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題名 現代教育人類圖像變遷之研究
A study about the change of modern educational human picture作者 李孟儒
Lee, Meng Ju貢獻者 馮朝霖
李孟儒
Lee, Meng Ju關鍵詞 人類圖像
教師
提問式教育
知識分子
自由
human-picture
teachers
problem-posing education
intellectuals
freedom日期 2013 上傳時間 7-七月-2014 14:05:42 (UTC+8) 摘要 本研究嘗試從現代民主政治與教育兩百多年的發展歷程中,考察三種不同類型的教育命題或觀點,分別是:涂爾幹的「教育是一種社會化的過程」、弗雷勒的「教育即是自由的實踐」,以及傅柯的「關懷自身的倫理作為自由的實踐」。三種政治─教育立場分別著重於不同的人類圖像:教師、學生、知識分子。為考察上述三種不同類型的命題,從「社會環境與人類圖像」這樣的視角,我們將命題置於具代表性的政治社會化時代脈絡中,亦即:「民主社會─道德人」、「解放社會─人性化」與「規訓社會─生存美學」,在各自不同且具代表性的現代教育類型(道德教育、提問式教育、關懷自身的倫理作為自由的實踐)中進行研究。基本上,本文所探討的三種教育類型是在與盧梭《愛彌兒》所揭示的教育問題對話過程中依序進行的。首先,愛彌兒這個理想的教育人類圖像對現代教育而言具有某種類似原型的影響力。原因在於,盧梭所虛構創造的愛彌兒是擺脫一切人類不平等,對自由有著深刻體認的道德人。由於日後在民主化的浪潮下,人們所欲培育的道德公民標示出封建君主教育與現代民主教育的根本差異,且是現代民主社會教育的主要特點之一,因此愛彌兒有其奠基性的重要作用。不同於盧梭以愛彌兒作為建構道德社會的起點,弗雷勒依循馬克思主義的思路,強調社會階級的差異,並以資本主義所具有的壓迫剝削性質的理解,提出受壓迫者教育學,凸顯出人類圖像與世界觀的相關性,在教學形式上主張人性化的提問式教育,由此一來也顯現出民主與教育的融合和開展。有別於傳統道德教育思想以及追求人性解放的革命理想,傅柯指出,由於現代國家知識─權力的流動與滲透形成了規訓社會,在這樣的情況下也就益發地凸顯出關懷自身(生存美學)的重要,亦即關注自身的學習成長挑戰了長期以來以國家為教育目的的正規性框架,由此一來便為現代教育研究帶來了深刻的思想衝擊。在研究發現中,研究者回顧現代人類圖像變遷及其可能的相關發展,嘗試指出人類圖像的議題置入教育學三種不同政治─教育取向典範時,彼此之間在知識上形成一種既同又異的張力關係,從而呈現出對理解現代教育樣貌的不同詮釋角度,希望能作為教育學知識探討的背景,使我們對教育有更深度的思考,開拓出更多理論思考的面向。在後續研究建議裡,在以康德的教育疑問為背景下,研究者認為我們應對當下人類遭遇的諸多危機有所認識,以從教育的立場上做出適時的貢獻,故研究者整理當代法國哲學家莫翰於西元1999年為聯合國教育、科學及文化組織撰寫的教育改革建議書中的討論,考察教育對人類的重要意義,作為本文的研究結語。
This research attempts to investigate three different forms of educatinal propostions or pespectives from the process of developing modern democracy and education over the 200-year period. It contains by examining the Emile Durkheim’s notion of “education is a process of socialization”, the notion of “education as the practice of liberty” which had its roots in Paulo Freire, as well as notion of “the ethics of the concern for self as a practice of freedom” which drew directly from Michael Foucault. From the political-education standpoint of view, they concentrated on particular human picture, including teacher, students and intellectuals. To explore the content of three educatinal propostions, I will put these into the context of typical politicization of society: democracy- moral people which means moral education, empancipating society- humanity which stands for posing education, and disciplinary society- aesthetics of existence which is supported by the idea of the ethics of take care of self as the practice of freedom.In essense, three educational forms of this research are implemented in sequence which is linked to the dialogue process of revealing educational problems by Rousseau, notably in Emile. First of all, the ideal-educated human picture origining from Emile had potentially influenced on modern education because Emile, who was moral person created by Rousseau, got rid of human inequality and acknowledged significantly importance of freedom. In the enlightment of democracy, people wanted to nurture moral citizenship, which was the main charactersitic of modern-democratic education, that represented the essential differences between feudal-monarchy education and modern-democratic education. Therefore, Emile had laid the foundation for modern-democratic education. Unlike the notion of Emile as a beginning to construct moral society, Freire followed the route of Marxism, and stressed the differences of social classes. In addition, he advocated pedagogy of the oppressed to raise the relationships between human picture and worldview based on understanding of nature of oppression and exploitation in the Capitalist context. As a result, he proposed posing education as a form of enhancing humanity in teaching as well as illustrating the inclusion and development between democracy and education. The flow and infiltration of national