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題名 托克維爾自由思想研究
作者 李欣耀
貢獻者 何信全
李欣耀
關鍵詞 自由
民主專制
多數暴政
正確理解的自利原則
日期 1998
上傳時間 22-四月-2016 16:36:12 (UTC+8)
摘要 托克維爾（1805-1859）可說是近現代論述民主政治可能具有的優劣或利害後果之重要甚至是首位先驅。他深刻的認知到貴族社會結構已然改變，而隨之而來的民主社會乃是「勢所必至，天意使然」，任何人皆無法也不應當抵抗此種潮流，不過他也未對此趨勢感到自在如意，他明瞭民主的到來只是移去一些過往舊制度的弊病，但此新生社會亦會有其內在結構上之問題，若不加以解決或防治，同樣會對個人乃至人類文明之進步繁榮產生阻礙。所謂的重大弊病，對托克維爾來說，乃是民主社會及政治結構對人類自由以及德性實踐可能造成的傷害或阻礙，進而危及人類之幸福繁榮。托克維爾認為自由乃是眾善之首，一切人類追求的積極價值都需以自由的存在為前提，然而不幸的是，民主的社會卻很可能因為其結構上之趨向，使人們自願離自由而遠去，遺棄了獨立自由精神，蔑視個人權利之神聖性；並讓人們於財富的追逐中忘卻了群體以及個體的公共責任，在尚得的倫理下，淪入個人主義乃至利己主義之境地，以致在人際相互冷淡疏離之過程中，瓦解了對公共道德及人類尊嚴的信念，最後淪入到一種雖高度平等卻缺乏公共德性及自由保障之民主專制政體中。而破解防治之道，首先托克維爾認為須以漸進方式授予人們政治權利，讓人們在「正確理解的自利原則」的運用下，願意去關懷公共福祉，並在政治參與的潛移默化過程中，培養出社群成員間的凝聚感以及本能的愛國情操；其次應當設法澄化民情，在這方面托克維爾認為宗教、家庭與婦女、政治人物以及偶發之戰爭等因素扮演重要角色；再者在法政制度的設計上應因時地變化而做調整，但總應同時注重國家安全、個人自由以及公共精神的發揚三項原則；最後他寄望市民社會能夠蓬勃發展，人民能養成自發性的結社習慣，不事事依賴政府，讓強有力的市民社會作為抗衡公權力肆意妄為的後盾，不過市民社會能否勃發又與政治參與習慣之能否養成息息相關，故而我們可說政治參與精神能否培養得出，乃是托克維爾自由技藝成功與否的關鍵因素。文末筆者則對托克維爾自由思想的屬性及現代意義做一初步探討，認為托克維爾所提出的一些觀念對於我們仍有相當之啟發性，尤其與當代自由主義相較，托克維爾那種較相信特殊主義、群體主義、以及政治與道德的關連的思想，確實是值得我們再細細思量並加以踐履。\r\n\r\n目錄\r\n第一章 導論 ……………………………………………….…...1\r\n第一節 本研究之基本說明………………………………………1\r\n第二節 托克維爾的著述及思想背景……………………………4\r\n第二章 自由的落腳：天意使然的民主………………………………..9\r\n第一節 自由的追尋……………………………………………..10\r\n第二節 從貴族到民主…………………………………………. 20\r\n第三節 民主與自由的辯證……………………………………..32\r\n第三章 民主專制與多數暴政………………………………………...41\r\n第一節 人民主權與多數暴政…………………………………..41\r\n第二節 中央集權與民主專制…………………………………. 49\r\n第三節 國家職能與公民反抗…………………………………. 60\r\n第四章 自由社會與德性公民…………………………………………69\r\n第一節 個人發展與社群繁榮…………………………………..69\r\n第二節 法政制度與民情風俗…………………………………..79\r\n第三節 市民社會及政治參與…………………………………..95\r\n第五章 托克維爾自由思想的當代意義………………………….….105\r\n第一節 托克維爾自由思想之評估及定位……………………105\r\n第二節 自由主義的另一種選擇………………………………114\r\n第六章 結論…………………………………………………………..125\r\n參考書目………………………………………………………………129
參考文獻 參考書目：\r\n托克維爾原典部份：\r\n1990 Democracy in America, trans. by G.Lawrence, in Great Books of The Western World.volumm44.Encyclopaedia Britannica,Inc.\r\n1955 The Old Regime and the French Revolution,, trans .by Stuart Gilbert.Garden City, N.Y:Anchor.\r\n1985 Selected Letters on Politics and Society,edited by Roger Boesche,trans.by James Toupin and Roger Boesche.Berkley:University of California Press.\r\n1968 The European Revolution & Correspondence With Gobineau,trans.by John Lukacs,Gloucester Mass.\r\n1994《舊制度與大革命》，馮棠譯，香港：牛津大學出版社。\r\n1994〈1789年前後法國社會政治狀況〉，收錄於前書附錄。\r\n1991《論美國的民主》，董果良譯，北京：商務印書館。\r\n1991〈1848年國會演說辭〉，收錄於前書附錄。