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題名 在城市行銷中與各關係人之溝通策略：以企業行銷為基礎
Stakeholder Communication Strategies in City Branding: A Development from Corporate Branding
作者 周尹婷
Chow, Tiffany Yin-Ting
貢獻者 吳文傑
Wu, Jack
周尹婷
Chow, Tiffany Yin-Ting
關鍵詞 企業行銷
城市行銷
旅遊
關係人溝通策略
corporate branding
city branding
tourism
stakeholder communication strategies
日期 2013
上傳時間 10-Feb-2014 14:52:22 (UTC+8)
摘要 The concept of branding has been developed mainly in the perspectives of product and corporate. Nowadays, there is an emerging trend and attention to be made on the concept of branding cites. As thought from the perspective of product, the promotion of city has been considered mainly from tourism point of view. Nevertheless, there is increasing number of researchers have started to consider the city branding more broadly and from the perspective of corporate branding. Furthermore, since the importance of communication, especially among different stakeholders, has been emphasized in corporate branding literatures, few literatures in city branding have started to mention the linkage between corporate branding and city branding in this aspect. This paper is then focused on the stakeholder communication strategies in both corporate and city branding, with the identification of major stakeholder in city branding: the local residents/service providers. Then potential stakeholder communication strategies for city branding are developed from the corporate branding literatures and discussed with primary research results from the Design District Helsinki project. In addition, possible application to Taipei City is also discussed.
1. Introduction 1
     2. Research Method 3
     3. Literature Review 5
     3.1. Branding City as Product 6
     3.1.1. Tourist = Consumer 6
     3.1.2. Slogan and Symbol 7
     3.1.3. Once of a Life Time Experience: Major Events and Culture Experience 9
     3.2. Branding City as Corporation 10
     3.2.1. Stakeholder Communication Strategy in City Branding 13
     3.3. Stakeholder Communication Issues and Barriers in Corporate Branding 17
     3.3.1. Unclear Brand Vision/Identity/Message 18
     3.3.2. No Strategic Alignment in Stakeholder Communications 19
     3.3.3. Unable to Fulfill Expectations 20
     3.4. Stakeholder Communication Strategies in Corporate Branding 22
     3.4.1. Internal Marketing, Branding, and Communication 22
     3.4.2. Symbolism 24
     3.4.3. Consistent Brand Image and Identity Message 25
     3.4.4. Two-way Communication: Feedback, Dialogue, and Social Media Platform 26
     3.4.5. Living the Brand 28
     4. Discussion 30
     4.1. From Single Stakeholder Oriented Strategies to All Stakeholder Oriented Strategies 30
     4.2. Common Stakeholder Communication Issues in Corporate Branding and City Branding 33
     4.3. Possible Stakeholder Communication Strategies in City Branding for Local Residents/Service Providers from Corporate Branding 36
     4.3.1. Construct Interactive Communication Platform 37
     4.3.2. Develop Integrated Multi-dimensional Communication Channels 40
     4.3.3. Living the City as Living the Brand 44
     4.3.4. Possible Application to Taipei City 47
     5. Conclusion 49
     Reference 51
     Appendix 1 57
     Appendix 2 60
參考文獻 Andia, Alfredo. (2007). Branding the Generic City :). Monu #7: 2nd Rate Urbanism. Rotterdam: Veenman.
     Banerjee, Saikat. (2008). Strategic Brand-Culture Fit: a Conceptual Framework for Brand Management. Journal of Brand Management, 15(5), pp.312-321.
     Burmann, Christoph and Zeplin, Sabrina. (2005). Building Brand Commitment: a Behavioural Approach to Internal Brand Management. Journal of Brand Management, 12(4), pp.279-300.
     Caldwell, N. and Freire, J. R. (2004). The Differences between Branding a Country, a Region and a City: Applying the Brand Box Model. Journal of Brand Management, 12(1) pp.50-61.
     Common. (2009)(2013). http://www.common-helsinki.com/
     Design District Helsinki. (2009)(2013). http://www.designdistrict.fi/design_district
     Design Forum Finland. (2009)(2013). Design District Helsinki. http://www.designforum.fi/designdistrict_en
     Edwards, D., Griffin, T. and Hayllar, B.. (2008). Urban Tourism Precincts: an Overview of Key Themes and Issues. In: Hayllar, B. and Griffin, T. ed. City Spaces, Tourist Places: Urban Tourism Precincts, pp.95-106. Oxford: Elsevier.
