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題名 巴古寧的革命信念與實踐之研究(1814-1876)
The Study of the Revolutionary Conviction and Practice of M. A. Bakunin
作者 陳兆君
Chen, Chao Chun
貢獻者 賀允宜
陳兆君
Chen, Chao Chun
關鍵詞 巴古寧
無政府主義
泛斯拉夫主義
俄國民粹主義
巴古寧主義
革命
Michael Bakunin
anarchism
Pan-Slavism
Russian populism
Bakuninism
revolution
日期 2002
上傳時間 31-Mar-2016 16:46:08 (UTC+8)
摘要 　　巴古寧是十九世紀最著名與最活躍的革命家之一。他橫跨歐洲的革命活動、領導俄國的革命民粹運動，以及在第一國際中與馬克思的爭論，使他成為歷史中的一股動力。另外，他的無政府主義思想更使他加入近代政治思想家的行列中。然而，巴古寧的個性、活動與思想的多樣與複雜，卻讓他擁有許多不同的面貌刻畫，有讚美也有毀謗；他的思想也獲得不同的闡釋，是真理也是矛盾。因此，以「革命」作為理解巴古寧生平與思想的關鍵字，本論文試圖探求巴古寧的革命信念源於何處？他的革命思想與實踐如何交互影響與演進？又要如何看待這位毀譽摻雜的歷史人物？
　　Michael Bakunin(1814-1876) was one of the most famous and active revolutionaries in the 19th century. His dazzling revolutionary activities across Europe and his famous controversy with Karl Marx(1818-1883) made him an influential historical actor. Besides, his anarchism also ranked him as one of the political thinkers in modern times. However, the complexity of his personality, activities and thoughts were portrayed from the diabolical to the glandular to the heroic; his thoughts were interpreted differently as truths or paradoxes. The purposes of this thesis were to explore where his revolutionary conviction came form, to examine how his thoughts and life interwove and evolved, most of all, to reassess his significance and relevance basing on the up-to-date research.
參考文獻 徵引書目
     一手史料
     (一)俄文：
     1、 Бакунин, Михаил Александрович. М. А. Бакунин: философия, социология и
      политика. По Пустарнакова, В. Ф. Москва: Правда, 1989.
      巴古寧著，普斯塔爾納可夫編，《巴古寧：哲學、社會學與政治》(莫斯科： 真理出版社，1989年)。
     2、Бакунин, Михаил Александрович. М. А. Бакунин: избранные философские сочинения и письма. По Пустарнакова, В. Ф. & Пирумовы, Н. М. Москва: Мысль, 1987.
      巴古寧著，普斯塔爾納可夫、皮魯莫娃編，《巴古寧：哲學作品與書信選集》(莫斯科：思想出版社，1987年)。
     3、 Бакунин, Михаил Александрович. Собранные сочинения и письма. Том III.
      По Стеклова, Ю. М. Москва: Издательство всесоюзного общества
      политкаторжан и ссыльно-поселенцев, 1935.
      巴古寧著，斯切克洛夫編，《巴古寧文集與書信集》，第三冊，(莫斯科：全
      蘇政治犯與移民流刑犯出版會社，1935年)。
     (二)英文：
     1、 Bakunin, Mikhail Aleksandrovich. Bakunin on Anarchism. Trans. and Eds. Sam Dolgoff. Montreal: Black Rose Books, 1980.
     2、 Bakunin, Mikhail Aleksandrovich. God and the State. New York: Dover, 1970.
     3、 Bakunin, Mikhail Aleksandrovich. The Basic Bakunin : Writings, 1869-1871. Trans. and Eds. Robert M. Culter. New York: Prometheus Books, 1992.
     4、 Bakunin, Mikhail Aleksandrovich. The Political Philosophy of Bakunin: Scientific Anarchism. Comp. and Eds. Maximoff, G. P. Glencoe, Illinois: The Free Press, 1953.
     5、 Bakunin, Mikhail Aleksandrovich. The Confession of Mikhail Bakunin: With the Marginal Comments of Tsar Nicholas I. Trans. Robert C. Howes. Ithaca & London: Cornell University Press, 1977.
