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題名 金融中介與經濟成長 作者 許僑芯
Hsu, Chiao-Hsin貢獻者 高明瑞
Gao, Ming-Rui
許僑芯
Hsu, Chiao-Hsin關鍵詞 金融中介
經濟成長
流動性模型
共整合檢定法
Financial Intermediation
Economic Growth
Liquidity model
Cointegration日期 1998 上傳時間 27-四月-2016 11:12:40 (UTC+8) 摘要 本文以Levine(1991)設計流動性與經濟成長的理論模型,為主要架構來分析,針對金融中介幫助流動性風險改善做一探討。實證對象為亞洲地區之台灣、南韓與菲律賓三國,實證方法採用傳統最小平方法與近代發展的共整合檢定法,檢測成長指標與流動性指標的關係,實證結果發現台灣地區大部分的成長指標與流動性指標之間為顯著正向的關係,而南韓只有一小部份的指標之間為正向的關係但檢定結果可能不顯著,菲律賓的情形也是有一小部份的指標之間為顯著正向的關係。所以本文的實證結果如同大部分的實證文獻所提,金融中介的發展對實質經濟成長有正的影響,但有可能因為解釋變數的選取、實證國家選擇的差異、樣本時間的長短與模型設定的不同,而導致不同的結果。 參考文獻 1. Arestis, Philip and Demetriades, Panicos(1997)“Financial Development and Economic Growth:Assessing the Evidence,”The Economic Journal, May vol.107, No.442, pp.783-7992. Bagehot, Walter(1873)Lombard street Homewood IL:Richard D Irwin1962 Edition3. Barro, Robert J.(1991)“Economic Growth in a Cross-Section of Countries,”Quarterly Journal of Economics, May vol. 56, No.2, pp.407-4434. Bencivenga, Valerie R. and Smith, Bruce D.(1991)“Financial Intermediation and Endogenous Growth,”Review of Economic Studies, April vol. 58, No.2, pp. 195-2095. Bencivenga, Valerie R, Smith, Bruce D. and Starr, Ross M.(1995)“Transactions Costs, Technological Choice, and Endogenous Growth,”Journal of Economic Theory, October vol.67, No.1, pp.153-1776. Bencivenga, Valerie R., Smith Bruce D. and Starr, Ross M.(1996)“Equity Markets, Transactions Costs, and Capital Accumulation:An Illustration,”The World Bank Economic Review, May vol. 10, No.2, pp. 241-2657. Boyd, John H. and Prescott, Edward. C.(1986)“Financial Intermediary-Coalitions,”Journal of Economic Theory, April vol.38, No.2, pp.211-2328. Boyd, John and Smith, Bruce D.(1996)“The Co-Evolution of the Real and Financial Sectors in the Growth Process,”The World Bank Economic Review, May vol. 10, No.2, pp. 371-3969. Carosso, Vincent(1990)Investment Banking in America Cambridge MA:Harvard U.Press10. Demetriades, Panicos O. and Hussein, Khaled A.(1996)“Does Financial Development Cause Economic Growth? Time-Series Evidence from 16 Countries,”Journal of Development Economics, December vol. 51, No.2, pp.387-41111. Demirguc-kunt, Asli and Levine, Ross(1996a)“Stock Market Development and Financial Intermediaries:Stylized Facts,”The World Bank Economic Review, May vol. 10, No.2, pp. 291-32112. Demirguc-kunt, Asli and Levine, Ross(1996b)“Stock Market, Corporate Finance, and Economic Growth:A Overview,”The World Bank Economic Review, May vol. 10, No.2, pp. 229-23913. Demirguc-kunt, Asli and Maksimovic, Vojislav(1996a)“Stock Market Development and Financing Choices of Firms,”The World Bank Economic Review, May vol. 10, No.2, pp. 341-37014. De Long, J Braford Et Al.(1991)“Did J P Morgan’s Men Add Value?An Economist’s Perspective on Financial Capitalism,”in Inside the business enterprise:Historical perspective on the use of information Ed.Peter Temin Chicago:U of Chicago Press., pp.205-23615. Devereux, Michael B and Smith, Gregor W.(1994)“International Risk Sharing and Economic Growth,”International Economic Review, August vol.35, No.4, pp.535-55016. Diamond, Douglas W.(1984)“Financial Intermediation and Delegated Monitoring,”Review of Economic Studies, July vol.51, No.3, p393-41417. Diamond, Douglas W. and Dybvig, Philip H.(1983)“Bank Runs, Deposit Insurance, and Liquidity,”Journal of Political Economy, June vol. 91, No.3, pp.401-41918. Doldado, Juan, Tim Jenkinson and Simon Sosvilla-Rivero(1990)“Cointegration and Unit Roots,”Journal of Economic Survey, September vol. 4, pp.249-27319. Evans, P.