     Evans, Graeme. (2006). Branding the City of Culture- the Death of City Planning? In: Moncius, J. and Guardia, M. ed. Culture, Urbanism and Planning, pp.197-214. Aldershot: Ashgate.
     Florian, Berci. (2003). The City as a Brand. In: Urban Affairs ed. City Branding: Image Building and Building Images, pp.20-32. Amsterdam: NAi.
     Freestone, R. and Gibson, C. (2006). The Cultural Dimensions of Urban Planning Strategies: an Historical Perspective. In: Moncius, J. and Guardia, M. ed. Culture, Urbanism and Planning, pp.21-43. Aldershot: Ashgate.
     Freire, Joao Ricardo. (2007). ‘Local People’ a Critical Dimension for Place Brands. Journal of Brand Management, 16(7), pp.420-438.
     Gapp, Rod and Merrilees, Bill. (2006). Important Factors to Consider When Using Internal Branding as a Management Strategy: a Healthcare Case Study. Journal of Brand Management, 14(1/2), pp.162-176.
     Gobe, Marc. (2001). Emotional Branding: the New Paradigm for Connecting Brands to People. New York: Allworth Press
     Griffin, T., Hayllar, B., and Edwards, D. (2008). Precinct Planning and Design, Management and Marketing: an Overview. In: Hayllar, B. and Griffin, T. ed. City Spaces, Tourist Places: Urban Tourism Precincts, pp.245-260. Oxford: Elsevier.
     Gordon, David L.A. (2006). Capital Cities and Culture: Evolution of Twentieth-century Capital City Planning. In: Moncius, J. and Guardia, M. ed. Culture, Urbanism and Planning, pp.63-84. Aldershot: Ashgate.
     Hankinson, Graham. (2001). Location Branding: a Study of the Branding Practices of 12 English Cities. Journal of Brand Management, 9(2), pp.127-142.
     Hankinson, Graham. (2007). The Management of Destination Brands: Five Guiding Principles Based on Recent Developments in Corporate Branding Theory. Journal of Brand Management, 14(3), pp.240-254.
     Hatch, Mary Jo, and Rubin, James. (2006). The Hermeneutics of Branding. Journal of Brand Management, 14(1/2), pp. 40-59.
     Hatch, Mary Jo and Schultz, Majken. (2001). Are the Strategic Stars Aligned for Your Corporate Brand? Harvard Business Review, February, 2001
     Hatch, Mary Jo and Schultz, Majken. (2008). Taking Brand Initiative: How Companies Can Align Strategy, Culture, and Identity through Corporate Branding. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
     Haywood, Roger. (2005). Corporate Reputation, the Brand &the Bottom Line: Powerful Proven Communication Strategies for Maximizing Value. 3rd ed. London: Kogan Page.
     Holtz, Shel and Havens, John C. (2008). Tactical Transparency: How Leaders Can Leverage Social Media to Maximize Value and Build Their Brand. Jossey-Bass.
     Ind, Nicholas. (2007). Living the Brand: How to Transform Every Member of Your Organization into a Brand Champion. 3rd ed. London: Kogan Page.
     Jones, Richard. (2005). Finding Sources of Brand Value: Developing a Stakeholder Model of Brand Equity. Journal of Brand Management, 13(1), pp.10-32.
     Karaosmanoglu, Elif and Melewar, T. C. (2006). Corporate Communications, Identity and Image: a Research Agenda. Journal of Brand Management, 14(1/2), pp.196-206.
     Kavaratzis, Michalis. (2004). From City Marketing to City Branding: Towards a Theoretical Framework for Developing City Brands. Journal of Place Branding, 1(1), pp. 58-73.
     Kavaratzis, M. and Ashworth, G. J. (2005). City Branding: an Effective Assertion of Identity or a Transitory Marketing Trick? Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 96(5), pp.506-514.
     Kolb, Bonita M. (2006). Tourism Marketing for Cities and Towns: Using Branding and Events to Attract Tourists. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinenmann.
     Konecnik, M. and Go, F. (2008). Tourism Destination Brand Identity: the Case of Slovenia. Journal of Brand Management, 15(3), pp.177-188.