     6、 Bakunin, Mikhail Aleksandrovich. Statism and Anarchy. Trans. and Eds. Marshall S. Shatz. Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
     7、 Confino, Michael, ed. Daughter of a Revolutionary: Natalie Herzen and the Bakunin-Nechayev Circle. Trans. Hilary Sternberg and Lydia Bott. LaSalle, Ill.: Library Press, 1973.
     二手專書
     書籍：
     (一)俄文：
     1、Графский, В. Г. Бакунин. Москва: Юридическая литература, 1985.
      葛拉夫斯基著，《巴古寧》(莫斯科：法律文學社，1985年)。
     2、Должиков, В. А. М. А. Бакунин и Сибирь, 1857-1861 гг.. Новосибирск:
      издательство новосибирского университета, 1993.
      多爾日可夫著，《巴古寧與西伯利亞，一八五七年∼一八六一年》(新西伯利
      亞：新西伯利亞大學出版社，1993年)。
     3、Пирумова, Н. М. Социальная доктрина М. А. Бакунина. Москва: Наука, 1990.
      皮魯莫娃著，《巴古寧的社會信條》(莫斯科：科學院，1990年)。
     4、 "Бакунин," по Прохорова, А. М. Большая советская энциклопедия. Том II.
     С. 552-553. Москва: Издательство советской энциклопедий, 1970. Третье
     Издание.
      〈巴古寧〉，收錄於波洛哈洛夫編，《蘇聯大百科全書》，第二冊，頁552-553，
      (莫斯科：蘇聯百科全書出版社，1970年，第三版)。
     (二)英文：
     1、 Abramsky, Chimen ed. Essays in Honour of E. H. Carr. Hamden, Conn. : Archon
      Books, 1974.
     2、Aldred, Guy. Bakunin. New York: Haskell House Publishers Ltd., 1971.
     3、Avrich, Paul. Bakunin and Nechaev. London: Freedom Press, 1987.
     4、Baron, Samuel Haskell. Plekhanov : the Father of Russian Marxism. Stanford,
      Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1963.
     5、Berlin, Isaiah. Karl Marx: His Life and Environment. New York ; Oxford: Oxford
      University Press, 1996.
     6、Berlin, Isaiah. Russian Thinkers. New York: Penguin, 1994.
     7、Blum, Jerome. Lord and Peasant in Russia. New Jersey: Princeton University
      Press, 1961.
     8、Braunthal, Julius. History of the International, Vol. I, 1864-1914. London &
      Edinburgh: Thomas Nelson and Sons LTD, 1966.
     9、Brown, Edward J. Stankevich and His Moscow Circle, 1830-1840. Stanford:
      Stanford University Press, 1966.
     10、Camus, Albert. The Rebel: An Essay on Man in Revolt. Trans. Anthony Bower.
      Harmondsworth: Penguin Books Ltd, 1986.
     11、Carr, Edward Hallett. Dostoevsky, 1821-1881. London: Allen & Unwin, 1962.
     12、Carr, Edward Hallett. Michael Bakunin. London: Macmillan Press, 1975.
     13、Carr, Edward Hallett. The Romantic Exiles: A Nineteenth-Century Portrait
      Gallery. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books Ltd, 1968.
     14、Crowder, George. Classical Anarchism: The Political Thought of Godwin,
      Proudhon, Bakunin, and Kropotkin. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991.
     15、Cole, G. D. H. A History of Socialist Thought, Vol. I, The Forerunners, 1789-
      1850. London: Macmillan ; New York: St. Martin`s Press, 1967.
     16、Cole, G. D. H. A History of Socialist Thought, Vol. II, Marxism and Anarchism,
      1850-1890. London: Macmillan ; New York: St. Martin`s Press, 1967.
     17、Drachkovitch, Milorad M. The Revolutionary Internationals, 1864-1943.
     California: Standford University Press, 1966.
     18、Herzen, Alexander. My Past and Thoughts: The Memoirs of Alexander Herzen.
      Vol. I & III, Trans. Constance Garnett. London: Chatto & Windus, 1968.
     19、Hingley, Ronald. Nihilists: Russian Radicals and Revolutionaries in the Reign of
     Alexander II, 1855-1881. New York: Delacorte Press, 1967.
     20、Hobsbawm, Eric J. Primitive Rebels: Studies in Archaic Forms of Social
     Movement in the 19th and 20th Centuries. New York: W. W. Norton & Company,
     1959.
