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題名 新通用頂級域名(New gTLDs)爭議之研究-以商標權之保護為中心
A Study on New gTLDs Disputes- Focused on Trademark Protection
作者 程映瑋
貢獻者 沈宗倫
程映瑋
關鍵詞 新通用頂級域名
網域名稱爭議
權利保護機制
商標權保護
網域名稱政策
New gTLD
domain name dispute
rights protection mechanisms
trademark protection
domain name policy
日期 2015
上傳時間 4-一月-2016 16:53:03 (UTC+8)
摘要 2011年6月,「網際網路名稱與號碼指配組織」(The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, ICANN)董事會核准新通用頂級域名申請人指導手冊(Applicant Guidebook)並正式展開新通用頂級域名計畫(New gTLD Program),該計畫容許頂級域名申請人自行選擇作為網址字尾之字符串,並成為該頂級域名之註冊管理機構。在第一波申請名單中,ICANN陸續通過了700多個申請案件,包含了一般通用名稱類型、品牌及商標類型、地理名稱類型等新通用頂級域名,也因此對於網際網路帶來巨大的影響與變革。由於新通用頂級域名與商標法中禁止私人擁有通用名詞與透過國家疆域、商品與服務類別分流之原則產生本質上的衝突,相較於新通用頂級域名大幅開放所帶來的正面效益,亦引起贊成與反對意見的討論。
惟新通用頂級域名既已開放,本文將討論焦點聚焦於新通用頂級域名計畫整體制度介紹,以及新通用頂級域名開放後,對於傳統網域名稱爭議所產生之新的網域名稱爭議型態質變以及新爭議型態如何適用現行法律之評析,藉此分析新通用頂級域名之開放對於商標權人權益之影響與提供商標權人相關維護品牌價值策略之擬定。另一方面,本文亦自國家之角度,探討新通用頂級域名對於我國網域名稱政策之影響以及應有之政策藍圖規劃。希冀透過本文之分析,對我國商標權人因應新通用頂級域名之浪潮與政府形成網域名稱政策有所助益。
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描述 碩士
國立政治大學
法律科際整合研究所
101652022
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0101652022
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 沈宗倫zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (作者) 程映瑋zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) 程映瑋zh_TW
dc.date (日期) 2015en_US
dc.date.accessioned 4-一月-2016 16:53:03 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 4-一月-2016 16:53:03 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 4-一月-2016 16:53:03 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0101652022en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/80291-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 法律科際整合研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 101652022zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 2011年6月,「網際網路名稱與號碼指配組織」(The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, ICANN)董事會核准新通用頂級域名申請人指導手冊(Applicant Guidebook)並正式展開新通用頂級域名計畫(New gTLD Program),該計畫容許頂級域名申請人自行選擇作為網址字尾之字符串,並成為該頂級域名之註冊管理機構。在第一波申請名單中,ICANN陸續通過了700多個申請案件,包含了一般通用名稱類型、品牌及商標類型、地理名稱類型等新通用頂級域名,也因此對於網際網路帶來巨大的影響與變革。由於新通用頂級域名與商標法中禁止私人擁有通用名詞與透過國家疆域、商品與服務類別分流之原則產生本質上的衝突,相較於新通用頂級域名大幅開放所帶來的正面效益,亦引起贊成與反對意見的討論。