     Krolikowski, C. and Brown, G. (2008). The Structure and Form of Urban Tourism Precincts: Setting the Stage for Tourist Performances. In: Hayllar, B. and Griffin, T. ed. City Spaces, Tourist Places: Urban Tourism Precincts, pp.127-150. Oxford: Elsevier
     Langer, Roy and Varey, Richard J. (2008). Corporations as Storytellers - Stakeholders as Image Builders: Towards Impressive Corporate Communication. In. Melewar, T. C. and Karaosmanoglu, Elif ed. Contemporary Thoughts on Corporate Branding and Corporate Identity Management, pp. 205-225. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
     Lee, Chun Wah. (2008). Corporate Identity as Strategic Management Communication: a Working Framework. In. Melewar, T. C. and Karaosmanoglu, Elif ed. Contemporary Thoughts on Corporate Branding and Corporate Identity Management, pp. 138-149. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
     Mommaas, Hans. (2002). City Branding: the Necessity of Socio-Cultural Goals. In: Urban Affairs ed. City Branding: Image Building and Building Images, pp.34-44. Amsterdam: NAi.
     Monclus, F. Javier (2007). Internatinoal Exhibitions and Planning. Hosting Large-scale Events as Place Promotion and as Catalysts of Urban Regeneration. In: Moncius, J. and Guardia, M. ed. Culture, Urbanism and Planning, pp.215-240. Aldershot: Ashgate.
     Nandan, Shiva. (2005). An Exploration of the Brand Identity-brand Image Linkage: a Communication Persepctive. Journal of Brand Management, 12(4), pp.264-278.
     Olins, Wally. (2003). Wally Olins. On Brand. London: Thames & Hudson.
     On Three Communication Design Inc. (2008). Place Branding in Practice: Current Issues for Economic Development Professionals. Marketing and Communications White Paper Series. Toronto: EDAC/ACDE.
     Punjaiski, Khanyapuss and Wilson, Alan. (2007). The Role of Internal Branding in the Delivery of Employee Brand Promise. Journal of Brand Management, 15(1), pp. 57-70.
     Riel, Cees B. M. van. and Fombrun, Charles J. (2007). Essentials of Corporate Communication: Implementing Practices for Effective Reputation Management. London: Routledge.
     Selby, M., Hallar, B., and Griffin, T. (2008). The Tourist Experience of Precincts. In: Hayllar, B. and Griffin, T. ed. City Spaces, Tourist Places: Urban Tourism Precincts, pp.183-202. Oxford: Elsevier.
     Shamma, Hamed M. and Hassan, Salah. (2008). A Multiple Stakeholder Perspective for Measuring Corporate Brand Equity: Linking Corporate Brand Equity with Corporate Performance. In. Melewar, T. C. and Karaosmanoglu, Elif ed. Contemporary Thoughts on Corporate Branding and Corporate Identity Management, pp. 23-46. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan
     Stone, Norman. (1995). The Management and Practice of Public Relations. London: MACMILLAN Press
     The Official Site of the Eiffel Tower. (2009). All You Need to Know about the Eiffel Tower. http://www.tour-eiffel.fr/teiffel/uk/documentation/pdf/about_the%20Eiffel_Tower.pdf?id=4_11 (Accessed 04 August 2009)
     United Nations Population Fund. (2009). State of World Population 2007. http://web.unfpa.org/swp/2007/english/introduction.html (Accessed 15 July 2009)
     World Design Capital Press Release. (2013). Helsinki Achieved Multiple Goals as the WDG 2012. http://www.worlddesigncapital.com/press-releases/1523/ (Assessed 15 Jan 2014)
     Wu, Quingjun. (2008). The Scheme of Rizhao City Brand. Journal of International Business Research, 1(3), pp.80-81.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
國際經營管理英語碩士學位學程(IMBA)
99933022
102
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0099933022
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 吳文傑zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Wu, Jacken_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 周尹婷zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Chow, Tiffany Yin-Tingen_US
dc.creator (作者) 周尹婷zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Chow, Tiffany Yin-Tingen_US
dc.date (日期) 2013en_US
dc.date.accessioned 10-Feb-2014 14:52:22 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 10-Feb-2014 14:52:22 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 10-Feb-2014 14:52:22 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0099933022en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/63686-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國際經營管理英語碩士學位學程(IMBA)zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 99933022zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 102zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) The concept of branding has been developed mainly in the perspectives of product and corporate. Nowadays, there is an emerging trend and attention to be made on the concept of branding cites. As thought from the perspective of product, the promotion of city has been considered mainly from tourism point of view. Nevertheless, there is increasing number of researchers have started to consider the city branding more broadly and from the perspective of corporate