1. NCCU Academic Hub
  2. 學術產出
  3. 理學院
  4. 學位論文
  5. Item

學術產出-學位論文

文章檢視/開啟

書目匯出

Google ScholarTM

政大圖書館

引文資訊

TAIR相關學術產出

題名 企業中階主管的領導意涵及其在人力資源管理上的意義
作者 林士超
Lin, Shi Chao
貢獻者 劉兆明
Liu, Zhao-Ming
林士超
Lin, Shi Chao
日期 1995
上傳時間 28-四月-2016 15:18:30 (UTC+8)
摘要 本研究在回顧領導訓練現況與領導研究文獻之後，發現導訓練實務上的供需與現有領導理文獻有脫節的情形。面對這樣的現象，筆者認為研究者必須重新思考領導的意涵，先去探討「企業需要的領導究竟是什麼？」、「企業需要什麼樣的領導者？」、「領導可以訓練嗎？」等問題。先澄清領導的意涵，企業才能進一步思考領導訓練該訓練什麼或該選拔什麼樣的領導人才。
第一章緒論..........1
     第一節研究動機、問題與目的..........1
     一、研究動機：由領導訓練現況談起..........1
     二、研究目的..........8
     三、研究問題..........9
     第二節文獻探討..........11
     一、領導的意涵..........11
     二、領導的研究取向..........20
     三、領導意涵與領導訓練的關係..........35
     第三節研究取向..........45
     一、研究取向概述..........45
     二、個案研究取向..........48
     三、臨床研究取向..........49
     四、本研究與個案研究、臨床研究取向之異同..........51
     第二章研究方法..........55
     第一節研究對象..........55
     一、兩家大型民營企業相關背景的措述..........55
     二、受訪者..........63
     第二節研究步驟..........69
     第三節資料蒐集..........71
     一、文件資料的蒐集..........71
     二、訪談資料的蒐集..........72
     第四節資料分析..........76
     一、資料分析策略..........76
     二、資料分析程序..........77
     第三章觀點分析..........81
     第一節領導的意涵..........81
     一、與領導有關的概念..........81
     二、領導者的職責..........105
     三、領導的特性..........124
     第二節領導者所需具備的條件..........149
     一、人格特質..........149
     二、能力..........173
     第四章討論與建議..........211
     第一節本研究結果摘述..........211
     一、領導的意涵..........211
     二、領導者所需具備的條件：兩家企業的比較..........222
     三、小結..........224
     第二節本研究在領導理論上的意思..........230
     第三節領導意涵在人力資源管理上的意義..........233
     一、界定領導者所具備的條件..........234
     二、領導人才選拔..........235
     三、領導人才訓練..........241
     第四節本研究之貢獻與限制..........244
     一、本研究之貢獻..........244
     二、本研究之限制..........245
     第五節建議..........247
     一、對後續研究之建議..........247
     二、實務上之運用..........250
     參考文獻..........253
     中文部份..........253
參考文獻 英文部分
     Bass,B.M.(1981). Stogdill`s handbook of leadership: a survey of theory andresearch.New York:Free Press.
     Bass,B,M. (1983) ,Some observations about a general theory of leadership and interpersonal behavior. In W.R.Lassey & M.Sashkin
     (eds,), Leadership And Social Change(pp.22-38),San Diego:
     University Associates.
     Bass,B,M, (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations ,New York:Free Press.
     Bass,B.M. (1990).Handbook of leadership:a survey of theory and research,New York:Free Press,
     Bass,B.M. & Avolio,B.J.(1993).Transformational leadership a
     response to critiques,In M,M,Chemers & R,Ayman (eds,), Leadership Theory and Research:Perspectives and Directions(pp.49-80).San iego,CA:Acadedemic Press,
     Bennis,W.(1986),Four traits of leadership.In J,N,Williamson (ed.), The Leader Manager(pp.79-89) .New York:John Wiley & Sons.
     Bennis,W, (1993).Managing the dream:leadership in the 21st centry. In W. E.Rosenbach & R.L.Taylor (eds.) ,Contemporary Issues in Leadership(3rd ed. )(pp.213-218).Boulder:Westview Press.