     21、Joll, James. The Anarchists. Cambridge ; Massachusetts: Harvard University
      Press, 1980.
     22、Kelly, Aileen. Mikhail Bakunin : A Study in the Psychology and Politics of
      Utopianism. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982.
     23、Kohn, Hans. Panslavism: Its History and Ideology. New York : Random House,
      1960.
     24、Kropotkin, Peter. Memoirs of A Revolutionist. Montreal: Black Rose Books,
      1989.
     25、Lampert, E. Studies in Rebellion. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1957.
     26、Lehning, Arthur. From Buonattoti to Bakunin: Studies in International Socialism.
     Leiden, Netherlands: E. J. Brill, 1970.
     27、Malia, Martin. Alexander Herzen and the Birth of Russian Socialism, 1812-1855.
      Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1961.
     28、Marx, Karl & Engels, Friedrich. The Communist Manifesto. New York:
      Washington Square Press, 1971.
     29、Marx, Karl & Engels. The Russian Menace to Europe. Eds. Paul W. Blackstock &
      Bert F. Hoselitz. Glencoe, Illinois: The Free Press, 1952.
     30、Masaryk, T. G. The Spirit of Russia, Vol. I. London, G. Allen & Unwin; New
      York, Macmillan, 1955.
     31、Masters, Anthony. Bakunin: The Father of Anarchism. New York: Saturday
     Review Press, 1974.
     32、May, Todd. The Political Philosophy of Poststructuralist Anarchism.
      Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1994.
     33、McClellan, Woodford. Revolutionary Exiles: The Russians in the First
      International and the Paris Commune. London ; Totowa, N.J.: Cass, 1979.
     34、Mclellan, David. Karl Marx: His Life and Thought. London: Macmillan Press
      Ltd., 1987.
     35、Mendel, Arthur. Michael Bakunin: Roots of Apocalypse. New York : Praeger,
      1981.
     36、Morris, Brian. Bakunin: the Philosophy of Freedom. Montreal ; New York: Black
      Rose Books, 1993.
     37、Pyziur, Eugene. The Doctrine of Anarchism of Michael Bakunin. Chigago, Ill.:
      Henry Regnery Co., 1968.
     38、Ravindranathan, T. R. Bakunin and the Italians. London: Oxford University Press,
      1983.
     39、Ritter, Alan. Anarchism: A Theoretical Analysis. London: Cambridge University
     Press, 1980.
     40、Tucker, Robert C. ed. The Marx-Engels Reader. New York: Norton, 1978.
     41、Saltman, Richard B. The Social and Political Thought of Michael Bakunin.
      Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1983.
     42、Schulkind, Eugene ed. The Paris Commune of 1871: The View from the Left.
      New York: Grove Press, 1972.
     43、Thomas, Paul. Karl Marx and the Anarchists. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul,
     1980.
     44、Varlamov, Volodymyr. "Bakunin and the Russian Jacobins and Blanquists," in
     Cyril Edwin Black ed. Rewriting Russian History:Soviet Interpretations of
     Russia`s Past, pp. 289-318. New York: Random, 1962.
     45、Venturi, Franco. Roots of Revolution: A History of Populist & Socialist
     Movements in 19th Century Russia. Trans. Francis Haskell. New York: Alfred A.
     Knopf, 1964.
     46、Walicki, Andrzej. A History of Russian Thought: From the Enlightenment to
     Marxism. Trans. Hilda Andrews-Rusiecka. Stanford, California: Stanford
     University Press, 1979.
     47、Wohl, Robert, "Bakunin, Mikhail A.," in David L. Sills & W. Allen Wallis ed.
     International Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences, Vol. I & II, pp. 505-506.
      NewYork; London: Macmillan & Crowell Collier, 1968. Reprint 1972.
     48、Woodcock, George. Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movement.
     Cleveland ; New York: The World Publishing Company, 1970.
     49、Yamolinsky, Avrahm. Road to Revolution: A Century of Russian Radicalism.
     Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1986.
     學位論文：
     1、Halbrook, S. P. The Marx-Bakunin Controversy: Intellectual Origins, 1844-1870.
      The Florida State University, Ph. D., 1972.