(1995)“How to Estimate Growth Equations Consistently,”Mimeo, Ohio State University; presented at the 7th World Congress of the Econometric Society(Tokyo)20. Goldsmith, Raymond W.(1969)“Financial Structure and Development,”NewHaven, CT:Yale University Press21. Gorton, Gary and Pennacchi, George(1990)“Financial Intermediaries and Liquidity Creation,”The Journal of Finance, March vol.45, No.1, pp.49-7122. Greenwald, Bruce, Stiglitz, Joseph E. and Weiss, Andrew(1984)“Information Imperfections in the Capital Market and Macroeconomic Fluctuations,”The American Economic Review, May vol. 74, No.2, pp. 194-19923. Greenwood, Jeremy and Jovanovic, Boyan(1990)“Financial Development, Growth and Distribution of Income,”Journal of Political Economy, October vol. 98, No.5(Pt.1), pp.1076-110724. Greenwood, Jeremy and Smith, Bruce D.(1997)“Financial Markets in Development, and the Development of Financial Markets,”Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, January vol. 21, No.1, pp.145-18125. Grossman, Gene M. and Helpman, Elhanan(1991)“Quality Ladders in the Theory of Growth,”,Review Economic Studies, January vol. 58, No.1, pp.43-6126. Gurley, John G. and Shaw, Edward. S.(1955)“Financial Aspects of Economic Development,”The American Economic Review, September vol. 45, No.4, pp.515-53827. Hansson, Pontus and Jonung, Lars(1997)“Finance and Economic Growth:the Case of Sweden 1834-1991,”Research in Economics, May vol. 107, No.51, pp.275-3028. Hicks, John(1969)A Theory of Economic History Oxford:Clarendon Press29. Holmstrom, Bengt and Tirole, Jean(1993)“Market Liquidity and Performance Monitoring,”Journal of Political Economy, August vol. 101, No.4, pp.678-70930. Jao, Y.C.(1976)“Financial Deepening and Economic Growth:A Gross-Section Analyisis,”Malaysian Economic Review, vol.12, pp.231-25431. Johansen, Soren.(1988)“Statistical Analysis of Cointegration Vectors,”Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, vol.12, pp.231-254, North-Holland32. Johansen, Soren.(1992)“Determination of the Cointegration Rank in the Presence of a Linear Trend,”Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, vol.54, pp.383-39733. Johansen,Soren. and Juslius Katetina.(1992)“Testing Structural Hypotheses in a Multivariate Cointegration Analysis of the PPP and the UIP for UK,”Journal of Econometrics, vol.53, pp.211-24434. Jung, Woo S.(1986)“Financial Development and Economic Growth:International Evidence,”Economic Development and Culture Change, January vol.34, No.2, pp.333-34635. King, R G. and Levine, Ross(1993a)“Financial Intermediation and Economic Development,”in Financial intermediation in the construction of Europe, Eds:Colin Mayer And Xavter Vives, Loden:Centre for Economic Policy Research, pp.156-18936. King, Robert G. and Levine, Ross(1993b)“Finance and Growth:Schumpeter Might Be Right,”Quarterly Journal of Economics, August vol. 108, No. 3, pp.717-73837. King, Robert G. and Levine, Ross(1993c)“Finance,Entrepreneurship, and Growth:Theory and Evidence,”Journal of Monetary Economics, December vol. 32, No.3, pp.513-54238. Korajczyk, Robert A.(1996)“A Measure of Stock Market Integration for Developed and Emerging markets,”The World Bank Economic Review, May vol. 10, No.2, pp. 267-28939. Kyle, Albert S.(1984)“Market Structure,Information, Futures Markets, and Price Formation,”in International agricultural trade:Advanced readings in price formation, market structure, and price instability. Eds:Gary G. Storey, Andrew Schmitz and Alexander H. Sarris Boulder CO:Westview, pp.45-6440. Lamoreaux, Naomi R.