     Bennis,W, & Nanus,B, (1985), Leaders:the strategies for taking charge.New York:Harper & Row.
     Blake,R.R. & Mouton,J.S.(1983a).An overview of the grid.In W,R, Lassey,& M.Sashkin (eds.), Leadership And Social Change(3rd Ed)(pp.124-131). San Die go:University Associates,INC.
     Blake,R.R, & Mouton,J.S.(l983b). The new managerial grid In action. In B.Tay18:` & G,Lippitt (ed.) ,~1anagement Development and Training Handbook /(2nd ed, )(pp,449-470).London:McGraw-Hill.
     Blanchard,K.h ., Zigarmi,P . & Zigarmi,D.(1985). Foreword. In P. Zigarmi & D.Zigarmi,Leadership and the One Minute Manager: Leader`s Guide/Disussion Manual.Escondido,CA:Blancbard Training & Development.
     Blank,W., Weitzel,J.R., & Green,S.G . (1990). A test of the
     situational leadership theory. Personnel Psychology ,.43, 579-596.
     Burns,J.M. (1978).Leadership.New York:Harper & Row.
     Burns,J.M.(1984).Foreword. In B.Kellerman (ed.),Leadersbip Multidisciplinary Perspectives.Englewood Cliffs:Prentice-Hall.
     Cascio,W.F. (1991) .Applied psychology in personnel management(4th ed. ).Englewood Cliffs,NJ:Prentice-Hall.
     Conger,J.A.(1989).The cbarismatic leader:behind the mystique of exceptional leadership.San Franciso,CA:Jossey-Bass.
     Conger,J.A. (SuHlmer,1990). The dark side of leadership.Organizational Dynamics, 44-55.
     Conger,J.A ., & Kanungo,R.N. (1987). Toward a behavioral theory of charismatic leadership In organizational settings.Academy of Management Review,12(4),637-647.
     Cronin,T. (1993). Reflections on Leadership.In W.E.Rosenbach & R.L.Taylor (eds) ,Contemporary Issues In Leadership (3rd ed.) (pp.7-25) .Boulder:Westview Press.
     Dienesch,R.M.,& Liden,R.C. (1986) .Leader-member exchange model of leadership:a critique and future development.Academy of Management Review,11(3) ,618-634.
     Field,R.H .G.(1979).A critique of Vroom-Yetton contingency model of leadership bebavior.Academy of Management,1l1l,249-257.
     Fiedler,F.E. (1967). A theory of leadership effectiveness. New York:McGraw-Hill.
     Fiedler,F.E . (l978) .Situational control and a dynamic theory of leadership.In B.King, S.Streufert, & F.E,Fiedler (eds,) (pp . 107-131),Washington,D,C, :V,H,Winston & Sons.
     Fiedler,F,E,(1983),The contigency model- new directions for
     leadership utilization,In \\\\`,R.Lassey , & M.Sashkin (eds, ), Leadership And Social Change (3rd ed,)(pp,160-173). San Diego: University Associates,INC,
     Fiedler,F,E " & Chemers,M,M , (1984) , Improving leadership effectiveness: the leader match concept (2nd ed,) ,New York:John Wiley & Sons,
     Fiedler,F,E " & Mahar,L. (1979), A field experiment validating contingency model leadership training. Journal of Applied Psychology,64(3),247-254,
     Flanagan,J,C , (1954).The critical incident technique.Psychological Bulletin,51(4),327-358,
     French,J ,R,P. , & Raven,B, (1959) ,The bases of social power, In D,Cartwright(ED , ),Sudies in social power,Ann Arbor:University of Michigan,Institute for Social Research.
     Goldstein,I,L, (1986),Training in organizations:Needs assessment, development and evaluation(2nd ed. ),Monterey,CA:brooks/Cole, Goldstein , I.L, (1993),Training in organizations :Needs assessment, development and evaluation(3rd ed. ) ,Monterey,CA:brooks/Cole.