branding. Furthermore, since the importance of communication, especially among different stakeholders, has been emphasized in corporate branding literatures, few literatures in city branding have started to mention the linkage between corporate branding and city branding in this aspect. This paper is then focused on the stakeholder communication strategies in both corporate and city branding, with the identification of major stakeholder in city branding: the local residents/service providers. Then potential stakeholder communication strategies for city branding are developed from the corporate branding literatures and discussed with primary research results from the Design District Helsinki project. In addition, possible application to Taipei City is also discussed.en_US
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 1. Introduction 1
     2. Research Method 3
     3. Literature Review 5
     3.1. Branding City as Product 6
     3.1.1. Tourist = Consumer 6
     3.1.2. Slogan and Symbol 7
     3.1.3. Once of a Life Time Experience: Major Events and Culture Experience 9
     3.2. Branding City as Corporation 10
     3.2.1. Stakeholder Communication Strategy in City Branding 13
     3.3. Stakeholder Communication Issues and Barriers in Corporate Branding 17
     3.3.1. Unclear Brand Vision/Identity/Message 18
     3.3.2. No Strategic Alignment in Stakeholder Communications 19
     3.3.3. Unable to Fulfill Expectations 20
     3.4. Stakeholder Communication Strategies in Corporate Branding 22
     3.4.1. Internal Marketing, Branding, and Communication 22
     3.4.2. Symbolism 24
     3.4.3. Consistent Brand Image and Identity Message 25
     3.4.4. Two-way Communication: Feedback, Dialogue, and Social Media Platform 26
     3.4.5. Living the Brand 28
     4. Discussion 30
     4.1. From Single Stakeholder Oriented Strategies to All Stakeholder Oriented Strategies 30
     4.2. Common Stakeholder Communication Issues in Corporate Branding and City Branding 33
     4.3. Possible Stakeholder Communication Strategies in City Branding for Local Residents/Service Providers from Corporate Branding 36
     4.3.1. Construct Interactive Communication Platform 37
     4.3.2. Develop Integrated Multi-dimensional Communication Channels 40
     4.3.3. Living the City as Living the Brand 44
     4.3.4. Possible Application to Taipei City 47
     5. Conclusion 49
     Reference 51
     Appendix 1 57
     Appendix 2 60		-
dc.description.tableofcontents 1. Introduction 1
     2. Research Method 3
     3. Literature Review 5
     3.1. Branding City as Product 6
     3.1.1. Tourist = Consumer 6
     3.1.2. Slogan and Symbol 7
     3.1.3. Once of a Life Time Experience: Major Events and Culture Experience 9
     3.2. Branding City as Corporation 10
     3.2.1. Stakeholder Communication Strategy in City Branding 13
     3.3. Stakeholder Communication Issues and Barriers in Corporate Branding 17
     3.3.1. Unclear Brand Vision/Identity/Message 18
     3.3.2. No Strategic Alignment in Stakeholder Communications 19
     3.3.3. Unable to Fulfill Expectations 20
     3.4. Stakeholder Communication Strategies in Corporate Branding 22
     3.4.1. Internal Marketing, Branding, and Communication 22
     3.4.2. Symbolism 24
     3.4.3. Consistent Brand Image and Identity Message 25
     3.4.4. Two-way Communication: Feedback, Dialogue, and Social Media Platform 26
     3.4.5. Living the Brand 28
     4. Discussion 30
     4.1. From Single Stakeholder Oriented Strategies to All Stakeholder Oriented Strategies 30
     4.2. Common Stakeholder Communication Issues in Corporate Branding and City Branding 33
     4.3. Possible Stakeholder Communication Strategies in City Branding for Local Residents/Service Providers from Corporate Branding 36
     4.3.1. Construct Interactive Communication Platform 37
     4.3.2. Develop Integrated Multi-dimensional Communication Channels 40
     4.3.3. Living the City as Living the Brand 44
     4.3.4. Possible Application to Taipei City 47
     5. Conclusion 49
     Reference 51
     Appendix 1 57
     Appendix 2 60		zh_TW
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0099933022en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 企業行銷zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 城市行銷zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 旅遊zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 關係人溝通策略zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) corporate brandingen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) city brandingen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) tourismen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) stakeholder communication strategiesen_US
dc.title (題名) 在城市行銷中與各關係人之溝通策略：以企業行銷為基礎zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Stakeholder Communication Strategies in City Branding: A Development from Corporate Brandingen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Andia, Alfredo. (2007). Branding the Generic City :). Monu #7: 2nd Rate Urbanism. Rotterdam: Veenman.