惟新通用頂級域名既已開放,本文將討論焦點聚焦於新通用頂級域名計畫整體制度介紹,以及新通用頂級域名開放後,對於傳統網域名稱爭議所產生之新的網域名稱爭議型態質變以及新爭議型態如何適用現行法律之評析,藉此分析新通用頂級域名之開放對於商標權人權益之影響與提供商標權人相關維護品牌價值策略之擬定。另一方面,本文亦自國家之角度,探討新通用頂級域名對於我國網域名稱政策之影響以及應有之政策藍圖規劃。希冀透過本文之分析,對我國商標權人因應新通用頂級域名之浪潮與政府形成網域名稱政策有所助益。
zh_TW
dc.description.tableofcontents 摘要 i
Abstract ii
目錄 iii
圖表目錄 v
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機與目的 1
第二節 問題意識 2
第三節 研究範圍與研究方法 3
第四節 論文架構 4
第二章 網域名稱與新通用頂級域名基礎概念 6
第一節 網域名稱之意義 6
第一項 網域名稱緣起 6
第二項 網域名稱之基礎概念 7
第二節 網域名稱與商標權之關係 14
第一項 網域名稱與商標權之比較 14
第二項 網域名稱與商標使用 18
第三項 網域名稱與商標侵權 20
第四項 網域名稱常見之爭議類型 22
第三節 新通用頂級域名之意義與開放政策評析 25
第一項 發展背景 25
第二項 新通用頂級域名之意義與類型 27
第三項 新通用頂級域名開放政策評析 30
第三章 現行新通用頂級域名之申請程序及權利保護機制 41
第一節 新通用頂級域名申請原則、須知及程序 41
第一項 申請原則及須知 41
第二項 申請流程與評估、授權程序 44
第二節 註冊管理機構之地位 56
第三節 新通用頂級域名之權利保護機制 61
第一項 原有之UDRP爭議解決機制 61
第二項 新建立之權利保護機制 63
第四節 評析與建議 72
第一項 引入新通用頂級域名前導計畫 73
第二項 修正社群異議之要件 75
第三項 商標聲明服務提供時間與範圍之擴張 76
第四項 統一快速暫停機制之再考 82
第五項 刪除預先註冊期間政策 85
第四章 新通用頂級域名與商標權之保護 88
第一節 新通用頂級域名爭議型態之質變 88
第一項 頂級域名商標搶註爭議減少 88
第二項 品牌、商標類型之爭議型態 91
第三項 通用名稱類型之爭議型態 95
第二節 新爭議型態之法律分析 105
第一項 品牌、商標類型爭議之法律適用 105
第二項 域名註冊管理機構之間接侵權責任探究 123
第三節 新通用頂級域名之案例評析 128
第一項 法定權利異議 128
第二項 統一快速暫停機制 149
第四節 商標權人對新通用頂級域名之因應 155
第五章 我國對於新通用頂級域名所應採取之監督與管理政策 157
第一節 台灣現行網域名稱監督與管理政策發展概況 158
第一項 法規發展與現況 158
第二項 網域名稱政策評析 160
第二節 新通用頂級域名對我國現行網域名稱政策之影響 164
第一項 新通用頂級域名管制必要性探討 165
第二項 新通用頂級域名管制可行性分析 169
第三節 新通用頂級域名與我國商標法或其他法律互動爭議之處理 171
第一項 商標權利相關爭議處理 172
第二項 消費者保護相關爭議處理 176
第六章 結論 178
參考文獻 186
zh_TW
dc.format.extent 2213106 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0101652022en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 新通用頂級域名zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 網域名稱爭議zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 權利保護機制zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 商標權保護zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 網域名稱政策zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) New gTLDen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) domain name disputeen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) rights protection mechanismsen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) trademark protectionen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) domain name policyen_US