(1994)Insider Lending:Banks, personal connections, and economic development in industrial, New England, New York:Cambridge U. Press41. Lamoreaux, Naomi R.and Sokoloff, Kennethl(1996)“Long-Term Change in the Organization of Inventive Activity,”,Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, November vol. 93, pp.12686-1269242. Lee, K, Pesaran, M.H. and Smith, R.P.(1996)“Growth and Convergence:A Multi-Country Empirical Analysis of the Solow Growth Model,”Department of Applied Economics Working Papers, Amalgamated Series No. 953I, University of Cambridge43. Levhari, David and Srinivasan, T. N.(1969)“Optimal Savings Under Uncertainty,”Review Economic Studies, April vol. 36, No.1, pp.153-16344. Levine, Ross(1991)“Stock Market, Growth, and Tax Policy,”The Journal of Finance, September vol.46, No.4, pp.1445-146545. Levine, Ross(1997)“Financial Development and Economic Growth:Views and Agenda,”Journal of Economic Literature, June vol. 35, pp.688-72646. Levine, Ross and Renelt, David(1992)“A Sensitivity Analysis of Cross-Country Growth Regressions,”The American Economic Review, September vol.82, No.4, pp.942-96347. Levine, Ross and Zervos, Sara(1996)“Stock Market Development and Long-Run Growth,”The World Bank Economic Review, May vol. 10, No.2, pp. 323-33948. Levine, Ross and Zervos, Sara(1998)“Stock Market, Banks, and Economic Growth,”The American Economic Review, June vol.88, No.3, pp.537-55849. Lucas, Robert E. Jr.(1988)“On the Mechanics of Economic Development,”Journal of Monetary Economics, July vol. 22, No.1, pp.3-4250. Mckinnon, Ronald L.(1973)Money and capital in economic development Washington. DC:Brookings Institution51. Meier, Gerald M. and Seers, Dudley (1984)Pioneers in development, New York:Oxford U Press52. Merton, Robert C. and Bodie, Zvi(1995)“A Conceptual Framework for Analyzing the Financial Environment,”in The global financial system:A functional perspective, Eds:Dwight B. Crane Et Al.Boston, MA:Harvard Business A School Press, pp.3-53. Obstfeld, Maurice(1994)“Risk-Taking, Global Diversification, and Growth,”The American Economic Review, December vol. 84, No.5, pp.10-2954. Odedokun, M.O.(1996)“Alternative Econometric Approaches for Analyzing the Role of the Financial Sector in Economic Growth:Time-Series Evidence from LDCs,”Journal of Development Economics, June vol. 50, No.1, pp.119-14655. Osterwald-Lenum M.(1992)“A Note with Quantities of the Asymptotic Distribution of the Maximum Likelihood Cointegration Rank Test Statistic,”Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, vol.54, pp.383-39756. Pagano, Macro(1993)“Financial Markets and Growth:A Overview(Financial Markets and Macroeconomy),”European Economic Review, April vol.37, No.2-3, pp.613-62257. Quah, D.(1993)“Empirical Cross-Section Dynamics in Economic Growth,”European Economic Review, vol. 37, pp.426-43458. Rajan, Raghuram G. and Zingals, Luigi(1998)“Financial Dependence and Growth,”The American Economic Review, June vol.88, No.3, pp.559-58659. Ramakrishnan, Ram T. S. and Thakor, Anjan V.(1984)“Information Reliability and a Theory of Financial Intermediation,”Review of Economic Studies, vol.LI, pp. 415-43260. Rebelo, Sergio T.(1991)“Long-Run Policy Analysis and Long-Run Growth,”Journal of Political Economy, June vol. 99, No.3, pp.500-52161. Romer, Paul M.(1986)“Increasing Returns and Long-Run Growth,”Journal of Political Economy, October vol. 94, No.5, pp.1002-103762. Romer, Paul M.(1990)“Endogenous Technological Change,”Journal of Political Economy, October vol. 98, No.5,Pt.2, pp.71-10263. Roubini, Nouriel and Sala-I-Martin, Xavier(1992)“Financial Repression and Economic Growth,”Journal of Development Economics, July vol. 39, No.1 ,pp.5-3064. Saint-Paul, Gilles(1992)“Technological Choice, Financial Markets and Economic Development,”European Economic Review, May vol.36, No.4 pp.763-78165. Schumpeter, Joseph A.