     期刊：
     1、 Avrich, Paul. "Bakunin and His Writings," Canadian-American Slavic Studies, 10 (Winter 1976): pp. 591-596.
     2、 Avrich, Paul. "Bakunin and the United States," International Review of Social History, 24 (pt. 3, 1979): pp. 320-340.
     3、 Avrich, Paul. "The Legacy of Bakunin," Russian Review, 29 (April 1970): pp. 129-142.
     4、 Carr, Edward Hallett. "Bakunin`s Escape from Siberia," Slavonic and East
      European Review, 16 (September 1957): pp. 377-388.
     5、 Carr, Edward Hallett. "The League of Peace and Freedom: An Episode in the Quest for Collective Security," International Affairs, (November-December 1935): pp. 837-844.
     6、 Chastain, James G. "Bakunin as a French Secret Agent in 1848," History Today, 31 (August 1981): pp.5-9.
     7、Del Giudice, Martine. "Bakunin`s `Preface to Hegel`s "Gymnasium Lectures"`: The
      Problem of Alienation and the Reconciliation with Reality," Canadian-American
      Slavic Studies, 16, No. 2(Summer 1982): pp.161-189.
     8、Dziewanowski, M. K. "Herzen, Bakunin, and the Polish Insurrection of 1863,"
      Journal of Central European Affairs, 8(April 1948): pp. 58-78.
     9、Gouldner, Alvin W. "Marx Last Battle - Bakunin and the 1st International," Theory
      and Society, Vol. 11, No. 6(1982): pp. 853-884.
     10、Halbrook, Stephen P. "Lenin`s Bakuninism," International Review of History and
     Political Science, 8 (February 1971): pp. 89-111.
     11、Hardy, Deborah. "Consciousness and Spontaneity, 1875: The Peasant Revolution
     Seen by Tkachev, Lavrov, and Bakunin," Canadian Slavic Studies, 4(Winter
     1970): pp. 699-720.
     12、Harrison, J. Frank. "Bakunin`s Concept of Revolution," Our Generation, 11, No.
     4(Winter 1977): pp. 27-35.
     13、Kun, Miklos. "Bakunin and Hungary (1848-1865)," Canadian-American Slavic
     Studies, 10(Winter 1976): pp. 503-534.
     14、Shatz, Marshall. "Introduction," Canadian-American Slavic Studies, 10(Winter
      1976): pp. 463-464.
     15、Orton, Lawrence. "Bakunin`s Plan of Slav Federation, 1848," Canadian-American
     Slavic Studies, 8(Spring 1974): pp. 107-115.
     16、Orton, Lawrence. "The Echo of Bakunin`s `Appeal to the Slavs` (1848),"
     Canadian-American Slavic Studies, 10(Winter 1976): pp. 489-502.
     17、Pirumova, Natalia. "Bakunin and Herzen: An Analysis of Their Ideological
     Disagreements at the End of the 1860s," Canadian-American Slavic Studies,
     10(Winter 1976): pp. 552-567.
     18、Pomper, Philip. "Bakunin, Nechaev, and the `Catechism of the Revoltionary`: The
     Case for Joint Authorship," Canadian-American Slavic Studies, 10(Winter 1976): pp. 535-551.
     19、Ravindranathan, T. R. "Bakunin in Naples - An Assessment," Journal of Modern History, Vol. 53, No. 2(1981): pp. 189-212.