knowledge had shaped disciplinary society, which was pointed out by Foucault, was distinct from traditional moral education and evoluational provision of pursuiting humanity-emacipating. In this context, Foucault had raised the importance of concerning for self: aesthetics of existence, in other words, by means of concerning learning growth for self, it could challenge the formal frames of educational aims building on the basis of nation so as to bring the conflict on way of thinking for modern educational researches.As the results shown, after reviewing the shift of modern human picture and the possibility of related development, researcher attempts to indicate the tension with the differences and the similarities among the knowledge relationship when human picture are put into three forms of political-educational paradigm of pedagogy. As a result, the findings, which represent different explanation to acknowledge the modern education, are recognized as background of discussing educational knowledge so that we can have profound thinking about education, as well as in the expansion of dimensions of educational theories. In the follow-up research, researcher suggest that we should acknowledge various risks from human encountering at the moment based on the queries from the Kent’s educational problem and make appropriately contribution to education as educational practitioners. 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Emile or On Education. translated by Allan Bloom. New York: Basic Books.Rousseau, Jean-Jacques.(2003)。愛彌兒。李平漚(譯)。北京:商務。Rousseau, Jean-Jacques.(2005a)。懺悔錄。黎星(譯)。北京:商務。Rousseau, Jean-Jacques.(2005b)。社會契約論。何兆武(譯)。北京:商務。Rousseau, Jean-Jacques.(2007a)。論人與人之間不平等的起因和基礎。李平漚(譯)。北京:商務。Rousseau, Jean-Jacques.(2007b)。盧梭評判讓—雅克:對話錄。袁樹仁(譯)。上海:上海人民。Rousseau, Jean-Jacques.(2007c)。論科學與藝術。何兆武(譯)。上海:上海人民。Scheffler, Israel.(1994)。教育的語言。林逢祺(譯)。台北:桂冠。Strauss, Leo.(2003)。自然權利與歷史。彭剛(譯)。北京:三聯。Wulf, Christoph.(2002). Anthropology of education. London: Transaction Publishers.Уминскии, К. Л.(1993)。人是教育的對象──教育人類學初探。張佩珍、鄭文樾、張敏鰲(譯)。台北:五南。 描述 博士
國立政治大學
教育研究所
96152503
102資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0096152503 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 馮朝霖 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (作者) 李孟儒 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (作者) Lee, Meng Ju en_US dc.creator (作者) 李孟儒 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Lee, Meng Ju en_US dc.date (日期) 2013 en_US dc.date.accessioned 7-七月-2014 14:05:42 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 7-七月-2014 14:05:42 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 7-七月-2014 14:05:42 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0096152503 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/67350 - dc.description (描述) 博士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 教育研究所 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 96152503 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 102 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本研究嘗試從現代民主政治與教育兩百多年的發展歷程中,考察三種不同類型的教育命題或觀點,分別是:涂爾幹的「教育是一種社會化的過程」、弗雷勒的「教育即是自由的實踐」,以及傅柯的「關懷自身的倫理作為自由的實踐」。三種政治─教育立場分別著重於不同的人類圖像:教師、學生、知識分子。為考察上述三種不同類型的命題,從「社會環境與人類圖像」這樣的視角,我們將命題置於具代表性的政治社會化時代脈絡中,亦即:「民主社會─道德人」、「解放社會─人性化」與「規訓社會─生存美學」,在各自不同且具代表性的現代教育類型(道德教育、提問式教育、關懷自身的倫理作為自由的實踐)中進行研究。基本上,本文所探討的三種教育類型是在與盧梭《愛彌兒》所揭示的教育問題對話過程中依序進行的。首先,愛彌兒這個理想的教育人類圖像對現代教育而言具有某種類似原型的影響力。原因在於,盧梭所虛構創造的愛彌兒是擺脫一切人類不平等,對自由有著深刻體認的道德人。由於日後在民主化的浪潮下,人們所欲培育的道德公民標示出封建君主教育與現代民主教育的根本差異,且是現代民主社會教育的主要特點之一,因此愛彌兒有其奠基性的重要作用。不同於盧梭以愛彌兒作為建構道德社會的起點,弗雷勒依循馬克思主義的思路,強調社會階級的差異,並以資本主義所具有的壓迫剝削性質的理解,提出受壓迫者教育學,凸顯出人類圖像與世界觀的相關性,在教學形式上主張人性化的提問式教育,由此一來也顯現出民主與教育的融合和開展。有別於傳統道德教育思想以及追求人性解放的革命理想,傅柯指出,由於現代國家知識─權力的流動與滲透形成了規訓社會,在這樣的情況下也就益發地凸顯出關懷自身(生存美學)的重要,亦即關注自身的學習成長挑戰了長期以來以國家為教育目的的正規性框架,由此一來便為現代教育研究帶來了深刻的思想衝擊。