dc.title (題名) 新通用頂級域名(New gTLDs)爭議之研究-以商標權之保護為中心zh_TW
dc.title (題名) A Study on New gTLDs Disputes- Focused on Trademark Protectionen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 中文部分
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9. 馮震宇,從國際間對商標減損規範看智財法院INTEL案判決與商標法修
正,智慧財產評論,9卷1期,頁43-84,2011年6月。
10. 馮震宇,論電子商務之法律保護與因應策略,月旦法學雜誌,80期,頁
173-195,2002年1月。
11. 楊淑文,定型化契約之管制與契約自由—德國與我國法制發展之比較分
析,政大法學評論,132期,頁163-213,2013年4月。
12. 楊擴舉,網域名稱爭議與商標權保護基本問題之研究-以我國現行法規
範為中心,智慧財產權月刊,45期,頁49-70,2002年9月。
13. 蔡志宏,關於UDRP決定司法效力之研究-以海峽兩岸法院裁判為中
心,科技法學評論,9卷1期,頁205-242,2012年6月。
14. 蔡志宏,網路世界的台北(.taipei),誰管?,台灣法學雜誌,275期,
頁5-16,2015年7月。
15. 蔡明誠,商標法上商標使用之意義,月旦財經法雜誌,4期,頁33-48,
2006年3月。
16. 鄭嘉逸,由UDRP處理原則探討網域名稱爭議於我國商標法之適用,政
大智慧財產評論,7卷1期,頁77-105,2009年4月。
17. 劉靜怡,從ICANN(The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and
Numbers)的成形與發展看網際網路公共資源分配和標準制定統籌管理
機制的政策與法律問題:一九九八年至二〇〇一年的國際趨勢觀察與省
思,臺大法學論叢,30卷6期,頁95-163,2001年11月。

(四)研究計畫
1. 王郁琦、廖淑君、張祐嘉、林雅惠,亞太地區ccTLD就網域名稱之政策
規範分析比較研究計畫,財團法人台灣網路資訊中心委託研究計畫,
TWNIC-DN-092-003(委託研究報告),2004年1月。
2. 劉靜怡、雷憶瑜,「網域名稱註冊政策」研究計畫,財團法人台灣網路資
訊中心委託研究計畫,TWNIC-DN-102-002(委託研究報告),2001年1月。
3. 謝銘洋、林麗真、陳人傑、陳彥嘉、郭佳玫、賴文智,新通用頂級域名
(New gTLD)開放對我國域名管理機制之影響與因應之研究,財團法人台灣網路資訊中心委託研究計畫,TWNIC-DN-102-002(委託研究報告),2014年2月。

(五)學位論文
1. 王奕華,網域名稱爭議處理-以統一網域名稱爭議解決政策(UDRP)為中
心,國立台灣大學法律學研究所碩士論文,2012年6月。
2. 范慈容,網域名稱與商標問題之研究,私立東吳大學法律學研究所碩士
論文,1999年6月。
3. 洪秀峰,網域名稱與商標紛爭解決之研究,私立中國文化大學法律學研
究所碩士論文,2002年6月。
4. 梁瑞玟,資策會科法中心<.tw>網域名稱爭議案例研究-兼論網域名稱爭
議處理機制,私立東吳大學法律學研究所碩士論文,2010年6月。
5. 許慈真,淡化理論在不正競爭法上之適用-以美國法為中心,私立輔仁
大學財經法律學研究所碩士論文,2005年7月。
6. 陳育廷,網際網路上商標權侵害問題之研究-以商標使用要件為中心,
私立輔仁大學財經法律研究所碩士論文,2010年6月。
7. 陳劍釗,TWNIC網域名稱爭議處理機制與我國民事訴訟制度之比較研
究,國立高雄第一科技大學科技法律研究所碩士論文,2009年6月。
8. 陳穎彥,涉外網域名稱爭議之研究,國立台北大學法律學研究所碩士論
文,2007年6月。
9. 趙中皓,網域名稱爭議解決之研究,私立中原大學財經法律系碩士論文,
2004年6月。
10. 廖英珊,從相關案例探討網域名稱之爭議與處理機制,私立東吳大學法
律學研究所碩士論文,2003年6月。
11. 蕭豫娟,解決商標與網域名稱爭議問題之研究,私立世新大學法律學研
究所碩士論文,2005年6月。
12. 謝枚霏,美國商標權之保護-以網域名稱為主,國立中正大學財經法律
研究所碩士論文,2003年6月。

英文部分
(一)書籍
1. DAVID LINDSAY, INTERNATIONAL DOMAIN NAME LAW: ICANN AND UDRP
(2007).
2. G. Peter Albert, Jr. & Charles A. Laff & Rita Abbati, INTELLECTUAL
PROPERTY LAW IN CYBERSPACE – 2007 CUMULATIVE SUPPLEMENT (2007).