     20、Voegelin, Eric. "Bakunin`s Confession," Journal of Politics, 8(February 1946): pp.24-43.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
俄羅斯研究所
86263002
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#B2002000027
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 賀允宜zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 陳兆君zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Chen, Chao Chunen_US
dc.creator (作者) 陳兆君zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Chen, Chao Chunen_US
dc.date (日期) 2002en_US
dc.date.accessioned 31-Mar-2016 16:46:08 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 31-Mar-2016 16:46:08 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 31-Mar-2016 16:46:08 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) B2002000027en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/83485-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 俄羅斯研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 86263002zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 　　巴古寧是十九世紀最著名與最活躍的革命家之一。他橫跨歐洲的革命活動、領導俄國的革命民粹運動，以及在第一國際中與馬克思的爭論，使他成為歷史中的一股動力。另外，他的無政府主義思想更使他加入近代政治思想家的行列中。然而，巴古寧的個性、活動與思想的多樣與複雜，卻讓他擁有許多不同的面貌刻畫，有讚美也有毀謗；他的思想也獲得不同的闡釋，是真理也是矛盾。因此，以「革命」作為理解巴古寧生平與思想的關鍵字，本論文試圖探求巴古寧的革命信念源於何處？他的革命思想與實踐如何交互影響與演進？又要如何看待這位毀譽摻雜的歷史人物？zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 　　Michael Bakunin(1814-1876) was one of the most famous and active revolutionaries in the 19th century. His dazzling revolutionary activities across Europe and his famous controversy with Karl Marx(1818-1883) made him an influential historical actor. Besides, his anarchism also ranked him as one of the political thinkers in modern times. However, the complexity of his personality, activities and thoughts were portrayed from the diabolical to the glandular to the heroic; his thoughts were interpreted differently as truths or paradoxes. The purposes of this thesis were to explore where his revolutionary conviction came form, to examine how his thoughts and life interwove and evolved, most of all, to reassess his significance and relevance basing on the up-to-date research.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 謝辭
     摘要
     Abstract
     巴古寧肖像
     目錄
     緒論-----1
     第一章 思想的年代(1814-1847)-----10
     　　第一節 家庭背景與早年的生活-----10
     　　第二節 哲學生活的開啟-----13
     　　第三節 西歐思潮的洗禮-----20
     第二章 泛斯拉夫主義的革命年代(1848-1863)-----31
     　　第一節 一八四八年革命的參與-----31
     　　第二節 被補與流放-----47
     　　第三節 俄－波革命的鼓吹-----53
     第三章 無政府主義的行動年代—俄國部分(1864-1876)-----62
     　　第一節 俄國革命運動的宣傳-----62
     　　第二節 涅恰耶夫事件-----66
     　　第三節 「到民間去」運動的鼓吹-----75
     第四章 無政府主義的行動年代—西歐部分(1864-1876)-----81
     　　第一節 朝向無政府主義-----81
     　　第二節 第一國際的參與-----90
     　　第三節 無政府主義運動的興起-----106
     結論-----118
     附錄一 巴古寧生平大事簡明年表-----124
     附錄二 人名譯名對照表-----129
     徵引書目-----132		zh_TW
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#B2002000027en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 巴古寧zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 無政府主義zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 泛斯拉夫主義zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 俄國民粹主義zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 巴古寧主義zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 革命zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Michael Bakuninen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) anarchismen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Pan-Slavismen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Russian populismen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Bakuninismen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) revolutionen_US
dc.title (題名) 巴古寧的革命信念與實踐之研究(1814-1876)zh_TW
dc.title (題名) The Study of the Revolutionary Conviction and Practice of M. A. Bakuninen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 徵引書目
     一手史料
     (一)俄文：
     1、 Бакунин, Михаил Александрович. М. А. Бакунин: философия, социология и
      политика. По Пустарнакова, В. Ф. Москва: Правда, 1989.
      巴古寧著，普斯塔爾納可夫編，《巴古寧：哲學、社會學與政治》(莫斯科： 真理出版社，1989年)。
     2、Бакунин, Михаил Александрович. М. А. Бакунин: избранные философские сочинения и письма. По Пустарнакова, В. Ф. & Пирумовы, Н. М. Москва: Мысль, 1987.
      巴古寧著，普斯塔爾納可夫、皮魯莫娃編，《巴古寧：哲學作品與書信選集》(莫斯科：思想出版社，1987年)。
     3、 Бакунин, Михаил Александрович. Собранные сочинения и письма. Том III.
      По Стеклова, Ю. М. Москва: Издательство всесоюзного общества
      политкаторжан и ссыльно-поселенцев, 1935.
      巴古寧著，斯切克洛夫編，《巴古寧文集與書信集》，第三冊，(莫斯科：全
      蘇政治犯與移民流刑犯出版會社，1935年)。
     (二)英文：
     1、 Bakunin, Mikhail Aleksandrovich. Bakunin on Anarchism. Trans. and Eds. Sam Dolgoff. Montreal: Black Rose Books, 1980.
     2、 Bakunin, Mikhail Aleksandrovich. God and the State. New York: Dover, 1970.