     Banerjee, Saikat. (2008). Strategic Brand-Culture Fit: a Conceptual Framework for Brand Management. Journal of Brand Management, 15(5), pp.312-321.
     Burmann, Christoph and Zeplin, Sabrina. (2005). Building Brand Commitment: a Behavioural Approach to Internal Brand Management. Journal of Brand Management, 12(4), pp.279-300.
     Caldwell, N. and Freire, J. R. (2004). The Differences between Branding a Country, a Region and a City: Applying the Brand Box Model. Journal of Brand Management, 12(1) pp.50-61.
     Common. (2009)(2013). http://www.common-helsinki.com/
     Design District Helsinki. (2009)(2013). http://www.designdistrict.fi/design_district
     Design Forum Finland. (2009)(2013). Design District Helsinki. http://www.designforum.fi/designdistrict_en
     Edwards, D., Griffin, T. and Hayllar, B.. (2008). Urban Tourism Precincts: an Overview of Key Themes and Issues. In: Hayllar, B. and Griffin, T. ed. City Spaces, Tourist Places: Urban Tourism Precincts, pp.95-106. Oxford: Elsevier.
     Evans, Graeme. (2006). Branding the City of Culture- the Death of City Planning? In: Moncius, J. and Guardia, M. ed. Culture, Urbanism and Planning, pp.197-214. Aldershot: Ashgate.
     Florian, Berci. (2003). The City as a Brand. In: Urban Affairs ed. City Branding: Image Building and Building Images, pp.20-32. Amsterdam: NAi.
     Freestone, R. and Gibson, C. (2006). The Cultural Dimensions of Urban Planning Strategies: an Historical Perspective. In: Moncius, J. and Guardia, M. ed. Culture, Urbanism and Planning, pp.21-43. Aldershot: Ashgate.
     Freire, Joao Ricardo. (2007). ‘Local People’ a Critical Dimension for Place Brands. Journal of Brand Management, 16(7), pp.420-438.
     Gapp, Rod and Merrilees, Bill. (2006). Important Factors to Consider When Using Internal Branding as a Management Strategy: a Healthcare Case Study. Journal of Brand Management, 14(1/2), pp.162-176.
     Gobe, Marc. (2001). Emotional Branding: the New Paradigm for Connecting Brands to People. New York: Allworth Press
     Griffin, T., Hayllar, B., and Edwards, D. (2008). Precinct Planning and Design, Management and Marketing: an Overview. In: Hayllar, B. and Griffin, T. ed. City Spaces, Tourist Places: Urban Tourism Precincts, pp.245-260. Oxford: Elsevier.
     Gordon, David L.A. (2006). Capital Cities and Culture: Evolution of Twentieth-century Capital City Planning. In: Moncius, J. and Guardia, M. ed. Culture, Urbanism and Planning, pp.63-84. Aldershot: Ashgate.
     Hankinson, Graham. (2001). Location Branding: a Study of the Branding Practices of 12 English Cities. Journal of Brand Management, 9(2), pp.127-142.
     Hankinson, Graham. (2007). The Management of Destination Brands: Five Guiding Principles Based on Recent Developments in Corporate Branding Theory. Journal of Brand Management, 14(3), pp.240-254.
     Hatch, Mary Jo, and Rubin, James. (2006). The Hermeneutics of Branding. Journal of Brand Management, 14(1/2), pp. 40-59.
     Hatch, Mary Jo and Schultz, Majken. (2001). Are the Strategic Stars Aligned for Your Corporate Brand? Harvard Business Review, February, 2001
     Hatch, Mary Jo and Schultz, Majken. (2008). Taking Brand Initiative: How Companies Can Align Strategy, Culture, and Identity through Corporate Branding. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
     Haywood, Roger. (2005). Corporate Reputation, the Brand &the Bottom Line: Powerful Proven Communication Strategies for Maximizing Value. 3rd ed. London: Kogan Page.
     Holtz, Shel and Havens, John C. (2008). Tactical Transparency: How Leaders Can Leverage Social Media to Maximize Value and Build Their Brand. Jossey-Bass.
     Ind, Nicholas. (2007). Living the Brand: How to Transform Every Member of Your Organization into a Brand Champion. 3rd ed. London: Kogan Page.
     Jones, Richard. (2005). Finding Sources of Brand Value: Developing a Stakeholder Model of Brand Equity. Journal of Brand Management, 13(1), pp.10-32.
     Karaosmanoglu, Elif and Melewar, T. C. (2006). Corporate Communications, Identity and Image: a Research Agenda. Journal of Brand Management, 14(1/2), pp.196-206.
