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題名 新瓶舊酒：中國文化與中共政權正當性之研究
Old Wine in a New Bottle? The Role of Confucianism in the Legitimacy Strategy of the Chinese Communist Party作者 范德銘
Alexander van der Meer貢獻者 趙建民
Chao, Chien Min
范德銘
Alexander van der Meer關鍵詞 儒家
中國共產黨
正當性
中國文化
Confucianism
Chinese Communist Party
Political Legitimacy
Chinese Culture日期 2013 上傳時間 1-十月-2014 13:43:19 (UTC+8) 摘要 數十年來，中國共產黨對於儒家主義的文化價值產生巨變。不似四十年前的革命，當時共產黨欲拔除儒道深植的價值，孔夫子成為國家反革命的代表形象。相反的，近年來黨內開始重塑孔夫子的地位，藉由每年慶祝孔子誕辰，立孔子像以彰顯他的貢獻，塑造成中國偉大的聖人。這大膽假設過去以馬克思主義的基本意識形態可能在改變，產生共鳴的對象從馬克思主義蛻變成儒家主義。另外一說：中國共產黨意圖採用普世的儒家價值來合理化其作為。因此我們應如何看待這個黨與過去其眼中的「魔」共舞？黨對於儒家主義的真正意圖為合？本文研究重點將解釋以上問題。首先，本文將透過理論去探討儒家主義如何合理化政治行為。接著將透過重要的歷史背景因素證明一開始的中國共產黨對儒家主義的深惡痛絕。其後將透過第一手的文件和歷史文獻佐證在1980年代儒家主義復甦以後，黨轉變為尋找與大眾價值的共識──與儒家主義共存的立場。儒家主義的再次興起帶來了民族尊嚴，進而使黨更容易透過國家主義統一整個國家。另一方面，中國共產黨也試著傳播精心塑造的儒家主義，去蕪存菁的挑選出最利於黨的儒家元素架構。後段將提到中國共產黨如何選擇性的篩選儒家主義元素來支持獨裁統治，向國際營造中國穩定社會的形象；而非摒棄過去基本意識形態──馬克思主義卻選擇西化。最後駁斥某些立場：如中國共產黨正準備脫離現下的基本意識進而靠攏儒家主義。因此，儘管過去中國共產黨批評儒家主義是製造階級化的淵藪，但現在卻一步步採用同樣思想，合理化獨裁統治。這種五十步笑百步的行為，挑選了利於黨的儒家元素，將存在中國兩千年的儒家主義的這甕舊酒，裝到中國共產黨統治下的這個新瓶裡。
Over the last few decades, the Chinese Communist Party’s attitude towards the most profound determinant of the traditional Chinese culture – Confucianism – changed significantly. Not even 40 years ago, Confucius was represented as an anti-revolutionary enemy of the state, while the party tried to root out every sprout of Confucianism amongst the population. Contrarily, nowadays, the party seems to have re-instated Confucius to the position of ‘great Chinese sage’, for which it organizes his annual birthday parties, raises statues for him and praises his contributions to humanity. This leads some observers to the bold conclusion that the party might even be prepared to change its ideological basis from Marxism – which lost its resonance amongst the population anyways – to Confucianism. Others disagree, and argue that the party is just widening its legitimacy basis in a populist way by using all kinds of means, amongst which Confucianism. Thus, how should we assess the party’s dance with the former devil? What is actually the party’s plan with Confucianism? Giving an answer to the latter question is the main purpose of this research. First of all, as most authors relate this phenomenon to the party’s quest for political legitimacy, a basic theoretical overview will be given, showing possible causality between Confucianism and political legitimacy. Secondly, the most essential historical background will be provided in order to explain why the party was initially so malicious towards Confucianism. Subsequently, based on literature, and based on an analysis of primary sources, it will be argued that the party, after witnessing a popular revival of Confucianism in the 1980s, on the one hand sought consensus with the population by co-opting this revival – a revival which led to national pride, enabling the party to capitalize on its nationalist legacy as unifier of the country – while it on the other hand tried to channel this development into a meticulously constructed form of Confucianism – by selecting some elements and discarding others – that would benefit the party. The latter refers to a fragmented version of Confucianism which supports authoritarian rule, enhances social stability, shows a gentler face of China to the outside world, presents an attractive cultural alternative to Westernization, but - most importantly - doesn’t present an ideological alternative to Marxism. The latter refutes the claim that the CCP is preparing to depart from its current ideological base towards Confucianism.Concluding, despite the fact that the party previously vigorously blamed Confucianism for having facilitated the subjugation of the population, it now more or less uses Confucianism in a similar manner. The pot seems to have called the kettle black. Therefore, the role of Confucianism in the CCP’s legitimacy strategy is old wine – symbolizing the way in which dynastical China has used a selection of Confucian teachings to enhance its authoritarian rule for two millennia – in a new socialist bottle.