在研究發現中,研究者回顧現代人類圖像變遷及其可能的相關發展,嘗試指出人類圖像的議題置入教育學三種不同政治─教育取向典範時,彼此之間在知識上形成一種既同又異的張力關係,從而呈現出對理解現代教育樣貌的不同詮釋角度,希望能作為教育學知識探討的背景,使我們對教育有更深度的思考,開拓出更多理論思考的面向。在後續研究建議裡,在以康德的教育疑問為背景下,研究者認為我們應對當下人類遭遇的諸多危機有所認識,以從教育的立場上做出適時的貢獻,故研究者整理當代法國哲學家莫翰於西元1999年為聯合國教育、科學及文化組織撰寫的教育改革建議書中的討論,考察教育對人類的重要意義,作為本文的研究結語。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) This research attempts to investigate three different forms of educatinal propostions or pespectives from the process of developing modern democracy and education over the 200-year period. It contains by examining the Emile Durkheim’s notion of “education is a process of socialization”, the notion of “education as the practice of liberty” which had its roots in Paulo Freire, as well as notion of “the ethics of the concern for self as a practice of freedom” which drew directly from Michael Foucault. From the political-education standpoint of view, they concentrated on particular human picture, including teacher, students and intellectuals. To explore the content of three educatinal propostions, I will put these into the context of typical politicization of society: democracy- moral people which means moral education, empancipating society- humanity which stands for posing education, and disciplinary society- aesthetics of existence which is supported by the idea of the ethics of take care of self as the practice of freedom.In essense, three educational forms of this research are implemented in sequence which is linked to the dialogue process of revealing educational problems by Rousseau, notably in Emile. First of all, the ideal-educated human picture origining from Emile had potentially influenced on modern education because Emile, who was moral person created by Rousseau, got rid of human inequality and acknowledged significantly importance of freedom. In the enlightment of democracy, people wanted to nurture moral citizenship, which was the main charactersitic of modern-democratic education, that represented the essential differences between feudal-monarchy education and modern-democratic education. Therefore, Emile had laid the foundation for modern-democratic education. Unlike the notion of Emile as a beginning to construct moral society, Freire followed the route of Marxism, and stressed the differences of social classes. In addition, he advocated pedagogy of the oppressed to raise the relationships between human picture and worldview based on understanding of nature of oppression and exploitation in the Capitalist context. As a result, he proposed posing education as a form of enhancing humanity in teaching as well as illustrating the inclusion and development between democracy and education. The flow and infiltration of national knowledge had shaped disciplinary society, which was pointed out by Foucault, was distinct from traditional moral education and evoluational provision of pursuiting humanity-emacipating. In this context, Foucault had raised the importance of concerning for self: aesthetics of existence, in other words, by means of concerning learning growth for self, it could challenge the formal frames of educational aims building on the basis of nation so as to bring the conflict on way of thinking for modern educational researches.As the results shown, after reviewing the shift of modern human picture and the possibility of related development, researcher attempts to indicate the tension with the differences and the similarities among the knowledge relationship when human picture are put into three forms of political-educational paradigm of pedagogy. As a result, the findings, which represent different explanation to acknowledge the modern