     Graff,C,L , (1983),The situtional leadership theory:a critical view , Academy of Management Review,.§ill, 285-291.
     Hamel ,J " Dufour ,J,,& Fortin ,D.(1993), Case study methods, Newbuy Park, CA : Sage,
     Hater,J,J" & Bass ,B.M.(l988),Superior`s evaluations and subordinates ` perceptions of transformational and transactional leadership,Journal of Applied Psychology,73(4),695-702,
     Hersey,P, & Blanchard,K,H, (1983),An introduction to situational lead s hip, In W, R , Las s e y , & M, Sashk in ( ed s , ) , Lea de r s hip And Socia1 Change (3rd ed, )(pp,142-159) , San Diego:University Associate s, INC,
     Hollander,E,P , (1993 ) , Legitimacy,power,and influence: a perspect-ive on relational features of leadership,In M,I1,Chemers & R, Ayman (eds,) ,Leadership Theory And Research: Perspectives And Directions (pp,29-47) ,San Diego:Acadernic Press.
     House,R,J,(19}1),A path goal theory of leader effectiveness,
     Administrative science quarterly,l0,321-338,
     House,R,J, ;Spangler,W,D , ,& Woycke,J, (1990),Personality and charisma in tbe U,S, presidency:a psychological theory of leadership effectiveness,Academy of Management proceedings, 216-219.
     Ilgen,D,R" & Weiss,H,M, Leadership In organizations
     Unpublished chapter, Katz,R,L, (1955,January-February) ,Skills of an effective administrator, Harvard Business Review,33-42,
     Keil ,E,C, (1981) ,Assessment centers:a guide for human resource manage ment,Reading,Massacbusetts:Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
     Koter ,J,P, (1993) ,What leaders relly do , In W,M,Rosenbach & R,L, Taylor (eds,) ,Contemporary Issues In Leadership(3rd ed,)(pp, 26-35),Boulder : Westview Press,
     Kuhnert,K,W, ,& Lewis,P , (1987) ,Transactional and transformational Leadership: a constructive/developmental analysis, Academy of Management Review,12(4),648-657,
     LandY,F,J " & VaseY,J,(1991), Job analysis:The composition of SME samples , Personnel PsychologY,ii,27-50,
     Miner,J ,B, (1978) ,Twenty years of research on role motivation theory of managerial effectiveness,Personnel Psychology,ll, 739-760.
     Miner,J ,B, (1986) ,Managerial role motivation training,Journal of Managerial Psychology,1,25-30.
     Mintzberg,H, (1975), The manager`s job:folklore and fact,Harvard business Review,53(4),49-61.
     Moore,M,L" & Dutton,P , (1978),Training needs analysis:Rewiew and critique,Academy of Management Review,July,532-545,
     Paolillo,J,G,(1981),Role profiles for hierarchical levels,Proceedings of the Francisco ,CA,91-94,
     manager`s at different Academy of Management, San
     Pavett,C,M, & Lau,A,\\( (1983) ,Managerial work:The influence of hierarchical level and functional specialty, Academy of Management Journal ,26(1),170-177,
     Pillai ,R, & Meindl,J,R , (1991), The effect of a crisis on the emergence of charismatic leadership:a laboratory study , Academy of Management proceedings,235-239,
     Podsakoff ,P,M" & Schriesheim,C,A, (1985), Field studies of French and Raven`s base of power:critique, reanalysis, and suggestions for future research,Psychological Bulletin,97,387-411 ,
     Rice,R,\\(, & Chemers,M,M , (1975) ,Personality and situational determinants of leader behavior ,Journal of Applied Psychology, 60(1),20-27,
     Rosenbach,W,E" & Taylor,R,L, (1993) ,Contemporary lssues in leadersbip(3rd ed,) ,Boulder:Westview Press,
     Rossett,A" & Arwady,J.W, (1987),Training needs assessment , Englewood Cliffs,N.J, :Educational Technology Publications, Inc.
     Rost,J.C. (1993).Leadership In the future.In W.E.Rosenbach&
     R.L.Taylor (eds),Contemporary Issues In Leadership (3rd ed.)