參考文獻 Ai, Jiawen. “The Refunctioning of Confucianism: The Mainland Chinese Intellectual Response to Confucianism since the 1980s.” Issues & Studies 44, no. 2(2008): 29-78.Ai, Jiawen. “Two Sides of one Coin: The Party’s Attitude towards Confucianism in Contemporary China.” Journal of Contemporary China 18, no. 61 (2009): 689-701.Ashiwa, Yoshiko and David L. Wank. Making Religion, Making the State, the Politics of Religion in Modern China. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2009. Bell, Daniel A. China’s new Confucianism, Politics and Everyday Life in a Changing Society. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2010.Buchanan, Allen. “Political Legitimacy and Democracy.” Ethics 112, no.4 (2002): 689-719.Burton, Charles. Political and Social Change in China since 1978. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1990.Chang, Jung and Jon Halliday. Mao: The Unknown Story. London: Random House, 2005.Covell, Ralph R. “Christianity and China’s Minority Nationalities, Faith and Unbelief.” In China and Christianity, Burdened Past, Hopeful Future, edited by Stephen Uhalley and Xiaoxin Wu, 271-282. New York: M.E. Sharpe, 2001.Clifford Geertz. The Interpretation of Cultures, Selected Essays by Clifford Geertz. New York: Basic Books, 1993.Dotson, John. “The Confucian Revival in the Propaganda Narratives of the Chinese Government.” The United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission, U.S. Congress, July 20, 2011. Ebrey, Patricia Buckley. The Cambridge Illustrated History of China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.Fan, R., ed. The Renaissance of Confucianism in Contemporary China. New York: Springer, 2011.Fan, Ying. “A Classification of Chinese Culture.” Cross Cultural Management 7, no. 2 (2000): 3-10. Fan, Ying. “Confucius meets Mao, the Changing Chinese National Identity and its Implications for Branding.” In Contemporary Perspectives on Corporate Marketing, Contemplating Corporate Branding, Marketing and Communications in the Twenty-First Century, edited by. John M.T. Balmer, Laura Illia and Almudena Gonzalez Del Valle Brena, 55-71. New York: Taylor & Francis, 2013.Gilley, Bruce. “Legitimacy and Institutional Change.” Comparative Political Studies 41, no. 3 (2008): 47-71.Gilley, Bruce. “The Determinants of State Legitimacy: Results for 72 Countries.” International Political Science Review 27, no. 1 (2006): 47-71.Guo, Baogang. China’s Quest for Political Legitimacy, The New Equity-Enhancing Politics. Plymouth: Lexington Books, 2010.Guo, Baogang. “Political Legitimacy in China’s Transition toward a Market Economy.” In China’s Deep Reform, Domestic Politics in Transition, edited by Lowell Dittmer and Guoli Liu, 147-176. Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield, 2006. Guo, Sujian and Baogang Guo, ed. China in Search of a Harmonious Society. Plymouth: Lexington Books, 2008.Hassid, Jonathan. “Controlling the Chinese Media, an Uncertain Business.” Asian Survey 48, no. 3 (2008): 414-430.Heberer, Thomas and Gunter Schuber, ed. Regime Legitimacy in Contemporary China, Institutional Change and Stability. New York: Taylor & Francis, 2009. Heberer, Thomas and Gunter Schubert. “Political Reform and Regime Legitimacy in Contemporary China.” ASIEN 99 (2006): 9-28.Hofstede, Geert. Culture’s Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions and Organizations across Nations. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 2001.Hofstede, Geert. “Cultural Dimensions in Management and Planning.” Asia Pacific Journal of Management 1, no. 2 (1984): 81-98.Holbig, Heike and Bruce Gilley. “Reclaiming Legitimacy in China.” Politics & Policy 38, no. 3 (2010): 395-422.Holbig, Heike. “Remaking the CCP’s Ideology: Determinants, Progress and Limits under Hu Jintao.” Journal of Current Chinese Affairs 38, no. 3 (2009): 35-61.Jansen, Harry. Triptiek van de Tijd: Geschiedenis in Drievoud. Nijmegen: Vantilt, 2010.Jesse, Eckhard. “Vergangenheitsbewältigung nach totalitärer Herrschaft in Deutschland. ” German Studies Review 17, no. 1 (1994): 157-171.Jiang, Qing. A Confucian Constitutional Order, How China’s Ancient Past Can Shape Its Political Future. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2013. Jones, L. “Hofstede, Culturally Questionable?” Paper presented at the Oxford Business & Economic Conference, Oxford, June 24-26, 2007.Lai, Hongyi and Yiyi Lu. China’s Soft Power and International Relations. New York: Routledge, 2012.Li, Mingjiang. “China Debates Soft Power.” Chinese Journal of International Politics 2, no. 2 (2008): 287-308.Liu, Jun. “Restless Chinese Nationalist Currents in the 1980s and the 1990s: A Comparative Reading of River Elegy and China Can Say No.” In Chinese Nationalism in Perspective: Historical and Recent Cases, edited by C. X. George Wei and Xiaoyuan Liu, 205-231. Westport: Greenwood Press, 2001. Kurlantzick, Joshua. Charm Offensive, How China’s Soft Power is Transforming the World. Yale University Press, 2007.Makeham, John, ed. New Confucianism, a Critical Examination. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.Makeham, John. 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Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999.Shambaugh, David L. China’s Communist Party: Atrophy and Adaption. Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2008.Smith, Huston. The World’s Religions. New York: HarperCollings, 1991.Tu, Wei-ming. “Cultural China: the Periphery as the Center.” Daedalus 120, no. 2 (1991): 1-28.Weatherly, Robert. Politics in China since 1949, Legitimizing Authoritarian Rule. New York: Taylor & Francis, 2007.Weber, Max. The Theory of Social and Economic Organization. New York: Free Press, 1964.Wu, Shufang. “The Revival of Confucianism and the CCP’s Struggle for Cultural Leadership: A Content Analysis of the People’s Daily, 2000-2009.” Journal of Contemporary China (2014): 1-21.Wuthnow, Joel. “The Concept of Soft Power in China’s Strategic Discourse.” Issues & Studies 44, no. 2 (2008):1-28.Yanqi, Tong and Lei Shaohua. “Large-Scale Mass Incidents in China.” East Asian Policy 2 (2008): 23-33.Yu, Anthony C. State and Religion in China, Historical and Textual Perspectives. Chicago: Open Court Publishing, 2005.Zelditch, Morris. “Theories of Legitimacy.” In The psychology of Legitimacy, Emerging Perspectives on Ideology, Justice and Intergroup Relations, edited by John T. Jost and Brenda Major, 33-53. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.Zhang, Tong and Barry Schwartz. “Confucius and the Cultural Revolution: A Study in Collective Memory.” International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society 11, no. 2 (1997): 189-212.Zhu, Yuchao. “Performance Legitimacy and China’s Political Adaption Strategy.” Journal of Chinese Political Science 16, no. 2 (2011): 123-140. 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
亞太研究英語碩士學位學程(IMAS)
101926022
102資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1019260221 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 趙建民 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Chao, Chien Min en_US dc.contributor.author (作者) 范德銘 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (作者) Alexander van der Meer en_US dc.creator (作者) 范德銘 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Alexander van der Meer en_US dc.date (日期) 2013 en_US dc.date.accessioned 1-十月-2014 13:43:19 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 1-十月-2014 13:43:19 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-十月-2014 13:43:19 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G1019260221 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/70327 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 亞太研究英語碩士學位學程(IMAS) zh_TW dc.description (描述) 101926022 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 102 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 數十年來，中國共產黨對於儒家主義的文化價值產生巨變。