     3、 Bakunin, Mikhail Aleksandrovich. The Basic Bakunin : Writings, 1869-1871. Trans. and Eds. Robert M. Culter. New York: Prometheus Books, 1992.
     4、 Bakunin, Mikhail Aleksandrovich. The Political Philosophy of Bakunin: Scientific Anarchism. Comp. and Eds. Maximoff, G. P. Glencoe, Illinois: The Free Press, 1953.
     5、 Bakunin, Mikhail Aleksandrovich. The Confession of Mikhail Bakunin: With the Marginal Comments of Tsar Nicholas I. Trans. Robert C. Howes. Ithaca & London: Cornell University Press, 1977.
     6、 Bakunin, Mikhail Aleksandrovich. Statism and Anarchy. Trans. and Eds. Marshall S. Shatz. Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
     7、 Confino, Michael, ed. Daughter of a Revolutionary: Natalie Herzen and the Bakunin-Nechayev Circle. Trans. Hilary Sternberg and Lydia Bott. LaSalle, Ill.: Library Press, 1973.
     二手專書
     書籍：
     (一)俄文：
     1、Графский, В. Г. Бакунин. Москва: Юридическая литература, 1985.
      葛拉夫斯基著，《巴古寧》(莫斯科：法律文學社，1985年)。
     2、Должиков, В. А. М. А. Бакунин и Сибирь, 1857-1861 гг.. Новосибирск:
      издательство новосибирского университета, 1993.
      多爾日可夫著，《巴古寧與西伯利亞，一八五七年∼一八六一年》(新西伯利
      亞：新西伯利亞大學出版社，1993年)。
     3、Пирумова, Н. М. Социальная доктрина М. А. Бакунина. Москва: Наука, 1990.
      皮魯莫娃著，《巴古寧的社會信條》(莫斯科：科學院，1990年)。
     4、 "Бакунин," по Прохорова, А. М. Большая советская энциклопедия. Том II.
     С. 552-553. Москва: Издательство советской энциклопедий, 1970. Третье
     Издание.
      〈巴古寧〉，收錄於波洛哈洛夫編，《蘇聯大百科全書》，第二冊，頁552-553，
      (莫斯科：蘇聯百科全書出版社，1970年，第三版)。
     (二)英文：
     1、 Abramsky, Chimen ed. Essays in Honour of E. H. Carr. Hamden, Conn. : Archon
      Books, 1974.
     2、Aldred, Guy. Bakunin. New York: Haskell House Publishers Ltd., 1971.
     3、Avrich, Paul. Bakunin and Nechaev. London: Freedom Press, 1987.
     4、Baron, Samuel Haskell. Plekhanov : the Father of Russian Marxism. Stanford,
      Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1963.
     5、Berlin, Isaiah. Karl Marx: His Life and Environment. New York ; Oxford: Oxford
      University Press, 1996.
     6、Berlin, Isaiah. Russian Thinkers. New York: Penguin, 1994.
     7、Blum, Jerome. Lord and Peasant in Russia. New Jersey: Princeton University
      Press, 1961.
     8、Braunthal, Julius. History of the International, Vol. I, 1864-1914. London &
      Edinburgh: Thomas Nelson and Sons LTD, 1966.
     9、Brown, Edward J. Stankevich and His Moscow Circle, 1830-1840. Stanford:
      Stanford University Press, 1966.
     10、Camus, Albert. The Rebel: An Essay on Man in Revolt. Trans. Anthony Bower.
      Harmondsworth: Penguin Books Ltd, 1986.
     11、Carr, Edward Hallett. Dostoevsky, 1821-1881. London: Allen & Unwin, 1962.
     12、Carr, Edward Hallett. Michael Bakunin. London: Macmillan Press, 1975.
     13、Carr, Edward Hallett. The Romantic Exiles: A Nineteenth-Century Portrait
      Gallery. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books Ltd, 1968.
     14、Crowder, George. Classical Anarchism: The Political Thought of Godwin,
      Proudhon, Bakunin, and Kropotkin. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991.
     15、Cole, G. D. H. A History of Socialist Thought, Vol. I, The Forerunners, 1789-
      1850. London: Macmillan ; New York: St. Martin`s Press, 1967.
     16、Cole, G. D. H. A History of Socialist Thought, Vol. II, Marxism and Anarchism,
      1850-1890. London: Macmillan ; New York: St. Martin`s Press, 1967.