     (pp.220-228) .Boulder: Westview Press.
     Sashkin,M. & Rosenbach,W.E. (1993). A new leadersbip paradigm. Inc`.E. Rosenbach & R.L.Taylor (eds) ,Contemporary Issues In Leadership (3rd ed.) (pp.87-108) .Boulder:\\,lestview Press.
     Schein,E.H. (1987). The clinical perspective In fieldwork. Newbuy Park, CA : Sage.
     Scbein,E.H. (1992) .Organizational culture and leadership (2nd ed.). San Francisco,CA:Jossey-Bass Publishers.
     Seltzer,J. , & Bass, B.M. (1990) . Transformatinal leadership: beyond initiation and consideration.Journal of Management,16(4),693-703.
     Silin,R.F.(1976).Lesdership and values:The organization of largescal Taiwan enterprise.Cambridge,HA:Harvard University Press.(~~~1B :1:1 ` 1995b)
     Tannebaum,R., & Schmidt,Vi.H. (1983) .How to cboose a leadership pattern. In W.R.Lassey & M.Sashkin (eds.), Leadership And Social Change (pp.39-58).San Diego:University Associates.
     Tannenbaum,S. J.,& Yukl,G. (1992) .Training and development in work organizations.Annual Review of Psychology,43,399-441.
     Tepper,B.J.(1993).Patterns of downward influence and follower conformity In transactional and transformational leadership.
     Academy of Management Best Papers Proceedings,267-271.
     Training editoral board. (1994). Industry report 1994: an overview of employee training in America.Training,31(10),29-75.
     Wexley,K.N.,& Latham,G.P. (1981).Developing and Training Human Resources in Organizations.Glenview,IL:Scott,Foresman.
     Wexley,K.N.,& Latham,G.P. (1991) .Developing and Training Human Resources in Organizations.New York:HarperCollins Publiishers Inc.
     Yetton,P .W., & Vroom,V.H. (1978).Tbe Vroom-Yetton model of leadersbip: an review.In B.King, S.Streufert, & F.E.Fiedler (eds. ) (pp.133-149).1tiashington,D.C. :V.H.Winston & Sons.
     Yukl,G.(l994). Leadership in organizations (3rd ed.).Englewood Cliffs,NJ:Prentice Hall.
     YukI ,G., & Van Fleet D.D. (1991). Theory and research on leadership in organizations. Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology , 507-619.
     Zalenzik,A.(1993).Managers and leaders:are they different? In W.E.Rosenbach & R.L.Taylor (eds), Contemporary Issues In
     Leadership (3rd ed. )(pp.36-56) .Boulder:Westview Press.
     Zig a rm i , P ., & Zig arm i , D. (1985 ) . Lea d e r s b i pan d the 0 n e ill i nute manager:leader`s guide/discussion Manual. Escondido,CA : Blanchard Training & Development.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
心理學系
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#B2002002904
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 劉兆明zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Liu, Zhao-Mingen_US
dc.contributor.author (作者) 林士超zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (作者) Lin, Shi Chaoen_US
dc.creator (作者) 林士超zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Lin, Shi Chaoen_US
dc.date (日期) 1995en_US
dc.date.accessioned 28-四月-2016 15:18:30 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 28-四月-2016 15:18:30 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 28-四月-2016 15:18:30 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) B2002002904en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/87594-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 心理學系zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本研究在回顧領導訓練現況與領導研究文獻之後，發現導訓練實務上的供需與現有領導理文獻有脫節的情形。面對這樣的現象，筆者認為研究者必須重新思考領導的意涵，先去探討「企業需要的領導究竟是什麼？」、「企業需要什麼樣的領導者？」、「領導可以訓練嗎？」等問題。先澄清領導的意涵，企業才能進一步思考領導訓練該訓練什麼或該選拔什麼樣的領導人才。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 第一章緒論..........1