(1912)Theorie der Wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung【The theory of economic development】, Leipzig:Dunker & Humblot, translated by REDVERS OPIE Cambridge, MA:Harvard U. Press, 193466. Sharpe, Steven A.(1990)“Asymmetric Information, Bank Lending, and Implicit Contracts:A Stylized Model of Customer Relationships,”Journal of Finance, September vol. 45, No.4, pp.1069-108767. Shaw, Edward S.(1990)“Financial Deepening in Economic Development,”(Oxford University Press, New York, NY)68. Stern, Nicholas(1989)“The Economics of Development:A Survey,”Economic Journal, September vol. 99, No.397, pp.597-68569. Stiglitz, Joseph E. and Weiss, Andrew(1981)“Credit Rationing in Market with Imperfect Information,”The American Economic Review, June vol. 71, No.3, pp.393-410 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
經濟學系
86258011資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#B2002001634 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 高明瑞 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Gao, Ming-Rui en_US dc.contributor.author (作者) 許僑芯 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (作者) Hsu, Chiao-Hsin en_US dc.creator (作者) 許僑芯 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Hsu, Chiao-Hsin en_US dc.date (日期) 1998 en_US dc.date.accessioned 27-四月-2016 11:12:40 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 27-四月-2016 11:12:40 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 27-四月-2016 11:12:40 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) B2002001634 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/86209 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 經濟學系 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 86258011 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本文以Levine(1991)設計流動性與經濟成長的理論模型,為主要架構來分析,針對金融中介幫助流動性風險改善做一探討。實證對象為亞洲地區之台灣、南韓與菲律賓三國,實證方法採用傳統最小平方法與近代發展的共整合檢定法,檢測成長指標與流動性指標的關係,實證結果發現台灣地區大部分的成長指標與流動性指標之間為顯著正向的關係,而南韓只有一小部份的指標之間為正向的關係但檢定結果可能不顯著,菲律賓的情形也是有一小部份的指標之間為顯著正向的關係。所以本文的實證結果如同大部分的實證文獻所提,金融中介的發展對實質經濟成長有正的影響,但有可能因為解釋變數的選取、實證國家選擇的差異、樣本時間的長短與模型設定的不同,而導致不同的結果。 zh_TW dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1第二章 文獻回顧 3 第一節、介紹 3 第二節、影響經濟成長管道與金融體系的功能 4 一、影響經濟成長的管道 4 二、金融體系基本的功能 5第三章 理論模型 12 第一節、基本的內生成長模型 13 第二節、缺乏股市的經濟成長率 16 第三節、加入股市的經濟 21第四章 實證分析 26 第一節、實證回顧 26 第二節、資料說明與實證過程 30 一、傳統最小平方法 32 二、共整合分析法 32 第三節、單根檢定 34 第四節、傳統最小平方法 36 第五節、共整合分析與檢定 38 一、選取最適落後期數 38 二、選取適當共整合模型及向量個數 38 三、共整合向量估計結果 41 第六節、實證結果 42第五章 結論 43附錄一 45附錄二 63數學附錄 A 63數學附錄 B 67參考文獻 70 zh_TW dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#B2002001634 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 金融中介 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 經濟成長 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 流動性模型 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 共整合檢定法 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Financial Intermediation en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Economic Growth en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Liquidity model en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Cointegration en_US dc.title (題名) 金融中介與經濟成長 zh_TW dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1. Arestis, Philip and Demetriades, Panicos(1997)“Financial Development and Economic Growth:Assessing the Evidence,”The Economic Journal, May vol.107, No.442, pp.783-7992. Bagehot, Walter(1873)Lombard street Homewood IL:Richard D Irwin1962 Edition3. Barro, Robert J.