3. JANE C. GINSBURG, TRADEMARK AND UNFAIR COMPETITION LAW (4d ed.
2007).
4. J. THOMAS MCCARTHY, 4 MCCARTHY ON TRADEMARKS AND UNFAIR
COMPETITION (4th ed. 2013).
5. J. THOMAS MCCARTHY, 5 MCCARTHY ON TRADEMARKS AND UNFAIR
COMPETITION (4th ed. 2013).
6. KENNETH L. PORT, TRADEMARK LAW AND POLICY (2nd ed. 2008).
7. KONSTANTINOS KOMAITIS, THE CURRENT STATE OF DOMAIN NAME
REGULATION (2010).
8. LINDA A. TANCS, UNDERSTANDING TRADEMARK LAW: A BEGINNER’S GUIDE
(2009).
9. MARY LAFRANCE, UNDERSTANDING TRADEMARK LAW (2005).
10. PHILIP CATANIA et al., DOMAIN NAMES AND TRADEMARKS (2001).
11. SUSAN SCHULTZ LALUK, 1 INTERNET LAW AND PRACTICE (2012).

(二)專書論文
1. Jasmine Abdel-Khalik, Is eBay Counterfeiting?, in CYBERSPACE LAW:
CENSORSHIP AND REGULATION OF THE INTERNET 142 (Hannibal B. Travis ed., 2013).

(三)期刊論文
1. A. Michael Froomkin & Mark A. Lemley, ICANN And Antitrust, 2003 U. ILL.
L. REV. 1 (2003).
2. Alexandra Morgan Joseph, I CANN’T Believe It’s Not Better: Why New
gTLDs Are Bad For Brand Owners And Trademark Law, 20 J. INTELL. PROP.
L. 149 (2012).
3. Amy Cotton, Who`s Left Holding the [Brand Name] Bag? Secondary Liability
for Trademark Infringement on the Internet, 37 COLUM. J.L. & ARTS 621
(2014).
4. Andy Mcneil, Not Your Father`s Domain Name: How gTLD Expansion Is
Poised To Change The Way We Navigate The Internet, 2 N.Y.U. INTELL.
PROP. & ENT. LAW LEDGER 131 (2011).
5. Barbara A. Solomon, Domain Name Dispute: New Developments And Open
Issues, 91 TRADEMARK REP. 833 (2001).
6. Benjamin Boroughf, The New Dot Context: How to Mitigate Trademark
Concerns in ICANN’s New gTLD Program, 10 ISJLP 85 (2014).
7. Brian W. Borchert, Imminent Domain Name: The Technological Land-Grab
And ICANN’s Lifting Of Domain Name Restrictions, 45 VAL. U.L. REV. 505
(2011).
8. Brandon Marsh, ICANN’T Help Myself: Beneficial Adjustment To The New
Generic Top-Level Domain Name Expansion, 95 J. PAT. & TRADEMARK OFF.
SOC’Y 195 (2013).
9. Bruce A. McDonald, International Intellectual Property Rights, 35 INT`L
LAW 465 (2001).
10. Christine Haight Farley, Convergence And Incongruence: Trademark Law
And ICANN’s Introduction Of New Generic Top-Level Domains, 25 J.
MARSHALL J. COMPUTER & INFO. L. 625, 626 (2007-2008).
11. Daniela Michele Spencer, Trademark Law: Much Ado About Nothing:
ICANN’s New GTLDs, 29 BERKELEY TECH. L. J. 865 (2014).
12. Dennis S. Prahl & Eric Null, The New Generic Top-Level Domain Program:
A New Era Of Risk For Trademark Owners And The Internet, 101
TRADEMARK REP. 1757 (2011).
13. E. Thomas Watson, Looming Legal Battles Over New Top-Level Domains,
13 NO. 17 ANDREWS TELECOMM. INDUS. LITIG. REP. 1 (2010).
14. Edward Nazzaro, Welcome To The New Internet: The Great gTLD
Experiment, 1 LONDON J. INT’L & COMP. L. 36 (2014).