     17、Drachkovitch, Milorad M. The Revolutionary Internationals, 1864-1943.
     California: Standford University Press, 1966.
     18、Herzen, Alexander. My Past and Thoughts: The Memoirs of Alexander Herzen.
      Vol. I & III, Trans. Constance Garnett. London: Chatto & Windus, 1968.
     19、Hingley, Ronald. Nihilists: Russian Radicals and Revolutionaries in the Reign of
     Alexander II, 1855-1881. New York: Delacorte Press, 1967.
     20、Hobsbawm, Eric J. Primitive Rebels: Studies in Archaic Forms of Social
     Movement in the 19th and 20th Centuries. New York: W. W. Norton & Company,
     1959.
     21、Joll, James. The Anarchists. Cambridge ; Massachusetts: Harvard University
      Press, 1980.
     22、Kelly, Aileen. Mikhail Bakunin : A Study in the Psychology and Politics of
      Utopianism. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982.
     23、Kohn, Hans. Panslavism: Its History and Ideology. New York : Random House,
      1960.
     24、Kropotkin, Peter. Memoirs of A Revolutionist. Montreal: Black Rose Books,
      1989.
     25、Lampert, E. Studies in Rebellion. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1957.
     26、Lehning, Arthur. From Buonattoti to Bakunin: Studies in International Socialism.
     Leiden, Netherlands: E. J. Brill, 1970.
     27、Malia, Martin. Alexander Herzen and the Birth of Russian Socialism, 1812-1855.
      Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1961.
     28、Marx, Karl & Engels, Friedrich. The Communist Manifesto. New York:
      Washington Square Press, 1971.
     29、Marx, Karl & Engels. The Russian Menace to Europe. Eds. Paul W. Blackstock &
      Bert F. Hoselitz. Glencoe, Illinois: The Free Press, 1952.
     30、Masaryk, T. G. The Spirit of Russia, Vol. I. London, G. Allen & Unwin; New
      York, Macmillan, 1955.
     31、Masters, Anthony. Bakunin: The Father of Anarchism. New York: Saturday
     Review Press, 1974.
     32、May, Todd. The Political Philosophy of Poststructuralist Anarchism.
      Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1994.
     33、McClellan, Woodford. Revolutionary Exiles: The Russians in the First
      International and the Paris Commune. London ; Totowa, N.J.: Cass, 1979.
     34、Mclellan, David. Karl Marx: His Life and Thought. London: Macmillan Press
      Ltd., 1987.
     35、Mendel, Arthur. Michael Bakunin: Roots of Apocalypse. New York : Praeger,
      1981.
     36、Morris, Brian. Bakunin: the Philosophy of Freedom. Montreal ; New York: Black
      Rose Books, 1993.
     37、Pyziur, Eugene. The Doctrine of Anarchism of Michael Bakunin. Chigago, Ill.:
      Henry Regnery Co., 1968.
     38、Ravindranathan, T. R. Bakunin and the Italians. London: Oxford University Press,
      1983.
     39、Ritter, Alan. Anarchism: A Theoretical Analysis. London: Cambridge University
     Press, 1980.
     40、Tucker, Robert C. ed. The Marx-Engels Reader. New York: Norton, 1978.
     41、Saltman, Richard B. The Social and Political Thought of Michael Bakunin.
      Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1983.
     42、Schulkind, Eugene ed. The Paris Commune of 1871: The View from the Left.
      New York: Grove Press, 1972.
     43、Thomas, Paul. Karl Marx and the Anarchists. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul,
     1980.
     44、Varlamov, Volodymyr. "Bakunin and the Russian Jacobins and Blanquists," in
     Cyril Edwin Black ed. Rewriting Russian History:Soviet Interpretations of
     Russia`s Past, pp. 289-318. New York: Random, 1962.
     45、Venturi, Franco. Roots of Revolution: A History of Populist & Socialist
     Movements in 19th Century Russia. Trans. Francis Haskell. New York: Alfred A.
     Knopf, 1964.
     46、Walicki, Andrzej. A History of Russian Thought: From the Enlightenment to
     Marxism. Trans. Hilda Andrews-Rusiecka. Stanford, California: Stanford
     University Press, 1979.
