉。“國土資訊系統通訊第五十六期-空間定位技術發展之現況及未來展望＂第四章第二節，2005。
[43]江凱偉。“國土資訊系統通訊第五十六期-空間定位技術發展之現況及未來展望＂第二章第四節，2005。
[44] 林宏熒。“從語音到影音：談博物館如何規劃掌上型數位導”，博物館學季刊，20（1），2006。
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
資訊管理研究所
97356040
98
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0097356040
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 姜國輝zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Chiang, Johannesen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 劉彥辰zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Liu, Yen Chenen_US
dc.creator (作者) 劉彥辰zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Liu, Yen Chenen_US
dc.date (日期) 2009en_US
dc.date.accessioned 4-Sep-2013 16:58:07 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 4-Sep-2013 16:58:07 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 4-Sep-2013 16:58:07 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0097356040en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/60210-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 資訊管理研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 97356040zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 98zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 擴增實境的目的在於對真實環境做資訊的進一步擴充，發展技術中，主要面臨的挑戰為顯示方式、追蹤定位等，許多的技術限制使得發展逾三十年之擴增實境仍難以落實於日常生活中。近年來隨著智慧型手機的普及和軟硬體技術的發展，以擴增實境系統需要的顯示、通訊介面而言，智慧型手機具備發展行動式擴增實境的特點，致使許多擴增實境服務孕育而生，成為智慧型手機中重要的應用。然而目前應用於行動裝置的追蹤方式中，適用於戶外定位的全球衛星定位無法在室內精準定位，影像辨識的追蹤方式需倚賴實體辨識標籤的配置，使得少有在室內環境使用，及具完善行動性的擴增實境系統。本研究將針對擴增實境中追蹤定位方式加以擴充，增加擴增實境系統之適用範圍。
本研究運用RFID適用於室內環境定位之特點，使用LANDMARC方式進行定位計算，並實作定位環境的佈置，將RFID標籤作為環境中之定位點，計算出標的物以及使用者在環境中的位置，作為擴增實境的追蹤方式及顯示依據。系統平台以開放式平台Android進行開發，利用手機硬體中攝影鏡頭、三軸重力感測儀、通訊介面等支援，呈現擴增實境的畫面，其中將以虛擬物件標示出該標的物的實際位置，且可隨使用者及標的物間相對距離及角度進行調整，當使用者在環境中移動時，可即時的定位出所在位置，改變虛擬物件的標示。
本研究開發之系統目的在對真實環境中的實際位置或物件做資訊的擴充及指引，並提供即時性的互動，實驗結果中，此定位方式可達成較全球衛星定位(GPS)、無線網路定位(802.11)等更準確的定位結果，滿足在室內環境使用的行動型擴增實境系統追蹤定位之需求，未來可利用此顯示及追蹤方式，發展擴增實境更廣泛的應用。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) The purpose of Augmented Reality(AR) is to make further information adding to the real world. In its development, the main challenges are display, and tracking etc. Over three-decade developed, due to many technical constraints, AR still limited to apply widely in daily life. In recent years, as a result of the popularity of smart phones and its advancements of software and hardware, many AR services became important applications of smart phones. But in tracking techniques of mobile AR system, GPS cannot provide accurate positioning in indoor environment, image recognized method cannot provide mobile use. Therefore there are so few AR systems used in the indoor environment and possessed mobility. This study will be aimed at tracking methods of augmented reality and increasing the scope of AR application.
This study use the feature of RFID positioning in indoor environment, and use LANDMARC method in position calculated. Make RFID tags as fiducial points in positioning environment, and calculate the object`s as well as user`s positions as the basis of display of AR system. In operating systems of smart phones, we use Android as our developing platform. By its supports of cameras, three-axis gravity sensor device, communication interfaces and others in mobile phone hardware, the system can show the overlayed virtual images of augmented reality. The actual location of the real object will be marked as a virtual object, which can be adjusted according to the distance and the angle between user and the position of real object. Also user will be located in real-time and the position of the virtual object will be adjusted when moves in the environment.
The system can make further information augmented and interact instantly with locations or items in real environment. Experiment results verified that this tracking method can provide more accurate results compared to the global satellite positioning (GPS), wireless network locating (802.11) and other wireless uses. It can fulfill the demand of tracking in augmented reality system in indoor using. By the display and the tracking method, augmented reality applications can be more widely used in the future.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 誌謝 [I]
摘要 [II]
Abstract[III]
目錄 i
圖目錄 iii
表目錄 vi
第壹章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機與背景 1
第二節 研究目的 3
第三節 研究架構與流程 3
第貳章 文獻探討 5
第一節 擴增實境理論與特性 5
第二節 擴增實境研究發展及限制 12
第三節 各種無線定位研究與比較 24
第四節 RFID定位研究 27
第五節 數位導覽 33
第六節 相關研究及應用 35
第七節 Android平台簡介與特色 42
第八節 小結 46
第参章 研究方法 47
第一節 定位方式設計 47
第二節 顯示方法-Android平台設計 51
第肆章 系統建置與測試 52
第一節 軟硬體介紹 52
第二節 系統流程 54
第三節 座標定位方法 55
第四節 系統建置 63
第五節 系統畫面呈現 68
第六節 準確度驗證 74
第伍章 總結與建議 75
第一節 研究結論 75
第二節 未來研究方向與建議 76
第陸章 參考文獻 78		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 3524231 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0097356040en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 擴增實境zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) RFID定位zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) LANDMARCzh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Androidzh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 室內導覽zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Augmented realityen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) RFID positioningen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) LANDMARCen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Androiden_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) indoor navigationen_US
dc.title (題名) 建構一以RFID定位之擴增實境系統zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Developing an augmented reality system based on rfid positioningen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [1]Milgram P., Kishino F. “ A Taxonomy of Mixed Reality Visual Displays ”, IEICE Transactions on Information Systems,p1321-1329,1994.