15. Elizabeth Herbst Schierman, Make Room For .Trademark: What You Should
Know About The New Global Domain Names, 53-FEB ADVOC 25 (2010).
16. Eric J. Shimanoff, The “Dot” Times They Are A-Changin’: How New
Generic Top Level Domains (gTLDS) Will Change Consumer Perception About Internet, 32 CARDOZO ARTS & ENT LJ 891 (2014).
17. Frederick M. Abbott, On The Duality Of Internet Domain Names:
Propertization And Its Discontents, 3 N.Y.U J. OF INTELL. PROP. & ENT LAW 1
(2013).
18. J. Theodore Smith, 1-800-Ripoffs.com: Internet Domain Names are the
Telephone Numbers of Cyberspace, 1997 U. ILL. L. REV. 1169 (1997).
19. Jacqueline D. Lipton, A Winning Solution For Youtube And Utube?
Corresponding Trademarks And Domain Name Sharing, 21 HARV. J. LAW &
TEC. 509 (2008).
20. Jason M. Osborn, Effective and Complementary Solutions to Domain Name
Dispute: ICANN’s Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy and
the Federal Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act of 1999, 76 NOTRE
DAME L. REV. 240 (2000).
21. James L. Bikoff et al., The Uniform Rapid Suspension System–A New
Weapon in the War Against Cybersquatters, 6 NO. 3 LANDSLIDE 32 (2014).
22. James N. Duchesne, Running Amuck: Using The Debacle Of Recent Top
Level Domain Expansions To Argue For Greater Governmental
Participation In DNS Management, 21 COMMLAW CONSPECTUS 151 (2012).
23. Jessica Sganga, Trademark Owner`s Strategy: Lit igation Versus the UDRP,
13 PEPP. DISP. RESOL. L.J. 301 (2013).
24. Jesse Kim, Territoriality Challenges In Protecting Trademark Interests In
The System of Generic Top-Level Domains (GTLDS), 18 MARQ. INTELL.
PROP. L. REV. 217 (2014).
25. Jonathon M. Ward, The Rise and Fall of Internet Fences: The Overbroad
Protection of the Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act, 5 MARQ.
INTELL. PROP. L. REV. 211 (2011).
26. Jordan A. Arnot, Navigating Cybersquatting Enforcement In The Expanding
Internet, 13 J. MARSHALL REV. INTELL. PROP. L. 321 (2014).
27. Joseph P. Smith III, The Tangled Web: A Case Against New Generic
Top-Level Domains, 20 RICH. J.L. & TECH. 10 (2014).
28. Joshua M. Borson, A World of Infinite Domain Names: Why ICANN’s New
gTLD Policy Inadequately Addresses Consumer Protection And Legitimate
Trademark Concerns, 58 WAYNE L. REV. 481 (2012).
29. Jude A. Thomas, Fifteen Years Of Fame: The Declining Relevance Of
Domain Names In The Enduring Conflict Between Trademark And Free
Speech Rights, 11 J. MARSHALL REV. INTELL. PROP. L. 1 (2011).
30. Justin T. Lepp, ICANN`s Escape from Antitrust Liability, 89 WASH. U.L.
REV. 931 (2012).
31. Karl M. Manheim & Lawrence B. Solum, An Economic Analysis of Domain
Name Policy, 25 HASTINGS COMM. & ENT. L. J. 359 (2003).
32. Kate Dolinska, Trademark Protection In The New Internet Age: Template
For Successful Legal Rights Objections In The gTLD Revolution, 32
CARDOZO ARTS & ENT L.J. 959 (2014).
33. Kenneth Sutherlin Dueker, Trademark Law Lost In Cyberspace: Trademark
Protection For Internet Addresses, 9 HARV. J. LAW & TEC 483 (1996).
34. Lawrence Lessig, Commentary: The Law Of The Horse: What Cyberlaw
Might Teach, 113 HARV. L. REV. 501 (1999).