     47、Wohl, Robert, "Bakunin, Mikhail A.," in David L. Sills & W. Allen Wallis ed.
     International Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences, Vol. I & II, pp. 505-506.
      NewYork; London: Macmillan & Crowell Collier, 1968. Reprint 1972.
     48、Woodcock, George. Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movement.
     Cleveland ; New York: The World Publishing Company, 1970.
     49、Yamolinsky, Avrahm. Road to Revolution: A Century of Russian Radicalism.
     Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1986.
     學位論文：
     1、Halbrook, S. P. The Marx-Bakunin Controversy: Intellectual Origins, 1844-1870.
      The Florida State University, Ph. D., 1972.
     期刊：
     1、 Avrich, Paul. "Bakunin and His Writings," Canadian-American Slavic Studies, 10 (Winter 1976): pp. 591-596.
     2、 Avrich, Paul. "Bakunin and the United States," International Review of Social History, 24 (pt. 3, 1979): pp. 320-340.
     3、 Avrich, Paul. "The Legacy of Bakunin," Russian Review, 29 (April 1970): pp. 129-142.
     4、 Carr, Edward Hallett. "Bakunin`s Escape from Siberia," Slavonic and East
      European Review, 16 (September 1957): pp. 377-388.
     5、 Carr, Edward Hallett. "The League of Peace and Freedom: An Episode in the Quest for Collective Security," International Affairs, (November-December 1935): pp. 837-844.
     6、 Chastain, James G. "Bakunin as a French Secret Agent in 1848," History Today, 31 (August 1981): pp.5-9.
     7、Del Giudice, Martine. "Bakunin`s `Preface to Hegel`s "Gymnasium Lectures"`: The
      Problem of Alienation and the Reconciliation with Reality," Canadian-American
      Slavic Studies, 16, No. 2(Summer 1982): pp.161-189.
     8、Dziewanowski, M. K. "Herzen, Bakunin, and the Polish Insurrection of 1863,"
      Journal of Central European Affairs, 8(April 1948): pp. 58-78.
     9、Gouldner, Alvin W. "Marx Last Battle - Bakunin and the 1st International," Theory
      and Society, Vol. 11, No. 6(1982): pp. 853-884.
     10、Halbrook, Stephen P. "Lenin`s Bakuninism," International Review of History and
     Political Science, 8 (February 1971): pp. 89-111.
     11、Hardy, Deborah. "Consciousness and Spontaneity, 1875: The Peasant Revolution
     Seen by Tkachev, Lavrov, and Bakunin," Canadian Slavic Studies, 4(Winter
     1970): pp. 699-720.
     12、Harrison, J. Frank. "Bakunin`s Concept of Revolution," Our Generation, 11, No.
     4(Winter 1977): pp. 27-35.
     13、Kun, Miklos. "Bakunin and Hungary (1848-1865)," Canadian-American Slavic
     Studies, 10(Winter 1976): pp. 503-534.
     14、Shatz, Marshall. "Introduction," Canadian-American Slavic Studies, 10(Winter
      1976): pp. 463-464.
     15、Orton, Lawrence. "Bakunin`s Plan of Slav Federation, 1848," Canadian-American
     Slavic Studies, 8(Spring 1974): pp. 107-115.
     16、Orton, Lawrence. "The Echo of Bakunin`s `Appeal to the Slavs` (1848),"
     Canadian-American Slavic Studies, 10(Winter 1976): pp. 489-502.
     17、Pirumova, Natalia. "Bakunin and Herzen: An Analysis of Their Ideological
     Disagreements at the End of the 1860s," Canadian-American Slavic Studies,
     10(Winter 1976): pp. 552-567.
     18、Pomper, Philip. "Bakunin, Nechaev, and the `Catechism of the Revoltionary`: The
     Case for Joint Authorship," Canadian-American Slavic Studies, 10(Winter 1976): pp. 535-551.
     19、Ravindranathan, T. R. "Bakunin in Naples - An Assessment," Journal of Modern History, Vol. 53, No. 2(1981): pp. 189-212.
     20、Voegelin, Eric. "Bakunin`s Confession," Journal of Politics, 8(February 1946): pp.24-43.		zh_TW