[2]Jun Rekimoto and Katashi Nagao. “ The World through the Computer: Computer Augmented Interaction with Real World Environments ”,Sony Computer Science Laboratory Inc.ACM,P30,1995.
[3]Stapleton, C. B.; Hughes, C. E.; Moshell, J. M.; Micikevicius, P.; Altman, M. “ Applying Mixed Reality to Entertainment ”, IEEE Computer,p122-124,2002.
[4] R.T. Azuma. “ A survey of augmented reality. ”Presence: Teleoperators
and Virtual Environments ,p355-385, 1997.
[5]R.T. Azuma, Yohan Baillot .et al, “ Recent Advances in Augmented Reality”,IEEE,2001.
[6]Ivan Sutherland, “A Head-Mounted Three-Dimensional Display ”Fall Joint Computer Conf., Am. Federation of Information Processing Soc.(AFIPS)Conf. Proc. 33,Thompson Books, Washington, D.C., pp. 757-764,1968.
[7] Red Dot Design concept award-Looking glass concept, from: http://petitinvention.wordpress.com
[8] Feng Zhou1, Henry Been-Lirn Duh2, Mark Billinghurst3,“ Trends in Augmented Reality Tracking, Interaction and Display: A Review of Ten Years of ISMAR”,2008.
[9]Vallino, J. R. “ Interactive augmented reality. ” Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Rochester, New York,1998.
[10] Taehee Lee and, Tobias H¨ollerer,“ Hybrid Feature Tracking and User Interaction for Markerless Augmented Reality”,IEEE Virtual reality ,2008.
[11]ARToolKit，http://www.hitl.washington.edu/artoolkit/
[12]J.P. Roll and, L.D. Davis, and Y. Baillot, “A Survey of Tracking Technologies for Virtual Environments,” Fundamentals of Wearable Computers and Augmented Reality, W. Barfield and T. Caudell, eds., Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, N.J.,2001.
[13] Differential Global Positioning System, from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_GPS
[14] P. Bahl and V.N. Padmanabhan,“ RADAR: An In-Building RFBased User Location and Tracking System,”Proc. INFOCOM, 2000.
[15] Jeffrey Hightower, Gaetano Borriello, “ SpotON:An Indoor 3D Location Sensing Technology Based on RF Signal Strength”,Feb.18, 2000.
[16] Jeffery HighTower, Chris Vakili, Caetano Borriello, and Roy Want, “Design and Calibration of the SpotON AD-Hoc Location Sensing System”, UWCSE,University of Washington, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Seattle,2000.
[17]Lionel M.Ni, Yunhao Liu,Yiu Cho Lau, Abhishek P. Patil,“LANDMARC: indoor location sensing using active RFID ”,PerCom,2003.
[18] Loomis, J., Golledge, R., and Klatzky, R. “ Personal guidance system for the visually impaired using GPS, GIS, and VR technologies”. In Proc. Conf. on Virtual Reality and Persons with Disabilities, Millbrae, CA,1993.
[19] Petrie, H., Johnson, V., Strothotte, T., Raab, A., Fritz, S., and Michel, R. “ MoBIC:Designing a travel aid for blind and elderly people” Jnl. of Navigation, 49(1):45–52,1996.
[20] T. Höllerer and S. Feiner. “ Mobile augmented reality”, In H. Karimi and A. Hammad, editors,Telegeoinformatics: Location-Based Computing and Services. Taylor and Francis Books Ltd., London, UK, 2004.
[21]Studierstube augmented reality project.from: http://studierstube.icg.tu-graz.ac.at/
[22] Feiner, S., MacIntyre, B., Höllerer, T., Webster, A.“A Touring Machine: prototyping 3D mobile augmented reality systems for exploring the urban environment”, Proceedings of the First AnnualInternational Symposium on Wearable Computing：p74-81,1997.
[23] TwittARound.from: http://i.document.m05.de/?p=685
[24]Layar.http://www.layar.com/
[25]TAT Augmented ID.http://www.tat.se/
[26]Wikitude. http://www.wikitude.org/
[27]Junaio. http://www.junaio.com/
[28]Vinny Reynolds, Michael Hausenblas et al. “ Exploiting Linked Open Data for Mobile Augmented Reality”from: www.w3.org/2010/06/w3car/exploiting_lod_for_ar.pdf
[29]KML, from:http://code.google.com/intl/zh-TW/apis/kml/
[30]ARML introduction, from:http://openarml.org/
[31]Android Basics, from:http://developer.android.com/intl/zh-TW/guide/basics/what-is-android.html
[32] Chong Wang, Hongyi Wu, and Nian-Feng Tzeng, “ RFID-Based 3-D Positioning Schemes”,IEEE,2007.
[33] G-sensor三軸感應器。http://finalfrank.pixnet.net/blog/post/24522864
[34]蔡子傑。課程講義-RFID實驗環境架構, 政大資訊科學研究所。
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