     第一節研究動機、問題與目的..........1
     一、研究動機：由領導訓練現況談起..........1
     二、研究目的..........8
     三、研究問題..........9
     第二節文獻探討..........11
     一、領導的意涵..........11
     二、領導的研究取向..........20
     三、領導意涵與領導訓練的關係..........35
     第三節研究取向..........45
     一、研究取向概述..........45
     二、個案研究取向..........48
     三、臨床研究取向..........49
     四、本研究與個案研究、臨床研究取向之異同..........51
     第二章研究方法..........55
     第一節研究對象..........55
     一、兩家大型民營企業相關背景的措述..........55
     二、受訪者..........63
     第二節研究步驟..........69
     第三節資料蒐集..........71
     一、文件資料的蒐集..........71
     二、訪談資料的蒐集..........72
     第四節資料分析..........76
     一、資料分析策略..........76
     二、資料分析程序..........77
     第三章觀點分析..........81
     第一節領導的意涵..........81
     一、與領導有關的概念..........81
     二、領導者的職責..........105
     三、領導的特性..........124
     第二節領導者所需具備的條件..........149
     一、人格特質..........149
     二、能力..........173
     第四章討論與建議..........211
     第一節本研究結果摘述..........211
     一、領導的意涵..........211
     二、領導者所需具備的條件：兩家企業的比較..........222
     三、小結..........224
     第二節本研究在領導理論上的意思..........230
     第三節領導意涵在人力資源管理上的意義..........233
     一、界定領導者所具備的條件..........234
     二、領導人才選拔..........235
     三、領導人才訓練..........241
     第四節本研究之貢獻與限制..........244
     一、本研究之貢獻..........244
     二、本研究之限制..........245
     第五節建議..........247
     一、對後續研究之建議..........247
     二、實務上之運用..........250
     參考文獻..........253
     中文部份..........253		-
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章緒論..........1
     第一節研究動機、問題與目的..........1
     一、研究動機：由領導訓練現況談起..........1
     二、研究目的..........8
     三、研究問題..........9
     第二節文獻探討..........11
     一、領導的意涵..........11
     二、領導的研究取向..........20
     三、領導意涵與領導訓練的關係..........35
     第三節研究取向..........45
     一、研究取向概述..........45
     二、個案研究取向..........48
     三、臨床研究取向..........49
     四、本研究與個案研究、臨床研究取向之異同..........51
     第二章研究方法..........55
     第一節研究對象..........55
     一、兩家大型民營企業相關背景的措述..........55
     二、受訪者..........63
     第二節研究步驟..........69
     第三節資料蒐集..........71
     一、文件資料的蒐集..........71
     二、訪談資料的蒐集..........72
     第四節資料分析..........76
     一、資料分析策略..........76
     二、資料分析程序..........77
     第三章觀點分析..........81
     第一節領導的意涵..........81
     一、與領導有關的概念..........81
     二、領導者的職責..........105
     三、領導的特性..........124
     第二節領導者所需具備的條件..........149
     一、人格特質..........149
     二、能力..........173
     第四章討論與建議..........211
     第一節本研究結果摘述..........211
     一、領導的意涵..........211
     二、領導者所需具備的條件：兩家企業的比較..........222
     三、小結..........224
     第二節本研究在領導理論上的意思..........230
     第三節領導意涵在人力資源管理上的意義..........233
     一、界定領導者所具備的條件..........234
     二、領導人才選拔..........235
     三、領導人才訓練..........241
     第四節本研究之貢獻與限制..........244
     一、本研究之貢獻..........244
     二、本研究之限制..........245
     第五節建議..........247
     一、對後續研究之建議..........247
     二、實務上之運用..........250
     參考文獻..........253
     中文部份..........253		zh_TW
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#B2002002904en_US
dc.title (題名) 企業中階主管的領導意涵及其在人力資源管理上的意義zh_TW
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 英文部分
     Bass,B.M.(1981). Stogdill`s handbook of leadership: a survey of theory andresearch.New York:Free Press.
     Bass,B,M. (1983) ,Some observations about a general theory of leadership and interpersonal behavior. In W.R.Lassey & M.Sashkin
     (eds,), Leadership And Social Change(pp.22-38),San Diego:
     University Associates.