\r\n二手文獻：\r\n（一） 英文資料：\r\nAlulis,Joseph\r\n1992 〝The People and the Great:Tocqueville and Machiavelli on the Art of Being Free,〞in Eduardo Nolla ed. 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Lives , Liberties and the Public Good, New York:St. Martin`s Press.\r\nLefort, Claude\r\n 1988 Democracy and political theory, translated by David Macey.Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press.\r\nLerner , Max\r\n1996 Tocqueville & America civilization , New Brunswick : Transaction Publishers.\r\nLevin, Michael\r\n 1992 The spectre of democracy : the rise of modern democracy as seen by its critics, Houndmills, and London : Macmillan Academic and Professional.\r\nLively, Jack\r\n1989 The Social and Political Thought of Alexis de Tocqueville . Oxford :Clarendon Press.\r\nMacIntyre, Alasdair C.\r\n1984 Is Patriotism a Virtue? The Lindley Lecture, University of Kansas.\r\nMahoney,Daniel J.\r\n 1993 〝Tocqueville and Socialism,〞in Lawler, Peter Augustine, Joseph Alulis. edit. 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Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.\r\nSmith , Bruce James\r\n1985 Politics & Remembrance : Republican Themes in Machiavelli, Burke , and Tocqueville , Princeton : Princeton University Press.\r\n 1991 〝A liberal of a new kind,〞in Masugi , Ken ed. Interpreting Tocqueville`s Democracy in America , Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.\r\nSullivan, William M.\r\n 1986 Reconstructing Public Philosophy, Berkeley:University of California Press.\r\nTaylor,Charles\r\n 1993 Reconciling the Solitudes: Essays on Canadian Federalism and Nationalism. Monteral & Kingston: McGill-Green`s University Press.\r\nTerchek,Ronald J.\r\n 1997 Republican Paradoxes and Liberal Anxieties::Retrieving Neglected Fragments of Political Theory, Lanham:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers,Inc.\r\nZuckert, Catherine H.\r\n1992 〝The Role of Religion in Preserving American Liberty-Tocqueville`s Analysis 150 Years Later,〞in Eduardo Nolla ed. 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描述 碩士
國立政治大學
政治學系
85252004
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#B2002001451
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 何信全zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (作者) 李欣耀zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) 李欣耀zh_TW
dc.date (日期) 1998en_US