不似四十年前的革命，當時共產黨欲拔除儒道深植的價值，孔夫子成為國家反革命的代表形象。相反的，近年來黨內開始重塑孔夫子的地位，藉由每年慶祝孔子誕辰，立孔子像以彰顯他的貢獻，塑造成中國偉大的聖人。這大膽假設過去以馬克思主義的基本意識形態可能在改變，產生共鳴的對象從馬克思主義蛻變成儒家主義。另外一說：中國共產黨意圖採用普世的儒家價值來合理化其作為。因此我們應如何看待這個黨與過去其眼中的「魔」共舞？黨對於儒家主義的真正意圖為合？本文研究重點將解釋以上問題。首先，本文將透過理論去探討儒家主義如何合理化政治行為。接著將透過重要的歷史背景因素證明一開始的中國共產黨對儒家主義的深惡痛絕。其後將透過第一手的文件和歷史文獻佐證在1980年代儒家主義復甦以後，黨轉變為尋找與大眾價值的共識──與儒家主義共存的立場。儒家主義的再次興起帶來了民族尊嚴，進而使黨更容易透過國家主義統一整個國家。另一方面，中國共產黨也試著傳播精心塑造的儒家主義，去蕪存菁的挑選出最利於黨的儒家元素架構。後段將提到中國共產黨如何選擇性的篩選儒家主義元素來支持獨裁統治，向國際營造中國穩定社會的形象；而非摒棄過去基本意識形態──馬克思主義卻選擇西化。最後駁斥某些立場：如中國共產黨正準備脫離現下的基本意識進而靠攏儒家主義。因此，儘管過去中國共產黨批評儒家主義是製造階級化的淵藪，但現在卻一步步採用同樣思想，合理化獨裁統治。這種五十步笑百步的行為，挑選了利於黨的儒家元素，將存在中國兩千年的儒家主義的這甕舊酒，裝到中國共產黨統治下的這個新瓶裡。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) Over the last few decades, the Chinese Communist Party’s attitude towards the most profound determinant of the traditional Chinese culture – Confucianism – changed significantly. Not even 40 years ago, Confucius was represented as an anti-revolutionary enemy of the state, while the party tried to root out every sprout of Confucianism amongst the population. Contrarily, nowadays, the party seems to have re-instated Confucius to the position of ‘great Chinese sage’, for which it organizes his annual birthday parties, raises statues for him and praises his contributions to humanity. This leads some observers to the bold conclusion that the party might even be prepared to change its ideological basis from Marxism – which lost its resonance amongst the population anyways – to Confucianism. Others disagree, and argue that the party is just widening its legitimacy basis in a populist way by using all kinds of means, amongst which Confucianism. Thus, how should we assess the party’s dance with the former devil? What is actually the party’s plan with Confucianism? Giving an answer to the latter question is the main purpose of this research. First of all, as most authors relate this phenomenon to the party’s quest for political legitimacy, a basic theoretical overview will be given, showing possible causality between Confucianism and political legitimacy. Secondly, the most essential historical background will be provided in order to explain why the party was initially so malicious towards Confucianism. Subsequently, based on literature, and based on an analysis of primary sources, it will be argued that the party, after witnessing a popular revival of Confucianism in the 1980s, on the one hand sought consensus with the population by co-opting this revival – a revival which led to national pride, enabling the party to capitalize on its nationalist legacy as unifier of the country – while it on the other hand tried to channel this development into a meticulously constructed form of Confucianism – by selecting some elements and discarding others – that would benefit the party. The latter refers to a fragmented version of Confucianism which supports authoritarian rule, enhances social stability, shows a gentler face of China to the outside world, presents an attractive cultural alternative to Westernization, but - most importantly - doesn’t present an ideological alternative to Marxism. The latter refutes the claim that the CCP is preparing to depart from its current ideological base towards Confucianism.Concluding, despite the fact that the party previously vigorously blamed Confucianism for having facilitated the subjugation of the population, it now more or less uses Confucianism in a similar manner. The pot seems to have called the kettle black. Therefore, the role of Confucianism in the CCP’s legitimacy strategy is old wine – symbolizing the way in which dynastical China has used a selection of Confucian teachings to enhance its authoritarian rule for two millennia – in a new socialist bottle. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents Abstract III摘要 IVAcknowledgements VITable of Contents VIIList of Charts and Figures XIList of Abbreviations XII1. INTRODUCTION 11.1. METHODOLOGY 81.1.1. Purpose of Research & Research Question 81.1.2. Outline of Chapters 81.1.3. Subquestions 111.1.4. Analytical Framework 111.1.5. Chronology 131.1.6. Research Relevancy 151.1.7. Research Limitations 161.2. TERMINOLOGY 181.2.1. Culture 191.2.2. Chinese Culture 201.2.3. Confucianism 221.2.4. Legitimacy 271.2.5. Conclusion 272. THEORETICAL CONTEXT 282.1. TRADITIONAL 292.2. CONSENSUS 302.3. CONFLICT 302.4. MIX 312.5. INSTITUTIONALISM 312.6. CONCLUSION 323. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 333.1. THE CCP’S STRUGGLE FOR LEGITIMACY 333.1.1. CCP Illegitimacy 333.1.1.1. Democratic Thesis 343.1.1.2. Performance Failures 353.1.2. CCP Legitimacy: 1949-1989 363.1.2.1. Mobilization Mode of Legitimacy 363.1.2.2. Nationalism 363.1.2.3. Legitimacy Overview 373.1.3. CCP Legitimacy: Post-1989 383.1.3.1. Performance 383.1.3.2. Institutionalization 403.1.3.3. Reconfiguration 413.2. THE CCP AND CONFUCIANISM: A DARK ROMANCE 423.2.1. Humiliating Confrontation with the West 443.2.2. Historical Continuity during the Mao-Era 463.2.3. Reform Era: Two Opposing Currents 483.2.3.1. River Elegy: Westernization 493.2.3.2. Asian Dragons: Confucianism Revisited 503.2.4. CCP Attitude during Reform Era 513.3. CONCLUSION 534. CONFUCIANISM AND THE CCP LEGITIMACY STRATEGY SINCE 1989 554.1 UNOFFICIAL DISCOURSE 564.1.1. Society 564.1.1.1. CCP & Society 594.1.2. Intelligentsia 614.1.2.1. New Confucianism 614.1.2.2. Categorization of Confucian Scholars: Socialist, Liberal and Confucian 644.1.2.3. Confucians 664.1.2.4. CCP & the Intelligentsia 684.2. OFFICIAL DISCOURSE 694.2.1. CCP Officials 694.2.1.1. Officials 1989-2000 694.2.1.2. Officials 2000 – Now 704.2.2. CCP Documents 724.2.2.1. CCP Cadres’ Discussion 734.2.2.2. Content Analysis of The People’s Daily 2000-2009 744.2.3. CCP Policy 744.2.3.1. Morality Campaign & Education 754.2.3.2. Public Holidays 754.2.3.3. Propaganda 764.2.3.4. CCP Ideology 76 Three Represents 77 Harmonious Socialist Society 784.2.4. CCP Policy: Culture as Soft Power 794.2.4.1. Confucius Institutes 82 Methodology 83 Research Findings 85 Research Analysis 864.3. CONCLUSION 865. CONFUCIANISM AND THE CCP LEGITIMACY STRATEGY SINCE 1989: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS 895.1. CCP NATIONAL CONGRESSES 895.1.1. Methodology 905.1.2. Quantitative Analysis 935.1.3. Quantitative Analysis Research Findings 955.1.4. Qualitative Analysis Research Findings 965.2 FIVE-YEAR PLANS 975.2.1. Methodology 975.2.2. Quantitative Analysis 985.2.3. Quantitative Analysis Research Findings 995.2.4. Qualitative Analysis Research Findings 1006. CONCLUSION 102Further Research 104Sources 105 zh_TW dc.format.extent 1508308 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.language.iso en_US - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1019260221 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 儒家 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 中國共產黨 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 正當性 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 中國文化 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Confucianism en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Chinese Communist Party en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Political Legitimacy en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Chinese Culture en_US dc.title (題名) 新瓶舊酒：中國文化與中共政權正當性之研究 zh_TW dc.title (題名) Old Wine in a New Bottle? 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