     Bass,B,M, (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations ,New York:Free Press.
     Bass,B.M. (1990).Handbook of leadership:a survey of theory and research,New York:Free Press,
     Bass,B.M. & Avolio,B.J.(1993).Transformational leadership a
     response to critiques,In M,M,Chemers & R,Ayman (eds,), Leadership Theory and Research:Perspectives and Directions(pp.49-80).San iego,CA:Acadedemic Press,
     Bennis,W.(1986),Four traits of leadership.In J,N,Williamson (ed.), The Leader Manager(pp.79-89) .New York:John Wiley & Sons.
     Bennis,W, (1993).Managing the dream:leadership in the 21st centry. In W. E.Rosenbach & R.L.Taylor (eds.) ,Contemporary Issues in Leadership(3rd ed. )(pp.213-218).Boulder:Westview Press.
     Bennis,W, & Nanus,B, (1985), Leaders:the strategies for taking charge.New York:Harper & Row.
     Blake,R.R. & Mouton,J.S.(1983a).An overview of the grid.In W,R, Lassey,& M.Sashkin (eds.), Leadership And Social Change(3rd Ed)(pp.124-131). San Die go:University Associates,INC.
     Blake,R.R, & Mouton,J.S.(l983b). The new managerial grid In action. In B.Tay18:` & G,Lippitt (ed.) ,~1anagement Development and Training Handbook /(2nd ed, )(pp,449-470).London:McGraw-Hill.
     Blanchard,K.h ., Zigarmi,P . & Zigarmi,D.(1985). Foreword. In P. Zigarmi & D.Zigarmi,Leadership and the One Minute Manager: Leader`s Guide/Disussion Manual.Escondido,CA:Blancbard Training & Development.
     Blank,W., Weitzel,J.R., & Green,S.G . (1990). A test of the
     situational leadership theory. Personnel Psychology ,.43, 579-596.
     Burns,J.M. (1978).Leadership.New York:Harper & Row.
     Burns,J.M.(1984).Foreword. In B.Kellerman (ed.),Leadersbip Multidisciplinary Perspectives.Englewood Cliffs:Prentice-Hall.
     Cascio,W.F. (1991) .Applied psychology in personnel management(4th ed. ).Englewood Cliffs,NJ:Prentice-Hall.
     Conger,J.A.(1989).The cbarismatic leader:behind the mystique of exceptional leadership.San Franciso,CA:Jossey-Bass.
     Conger,J.A. (SuHlmer,1990). The dark side of leadership.Organizational Dynamics, 44-55.
     Conger,J.A ., & Kanungo,R.N. (1987). Toward a behavioral theory of charismatic leadership In organizational settings.Academy of Management Review,12(4),637-647.
     Cronin,T. (1993). Reflections on Leadership.In W.E.Rosenbach & R.L.Taylor (eds) ,Contemporary Issues In Leadership (3rd ed.) (pp.7-25) .Boulder:Westview Press.
     Dienesch,R.M.,& Liden,R.C. (1986) .Leader-member exchange model of leadership:a critique and future development.Academy of Management Review,11(3) ,618-634.
     Field,R.H .G.(1979).A critique of Vroom-Yetton contingency model of leadership bebavior.Academy of Management,1l1l,249-257.
     Fiedler,F.E. (1967). A theory of leadership effectiveness. New York:McGraw-Hill.
     Fiedler,F.E . (l978) .Situational control and a dynamic theory of leadership.In B.King, S.Streufert, & F.E,Fiedler (eds,) (pp . 107-131),Washington,D,C, :V,H,Winston & Sons.
     Fiedler,F,E,(1983),The contigency model- new directions for
     leadership utilization,In \\\\`,R.Lassey , & M.Sashkin (eds, ), Leadership And Social Change (3rd ed,)(pp,160-173). San Diego: University Associates,INC,
     Fiedler,F,E " & Chemers,M,M , (1984) , Improving leadership effectiveness: the leader match concept (2nd ed,) ,New York:John Wiley & Sons,
     Fiedler,F,E " & Mahar,L. (1979), A field experiment validating contingency model leadership training. Journal of Applied Psychology,64(3),247-254,
     Flanagan,J,C , (1954).The critical incident technique.Psychological Bulletin,51(4),327-358,
     French,J ,R,P. , & Raven,B, (1959) ,The bases of social power, In D,Cartwright(ED , ),Sudies in social power,Ann Arbor:University of Michigan,Institute for Social Research.