     Kavaratzis, Michalis. (2004). From City Marketing to City Branding: Towards a Theoretical Framework for Developing City Brands. Journal of Place Branding, 1(1), pp. 58-73.
     Kavaratzis, M. and Ashworth, G. J. (2005). City Branding: an Effective Assertion of Identity or a Transitory Marketing Trick? Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 96(5), pp.506-514.
     Kolb, Bonita M. (2006). Tourism Marketing for Cities and Towns: Using Branding and Events to Attract Tourists. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinenmann.
     Konecnik, M. and Go, F. (2008). Tourism Destination Brand Identity: the Case of Slovenia. Journal of Brand Management, 15(3), pp.177-188.
     Krolikowski, C. and Brown, G. (2008). The Structure and Form of Urban Tourism Precincts: Setting the Stage for Tourist Performances. In: Hayllar, B. and Griffin, T. ed. City Spaces, Tourist Places: Urban Tourism Precincts, pp.127-150. Oxford: Elsevier
     Langer, Roy and Varey, Richard J. (2008). Corporations as Storytellers - Stakeholders as Image Builders: Towards Impressive Corporate Communication. In. Melewar, T. C. and Karaosmanoglu, Elif ed. Contemporary Thoughts on Corporate Branding and Corporate Identity Management, pp. 205-225. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
     Lee, Chun Wah. (2008). Corporate Identity as Strategic Management Communication: a Working Framework. In. Melewar, T. C. and Karaosmanoglu, Elif ed. Contemporary Thoughts on Corporate Branding and Corporate Identity Management, pp. 138-149. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
     Mommaas, Hans. (2002). City Branding: the Necessity of Socio-Cultural Goals. In: Urban Affairs ed. City Branding: Image Building and Building Images, pp.34-44. Amsterdam: NAi.
     Monclus, F. Javier (2007). Internatinoal Exhibitions and Planning. Hosting Large-scale Events as Place Promotion and as Catalysts of Urban Regeneration. In: Moncius, J. and Guardia, M. ed. Culture, Urbanism and Planning, pp.215-240. Aldershot: Ashgate.
     Nandan, Shiva. (2005). An Exploration of the Brand Identity-brand Image Linkage: a Communication Persepctive. Journal of Brand Management, 12(4), pp.264-278.
     Olins, Wally. (2003). Wally Olins. On Brand. London: Thames & Hudson.
     On Three Communication Design Inc. (2008). Place Branding in Practice: Current Issues for Economic Development Professionals. Marketing and Communications White Paper Series. Toronto: EDAC/ACDE.
     Punjaiski, Khanyapuss and Wilson, Alan. (2007). The Role of Internal Branding in the Delivery of Employee Brand Promise. Journal of Brand Management, 15(1), pp. 57-70.
     Riel, Cees B. M. van. and Fombrun, Charles J. (2007). Essentials of Corporate Communication: Implementing Practices for Effective Reputation Management. London: Routledge.
     Selby, M., Hallar, B., and Griffin, T. (2008). The Tourist Experience of Precincts. In: Hayllar, B. and Griffin, T. ed. City Spaces, Tourist Places: Urban Tourism Precincts, pp.183-202. Oxford: Elsevier.
     Shamma, Hamed M. and Hassan, Salah. (2008). A Multiple Stakeholder Perspective for Measuring Corporate Brand Equity: Linking Corporate Brand Equity with Corporate Performance. In. Melewar, T. C. and Karaosmanoglu, Elif ed. Contemporary Thoughts on Corporate Branding and Corporate Identity Management, pp. 23-46. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan
     Stone, Norman. (1995). The Management and Practice of Public Relations. London: MACMILLAN Press
     The Official Site of the Eiffel Tower. (2009). All You Need to Know about the Eiffel Tower. http://www.tour-eiffel.fr/teiffel/uk/documentation/pdf/about_the%20Eiffel_Tower.pdf?id=4_11 (Accessed 04 August 2009)
     United Nations Population Fund. (2009). State of World Population 2007. http://web.unfpa.org/swp/2007/english/introduction.html (Accessed 15 July 2009)
     World Design Capital Press Release. (2013). Helsinki Achieved Multiple Goals as the WDG 2012. http://www.worlddesigncapital.com/press-releases/1523/ (Assessed 15 Jan 2014)
     Wu, Quingjun. (2008). The Scheme of Rizhao City Brand. Journal of International Business Research, 1(3), pp.80-81.		zh_TW