(1991)“Economic Growth in a Cross-Section of Countries,”Quarterly Journal of Economics, May vol. 56, No.2, pp.407-4434. Bencivenga, Valerie R. and Smith, Bruce D.(1991)“Financial Intermediation and Endogenous Growth,”Review of Economic Studies, April vol. 58, No.2, pp. 195-2095. Bencivenga, Valerie R, Smith, Bruce D. and Starr, Ross M.(1995)“Transactions Costs, Technological Choice, and Endogenous Growth,”Journal of Economic Theory, October vol.67, No.1, pp.153-1776. Bencivenga, Valerie R., Smith Bruce D. and Starr, Ross M.(1996)“Equity Markets, Transactions Costs, and Capital Accumulation:An Illustration,”The World Bank Economic Review, May vol. 10, No.2, pp. 241-2657. Boyd, John H. and Prescott, Edward. C.(1986)“Financial Intermediary-Coalitions,”Journal of Economic Theory, April vol.38, No.2, pp.211-2328. Boyd, John and Smith, Bruce D.(1996)“The Co-Evolution of the Real and Financial Sectors in the Growth Process,”The World Bank Economic Review, May vol. 10, No.2, pp. 371-3969. Carosso, Vincent(1990)Investment Banking in America Cambridge MA:Harvard U.Press10. Demetriades, Panicos O. and Hussein, Khaled A.(1996)“Does Financial Development Cause Economic Growth? Time-Series Evidence from 16 Countries,”Journal of Development Economics, December vol. 51, No.2, pp.387-41111. Demirguc-kunt, Asli and Levine, Ross(1996a)“Stock Market Development and Financial Intermediaries:Stylized Facts,”The World Bank Economic Review, May vol. 10, No.2, pp. 291-32112. Demirguc-kunt, Asli and Levine, Ross(1996b)“Stock Market, Corporate Finance, and Economic Growth:A Overview,”The World Bank Economic Review, May vol. 10, No.2, pp. 229-23913. Demirguc-kunt, Asli and Maksimovic, Vojislav(1996a)“Stock Market Development and Financing Choices of Firms,”The World Bank Economic Review, May vol. 10, No.2, pp. 341-37014. De Long, J Braford Et Al.(1991)“Did J P Morgan’s Men Add Value?An Economist’s Perspective on Financial Capitalism,”in Inside the business enterprise:Historical perspective on the use of information Ed.Peter Temin Chicago:U of Chicago Press., pp.205-23615. Devereux, Michael B and Smith, Gregor W.(1994)“International Risk Sharing and Economic Growth,”International Economic Review, August vol.35, No.4, pp.535-55016. Diamond, Douglas W.(1984)“Financial Intermediation and Delegated Monitoring,”Review of Economic Studies, July vol.51, No.3, p393-41417. Diamond, Douglas W. and Dybvig, Philip H.(1983)“Bank Runs, Deposit Insurance, and Liquidity,”Journal of Political Economy, June vol. 91, No.3, pp.401-41918. Doldado, Juan, Tim Jenkinson and Simon Sosvilla-Rivero(1990)“Cointegration and Unit Roots,”Journal of Economic Survey, September vol. 4, pp.249-27319. Evans, P.(1995)“How to Estimate Growth Equations Consistently,”Mimeo, Ohio State University; presented at the 7th World Congress of the Econometric Society(Tokyo)20. Goldsmith, Raymond W.(1969)“Financial Structure and Development,”NewHaven, CT:Yale University Press21. Gorton, Gary and Pennacchi, George(1990)“Financial Intermediaries and Liquidity Creation,”The Journal of Finance, March vol.45, No.1, pp.49-7122. Greenwald, Bruce, Stiglitz, Joseph E. and Weiss, Andrew(1984)“Information Imperfections in the Capital Market and Macroeconomic Fluctuations,”The American Economic Review, May vol. 74, No.2, pp. 194-19923. Greenwood, Jeremy and Jovanovic, Boyan(1990)“Financial Development, Growth and Distribution of Income,”Journal of Political Economy, October vol. 98, No.5(Pt.1), pp.1076-110724. Greenwood, Jeremy and Smith, Bruce D.