dc.date.accessioned 22-四月-2016 16:36:12 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 22-四月-2016 16:36:12 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 22-四月-2016 16:36:12 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) B2002001451en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://ah.lib.nccu.edu.tw/item?item_id=96149-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 政治學系zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 85252004zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 托克維爾（1805-1859）可說是近現代論述民主政治可能具有的優劣或利害後果之重要甚至是首位先驅。他深刻的認知到貴族社會結構已然改變，而隨之而來的民主社會乃是「勢所必至，天意使然」，任何人皆無法也不應當抵抗此種潮流，不過他也未對此趨勢感到自在如意，他明瞭民主的到來只是移去一些過往舊制度的弊病，但此新生社會亦會有其內在結構上之問題，若不加以解決或防治，同樣會對個人乃至人類文明之進步繁榮產生阻礙。所謂的重大弊病，對托克維爾來說，乃是民主社會及政治結構對人類自由以及德性實踐可能造成的傷害或阻礙，進而危及人類之幸福繁榮。托克維爾認為自由乃是眾善之首，一切人類追求的積極價值都需以自由的存在為前提，然而不幸的是，民主的社會卻很可能因為其結構上之趨向，使人們自願離自由而遠去，遺棄了獨立自由精神，蔑視個人權利之神聖性；並讓人們於財富的追逐中忘卻了群體以及個體的公共責任，在尚得的倫理下，淪入個人主義乃至利己主義之境地，以致在人際相互冷淡疏離之過程中，瓦解了對公共道德及人類尊嚴的信念，最後淪入到一種雖高度平等卻缺乏公共德性及自由保障之民主專制政體中。而破解防治之道，首先托克維爾認為須以漸進方式授予人們政治權利，讓人們在「正確理解的自利原則」的運用下，願意去關懷公共福祉，並在政治參與的潛移默化過程中，培養出社群成員間的凝聚感以及本能的愛國情操；其次應當設法澄化民情，在這方面托克維爾認為宗教、家庭與婦女、政治人物以及偶發之戰爭等因素扮演重要角色；再者在法政制度的設計上應因時地變化而做調整，但總應同時注重國家安全、個人自由以及公共精神的發揚三項原則；最後他寄望市民社會能夠蓬勃發展，人民能養成自發性的結社習慣，不事事依賴政府，讓強有力的市民社會作為抗衡公權力肆意妄為的後盾，不過市民社會能否勃發又與政治參與習慣之能否養成息息相關，故而我們可說政治參與精神能否培養得出，乃是托克維爾自由技藝成功與否的關鍵因素。文末筆者則對托克維爾自由思想的屬性及現代意義做一初步探討，認為托克維爾所提出的一些觀念對於我們仍有相當之啟發性，尤其與當代自由主義相較，托克維爾那種較相信特殊主義、群體主義、以及政治與道德的關連的思想，確實是值得我們再細細思量並加以踐履。\r\n\r\n目錄\r\n第一章 導論 ……………………………………………….…...1\r\n第一節 本研究之基本說明………………………………………1\r\n第二節 托克維爾的著述及思想背景……………………………4\r\n第二章 自由的落腳：天意使然的民主………………………………..9\r\n第一節 自由的追尋……………………………………………..10\r\n第二節 從貴族到民主…………………………………………. 20\r\n第三節 民主與自由的辯證……………………………………..32\r\n第三章 民主專制與多數暴政………………………………………...41\r\n第一節 人民主權與多數暴政…………………………………..41\r\n第二節 中央集權與民主專制…………………………………. 49\r\n第三節 國家職能與公民反抗…………………………………. 60\r\n第四章 自由社會與德性公民…………………………………………69\r\n第一節 個人發展與社群繁榮…………………………………..69\r\n第二節 法政制度與民情風俗…………………………………..79\r\n第三節 市民社會及政治參與…………………………………..95\r\n第五章 托克維爾自由思想的當代意義………………………….….105\r\n第一節 托克維爾自由思想之評估及定位……………………105\r\n第二節 自由主義的另一種選擇………………………………114\r\n第六章 結論…………………………………………………………..125\r\n參考書目………………………………………………………………129zh_TW
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#B2002001451en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 自由zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 民主專制zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 多數暴政zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 正確理解的自利原則zh_TW
dc.title (題名) 托克維爾自由思想研究zh_TW
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
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