35. Lily Blue, Internet and Domain Name Governance: Antitrust Litigation and
ICANN, 19 BERKELEY TECH. L.J. 387 (2004).
36. Marc P. Misthal, The Complicated Web We Weave, 2012 ASPATORE SPECIAL
REP. 17 (2012).
37. Mark E. Stein & Matthew N. Horowitz, Generic Top-Level Domain
Expansion Brings New Opportunities, Risks For Business Owners, 89 FLA.
BAR J. 85 (2015).
38. Mark V.B. Partridge & Jordan A. Arnot, Lead Article: Expansion Of The
Domain Name System: Advantages, Objections And Contentions, 22
DEPAUL J. ART TECH. & INTELL. PROP. L. 317 (2012).
39. Matthew E. Nigriny, Remembering Consumer on the Advent of ICANN’s
New gTLD Expansion, 91 N.C.L. REV. 72 (2013).
40. Neil A. Brown, New DRPs for New gTLDs on the Internet (Part I:
Introduction), 66-JAN DISP. RESOL. J. 46 (2012).
41. Ngai Pindell, Is There Hope for HOPE VI? Community Economic
Development and Localism, 35 CONN. L. REV. 385 (2003).
42. Nilanjana Chatterjee, Arbitration Proceedings Under ICANN’s Uniform
Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy – Myth or Reality, 10 VINDOBANA
J. INT’L COM. L. & ARB. 67 (2006).
43. Olivier Sylvain, Legitimacy And Expertise In Global Internet Governance,
13 J. ON TELECOMM. & HIGH TECH. L. 31 (2015).
44. Robert V. Donahoe, Beyond .Com: What Risk Does the Explosive Growth of
Top Level Domains Pose to Your Trademark: Can You Get Any Relief? , 4 TUL. J. TECH. & INTELL. PROP. 59 (2002).
45. Rolf H. Weber & R. Shawn Gunnarson, A Constitutional Solution For
Internet Governance, 14 COLUM. SCI. & TECH. L. REV. 1 (2012).
46. Steve DelBianco & Braden Cox, ICANN Internet Governance: Is It
Working?, 21 PAC. MCGEORGE GLOBAL BUS. & DEV. L.J. 27,33 (2008).
47. Sheri Lyn Falco, Trademarks, Domain Names, And ICANN: An Evolving
Dance, 26 ST. THOMAS L. REV. 191 (2014).
48. Slavka Antonova, Deconstructing An Experiment In Global Internet
Governance: The ICANN Case, 2008 INT`L J. COMM. L. & POL`Y 1 (2008).
49. Tobias Mahler, Assessing Legal Risks Of Closed Generic Top-Level
Domains, 5 NO. 3 EJLT (2014).
50. Ukeme Awakessien Jeter, ICANN Dot-Anything: Rethinking The Scope Of
The New gTLD Expansion, Its Effect On Government Regulation, And Its
Impact On Trademark Owners, 103 TRADEMARK REP. 962 (2013).
51. Wei-erh Chen, Optimizing Online Trademark Protections Given the
Proliferation of Generic Top Level Domains, 38 IOWA J. CORP. L. 585
(2013).