(1997)“Financial Markets in Development, and the Development of Financial Markets,”Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, January vol. 21, No.1, pp.145-18125. Grossman, Gene M. and Helpman, Elhanan(1991)“Quality Ladders in the Theory of Growth,”,Review Economic Studies, January vol. 58, No.1, pp.43-6126. Gurley, John G. and Shaw, Edward. S.(1955)“Financial Aspects of Economic Development,”The American Economic Review, September vol. 45, No.4, pp.515-53827. Hansson, Pontus and Jonung, Lars(1997)“Finance and Economic Growth:the Case of Sweden 1834-1991,”Research in Economics, May vol. 107, No.51, pp.275-3028. Hicks, John(1969)A Theory of Economic History Oxford:Clarendon Press29. Holmstrom, Bengt and Tirole, Jean(1993)“Market Liquidity and Performance Monitoring,”Journal of Political Economy, August vol. 101, No.4, pp.678-70930. Jao, Y.C.(1976)“Financial Deepening and Economic Growth:A Gross-Section Analyisis,”Malaysian Economic Review, vol.12, pp.231-25431. Johansen, Soren.(1988)“Statistical Analysis of Cointegration Vectors,”Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, vol.12, pp.231-254, North-Holland32. Johansen, Soren.(1992)“Determination of the Cointegration Rank in the Presence of a Linear Trend,”Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, vol.54, pp.383-39733. Johansen,Soren. and Juslius Katetina.(1992)“Testing Structural Hypotheses in a Multivariate Cointegration Analysis of the PPP and the UIP for UK,”Journal of Econometrics, vol.53, pp.211-24434. Jung, Woo S.(1986)“Financial Development and Economic Growth:International Evidence,”Economic Development and Culture Change, January vol.34, No.2, pp.333-34635. King, R G. and Levine, Ross(1993a)“Financial Intermediation and Economic Development,”in Financial intermediation in the construction of Europe, Eds:Colin Mayer And Xavter Vives, Loden:Centre for Economic Policy Research, pp.156-18936. King, Robert G. and Levine, Ross(1993b)“Finance and Growth:Schumpeter Might Be Right,”Quarterly Journal of Economics, August vol. 108, No. 3, pp.717-73837. King, Robert G. and Levine, Ross(1993c)“Finance,Entrepreneurship, and Growth:Theory and Evidence,”Journal of Monetary Economics, December vol. 32, No.3, pp.513-54238. Korajczyk, Robert A.(1996)“A Measure of Stock Market Integration for Developed and Emerging markets,”The World Bank Economic Review, May vol. 10, No.2, pp. 267-28939. Kyle, Albert S.(1984)“Market Structure,Information, Futures Markets, and Price Formation,”in International agricultural trade:Advanced readings in price formation, market structure, and price instability. Eds:Gary G. Storey, Andrew Schmitz and Alexander H. Sarris Boulder CO:Westview, pp.45-6440. Lamoreaux, Naomi R.(1994)Insider Lending:Banks, personal connections, and economic development in industrial, New England, New York:Cambridge U. Press41. Lamoreaux, Naomi R.and Sokoloff, Kennethl(1996)“Long-Term Change in the Organization of Inventive Activity,”,Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, November vol. 93, pp.12686-1269242. Lee, K, Pesaran, M.H. and Smith, R.P.(1996)“Growth and Convergence:A Multi-Country Empirical Analysis of the Solow Growth Model,”Department of Applied Economics Working Papers, Amalgamated Series No. 953I, University of Cambridge43. Levhari, David and Srinivasan, T. N.(1969)“Optimal Savings Under Uncertainty,”Review Economic Studies, April vol. 36, No.1, pp.153-16344. Levine, Ross(1991)“Stock Market, Growth, and Tax Policy,”The Journal of Finance, September vol.46, No.4, pp.1445-146545. 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