education, are recognized as background of discussing educational knowledge so that we can have profound thinking about education, as well as in the expansion of dimensions of educational theories. In the follow-up research, researcher suggest that we should acknowledge various risks from human encountering at the moment based on the queries from the Kent’s educational problem and make appropriately contribution to education as educational practitioners. In my conclusion, I quote the conclusion that discussed the significances of education on UNESCO’s educational reforms in 1999, which was written by contemporary French philosopher Edgar Morin. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 導論 1第一節 研究動機:從對於學校教育的提問談起 4第二節 研究目的:政治─教育探討方向的提出 8第三節 研究範圍:現代教育人類圖像類型考察 14第二章 道德教育與自然人人類圖像 17第一節 愛彌兒:盧梭創造的教育人類圖像及其問題 20第二節 規範與自由:涂爾幹對「盧梭問題」的回應 27 一、教師教學的目標 29 二、教師教學的實施 30 三、教師教學的資格 32 四、教師教學的內容 33第三章 提問式教育與勞動人人類圖像 37第一節 童工:馬克思對現代普及教育的批判與辯證 39 一、馬克思對現代普及教育的批判 39 二、馬克思對教育實踐的革命翻轉 41第二節 弗雷勒論「教育即是自由的實踐」 46 一、弗雷勒教育思想的核心命題 46 二、人性化:弗雷勒的終極關懷 48 三、論「階級」:弗雷勒與馬克思主義的思想關連性 50 四、回應時代課題的提問式教育 54第四章 生存美學與知識分子人類圖像 60第一節 權力與自由:傅柯詮釋現代教學裝置的運作 62 一、作為大專教師的傅柯 63 二、裝置的概念及其功能 66第二節 關懷自身的倫理作為自由的實踐 72 一、作為知識分子的傅柯 73 二、關懷自身與教育實踐 76第五章 結語 81第一節 本文研究發現 81第二節 後續研究建議 86參考文獻 91 zh_TW dc.format.extent 925445 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.language.iso en_US - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0096152503 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 人類圖像 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 教師 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 提問式教育 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 知識分子 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 自由 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) human-picture en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) teachers en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) problem-posing education en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) intellectuals en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) freedom en_US dc.title (題名) 現代教育人類圖像變遷之研究 zh_TW dc.title (題名) A study about the change of modern educational human picture en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 王恭志(2007)。傅柯的生存美學及其對教師課程意識的啟發與蘊義。國立臺北教育大學教育政策與管理研究所博士論文。方永泉(2003)。譯序:弗雷勒與《受壓迫者教育學》。載於受壓迫者教育學,頁 39-65。方永泉(譯)。台北:巨流。呂正雄(1990)。美國教育的鐘擺。研習資訊,(58)2,20-21。李旻儒(2005)。論傅柯的生命權力。國立花蓮師範學院多元文化教育研究所碩士論文。林玉体(編著)(2005)。西洋教育史。台北:三民。林端(2006)。《社會分工論》導讀。載於社會分工論,頁5-34。渠東(譯)。台 北:左岸。高宣揚(2004)。傅柯的生存美學。台北:五南。黃武雄(2004)。童年與解放衍本。台北:左岸文化。黃昆輝與楊深坑(主編)(2009)。賈馥茗教育學體系研究。台北:五南。馮朝霖(1993)。德國教育哲史科目教學與研究之探討。教育與心理研究,(16),145-174。馮朝霖與薛化元(1997)。主體性與教育權。載於教育改革的民間觀點,頁69-115。林本炫(編)。台北:業強。馮朝霖(2000)。教育哲學專論:主體、情性與創化。台北:元照。馮朝霖(2001a)。認同、差異與團結:人權教育與教育人權的辯證。學生輔導雙 月刊,(73), 94-103。馮朝霖(2001b)。未確定性與自我完成──從陳大齊論儒家教育人類學。中國近代文化的解構與重建,頁199-216。台北:政大文學院。馮朝霖(2004)。駱駝.獅子與孩童:尼采精神三變說與批判教育學及另類教育學的起源。教育研究月刊,(121),5-13。馮朝霖(2006)。希望與參化──Freire教育美學推衍與補充之嘗試。載於批判教育學:台灣的探索,頁137-167。李錦旭與王慧蘭(編著)。台北:心理。馮潮霖(2011)。國民中小學課程綱要系統圖像之研究(研究報告)(研究主持人)。計畫編號:NAER-100-12-A-1-02-01-1-02。台北:國家教育研究院。俞懿嫻(2007)。道德教育與哲學。台北:文景。范信賢(主編)(2013)。國民中小學課程綱要之研擬方向與原則。台北:國家教 育研究院。陳伯璋(1984)。「潛在課程」研究之評析。國立台灣師範大學教育研究所博士論 文。陳瑞崇(2004)。論政治教育:擺盪於人與公民之間。台北:時英。楊深坑(1996)。理性的冒險、生命的行動及主體性的失落與拯救:人類圖像的歷史變遷與教育改革之展望。教育研究集刊,(37),19-38。葉啟政(2006)。進出「結構-行動」的困境。台北:三民。葉啟政(2008)。邁向修養社會學。台北:三民。溫明麗(1999)。當代台灣教育哲學典範之轉移。哲學雜誌,(29),48-69。歐用生(1991)。從「潛在課程」談國民小學民主教育。轉型社會中的教育,頁47-74。楊瑩(編著)。台北:財團法人民主文教基金會。賈馥茗(2003a)。教育哲學。台北:三民。賈馥茗(2003b)。教育認識論。台北:五南。賈馥茗(2004)。教育倫理學。台北:五南。賈馥茗(2006)。教育的本質。北京:世界圖書。詹棟梁(1989)。政治教育之實施策略。民主法治與教育,頁203-232。中國教育學會(主編)。台北:台灣書局。謝宗宜(2011)。傅柯《性史》中的倫理與自由。國立政治大學哲學研究所博士論文。矢內原忠雄(2002)。教育與人。李孋姃(譯)。台南:人光出版社。Althusser, Louis. 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