網際網路
1. ICANN, About New gTLDs program, available at
http://newgtlds.icann.org/en/about/program (last visited: 2015/11/07)
2. ICANN, Remaining IPv4 Addresses to be Redistributed to Regional Internet
Registries available at https://www.icann.org/news/announcement-2-2014-05-20-en?routing_type=path (last visited: 2015/11/07)
3. ICANN, United States Department of Commerce White Paper available at https://www.icann.org/resources/unthemed-pages/white-paper-2012-02-25-en?routing_type=path (last visited: 2015/11/07)
4. ICANN, What does ICANN do? available at https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/welcome-2012-02-25-en (last visited: 2015/11/07)
5. ICANN, New gTLD Applicant Guidebook 4 June 2012 edition, available at http://newgtlds.icann.org/en/applicants/agb/guidebook-full-04jun12-en.pdf (last visited: 2015/11/07)
6. ICANN, Quick Facts About Applied-For New gTLD Strings 1, available at https://newgtlds.icann.org/en/program-status/statistics/applications-quick-facts-13jun12-en.pdf (last visited: 2015/11/07)
7. ICANN, Trademark Clearing House - Implementation available at http://icannwiki.com/Trademark_Clearinghouse#cite_note-20 (last visited: 2015/11/07)
8. ICANN, Program Status–TLD startup information available at http://newgtlds.icann.org/en/program-status/sunrise-claims-periods (last visited: 2015/11/07)
9. ICANN, Trademark Clearinghouse Dispute Resolution Procedures - March 2013 available at http://www.trademark-clearinghouse.com/dispute (last visited: 2015/11/07)
10. ICANN, New gTLD Registry Agreement, available at http://newgtlds.icann.org/en/applicants/agb/agreement-approved-20nov13-en.pdf (last visited: 2015/11/07)
11. ICANN, Timeline for the Formulation and Implementation of the Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy available at https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/schedule-2012-02-25-en (last visited: 2015/11/07)
12. ICANN, Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy available at https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/policy-2012-02-25-en (last visited: 2015/11/07)
13. ICANN, IRT Recommendation for an IP clearinghouse, a Globally Protected Marks List, and Other Top and Second-Level Rights Protection Mechanism available at https://archive.icann.org/en/topics/new-gtlds/irt-final-report-trademark-protection-29may09-en.pdf (last visited: 2015/11/07)
14. ICANN, New Top-Level Domain Name Application Revealed available at http://www.icann.org/en/news/announcements/announcement-13jun12-en.htm (last visited: 2015/11/07)
15. ICANN, Letter from Fadi Chehadé to Senate and House Judiciary Committee Chairmen Patrick Leahy, Lamar Smith, Charles E. Grassley, John Conyers, Jr. available at https://www.icann.org/resources/correspondence/chehade-to-leahy-et-al-2012-09-19-en (last visited: 2015/11/07)
16. ICANN, Reports Of Public Comments-“Closed Generic” gTLD Applications, available at https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/report-comments-closed-generic-08jul13-en.pdf (last visited: 2015/11/07)
17. ICANN GAC, Early Warnings-Submittal App-AU-63009 available at https://gacweb.icann.org/download/attachments/27131927/App-AU-63009.pdf?version=1&modificationDate=1353389836000&api=v2 (last visited: 2015/11/07)
18. ICANN, Notice of Exemption available at https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/tlds/office/office-spec9-12mar15-en.pdf
(last visited: 2015/11/07)
19. Dennis Carlton, Report of Dennis Carlton Regarding ICANN’s Proposed
Mechanism for Introducing New gTLDs, available at https://www.icann.org/en/topics/new-gtlds/carlton-re-proposed-mechanism-05jun09-en.pdf (last visited: 2015/11/07)
20. Steve Donatelli, The Different Types Of New gTLDs: Which One Is Right For You?, available at http://www.name.com/blog/ntlds/2013/03/the-different-types-of-new-gtlds-which-one-is-right-for-you/ (last visited: 2015/11/07)
21. Michael L. Katz et al., Economic Considerations In The Expansion Of Generic Top-Level Domain Names-Phase II Report: Case Studies, available at https://www.icann.org/en/topics/new-gtlds/phase-two-economic-considerations-03dec10-en.pdf (last visited: 2015/11/07)
22. Letter from Deborah A. Garza, Asst. Atty. Gen., to Meredith A. Baker, Asst. Sec. for Commun`ns & Info. (Dec. 3, 2008), available at http://www.icann.org/en/news/correspondence/baker-to-dengate-thrush-18dec08-en.pdf. (last visited: 2015/11/07)
23. Michael L. Katz et al., An Economic Framework For The Expansion Of New Generic Top-Level Domains (2010), available at https://www.icann.org/en/topics/new-gtlds/economic-analysis-of-new-gtlds-16jun10-en.pdf (last visited: 2015/11/07)
24. KPMG, New gTLD Program: Benchmarking of Registry Operation (2010), available at http://icann.org/en/topics/new-gtlds/benchmarking-report-15feb10-en.pdf (last visited: 2015/11/07)
25. Letter from Janis Karklins, Chairman, Governmental Advisory Comm., to Peter Dengate Thrush, Chairman, ICANN Bd. of Dirs. (Aug. 18, 2009), available at http://www.icann.org/en/correspondence/karklins-to-dengate-thrush-18aug09-en.pdf. (last visited: 2015/11/07)
26. Patrick Leahy et al., Letters to ICANN available at http://www.leahy.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/8-7-12%20Letter%20from%20Senate%20and%20House%20Judiciary%20Committees.pdf (last visited: 2015/11/07)
27. Domain Incite, Straw man proposed to settle trademark deadlock at secretive ICANN meeting available at http://domainincite.com/11064-straw-man-proposed-to-settle-trademark-deadlock-at-secretive-icann-meeting (last visited: 2015/11/07)
28. Lynne Boisineau, Ten Things You May Not Know About the New gTLDs available at http://www.mwe.com/info/pubs/Top_10_gTLDs.pdf (last visited: 2015/11/07)
29. Google, Google Domains pricing and supported TLDs available at https://support.google.com/domains/answer/6010092?hl=zh-Hant (last visited: 2015/11/07)
30. Lachlan Urquhart, ICANN Now Accepting New gTLD Applications: Are Cybersquatters Still a Real Risk? available at https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2012/01/12/icann-now-accepting-new-gtld-applications-are-cybersquatters-still-a-real-risk/ (last visited: 2015/11/07)
31. Milton Mueller, Generic Top-Level Domain: Who Should Own .Book? available at http://www.internetgovernance.org/2012/09/19/generic-top-level-domains-who-should-own-book/ (last visited: 2015/11/07)
32. Microsoft Corporation, Request for Exemption from Registry Operator Code of Conduct available at https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/tlds/office/office-ccerrp-20jan15-en.pdf (last visited: 2015/11/07)
33. Real Estate Domains LLC, Code of Conduct Request available at https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/tlds/realtor/realtor-ccerrp-18mar14-en.pdf (last visited: 2015/11/07)
34. USPTO, Examination Guidelines, Applications for Marks Comprised of gTLDs for Domain Name Registration or Registry Services available at http://www.uspto.gov/sites/default/files/trademarks/notices/gTLDExamGuideDraft_8_7_13_public.doc (last visited: 2015/11/07)
35. Venkat Balasubramani, Court Says gTLDs Aren`t `Domain Names` for Cybersquatting Purposes, Declines LRO Review of .delmonte available at http://www.circleid.com/posts/20140211_court_says_gtlds_arent_domain_names_for_cybersquatting_purposes/ (last visited: 2015/11/07)
36. Anthony Onorato & Alexis Hunter, The Internet Big Bang: Evolving Secondary Liability Considerations And Litigation Risk Management Strategies for New gTLD Registries available at https://www.fisherbroyles.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/prt_onorato_hunter_bigbang.pdf (last visited: 2015/11/07)
37. WIPO, Rights Protection Mechanism for New Top-Level Domains (TLDs) available at http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/domains/rpm/ (last visited: 2015/11/07)
38. WIPO, Joint Recommendation Concerning Provisions on the Protection of Well-Known Marks available at http://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/marks/833/pub833.pdf (last visited: 2015/11/07)
39. WIPO, WIPO case LRO2013-002 available at http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/amc/en/domains/lro/docs/lro2013-0002.pdf (last visited: 2015/11/07)
40. WIPO, WIPO case LRO2013-0018 available at http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/amc/en/domains/lro/docs/lro2013-0018.pdf (last visited: 2015/11/07)
41. WIPO, WIPO case LRO2013-0041 available at
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42. WIPO, Legal Rights Objections under ICANN`s New gTLD Program available at http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/domains/lro/ (last visited: 2015/11/07)
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