     Goldstein,I,L, (1986),Training in organizations:Needs assessment, development and evaluation(2nd ed. ),Monterey,CA:brooks/Cole, Goldstein , I.L, (1993),Training in organizations :Needs assessment, development and evaluation(3rd ed. ) ,Monterey,CA:brooks/Cole.
     Graff,C,L , (1983),The situtional leadership theory:a critical view , Academy of Management Review,.§ill, 285-291.
     Hamel ,J " Dufour ,J,,& Fortin ,D.(1993), Case study methods, Newbuy Park, CA : Sage,
     Hater,J,J" & Bass ,B.M.(l988),Superior`s evaluations and subordinates ` perceptions of transformational and transactional leadership,Journal of Applied Psychology,73(4),695-702,
     Hersey,P, & Blanchard,K,H, (1983),An introduction to situational lead s hip, In W, R , Las s e y , & M, Sashk in ( ed s , ) , Lea de r s hip And Socia1 Change (3rd ed, )(pp,142-159) , San Diego:University Associate s, INC,
     Hollander,E,P , (1993 ) , Legitimacy,power,and influence: a perspect-ive on relational features of leadership,In M,I1,Chemers & R, Ayman (eds,) ,Leadership Theory And Research: Perspectives And Directions (pp,29-47) ,San Diego:Acadernic Press.
     House,R,J,(19}1),A path goal theory of leader effectiveness,
     Administrative science quarterly,l0,321-338,
     House,R,J, ;Spangler,W,D , ,& Woycke,J, (1990),Personality and charisma in tbe U,S, presidency:a psychological theory of leadership effectiveness,Academy of Management proceedings, 216-219.
     Ilgen,D,R" & Weiss,H,M, Leadership In organizations
     Unpublished chapter, Katz,R,L, (1955,January-February) ,Skills of an effective administrator, Harvard Business Review,33-42,
     Keil ,E,C, (1981) ,Assessment centers:a guide for human resource manage ment,Reading,Massacbusetts:Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
     Koter ,J,P, (1993) ,What leaders relly do , In W,M,Rosenbach & R,L, Taylor (eds,) ,Contemporary Issues In Leadership(3rd ed,)(pp, 26-35),Boulder : Westview Press,
     Kuhnert,K,W, ,& Lewis,P , (1987) ,Transactional and transformational Leadership: a constructive/developmental analysis, Academy of Management Review,12(4),648-657,
     LandY,F,J " & VaseY,J,(1991), Job analysis:The composition of SME samples , Personnel PsychologY,ii,27-50,
     Miner,J ,B, (1978) ,Twenty years of research on role motivation theory of managerial effectiveness,Personnel Psychology,ll, 739-760.
     Miner,J ,B, (1986) ,Managerial role motivation training,Journal of Managerial Psychology,1,25-30.
     Mintzberg,H, (1975), The manager`s job:folklore and fact,Harvard business Review,53(4),49-61.
     Moore,M,L" & Dutton,P , (1978),Training needs analysis:Rewiew and critique,Academy of Management Review,July,532-545,
     Paolillo,J,G,(1981),Role profiles for hierarchical levels,Proceedings of the Francisco ,CA,91-94,
     manager`s at different Academy of Management, San
     Pavett,C,M, & Lau,A,\\( (1983) ,Managerial work:The influence of hierarchical level and functional specialty, Academy of Management Journal ,26(1),170-177,
     Pillai ,R, & Meindl,J,R , (1991), The effect of a crisis on the emergence of charismatic leadership:a laboratory study , Academy of Management proceedings,235-239,
     Podsakoff ,P,M" & Schriesheim,C,A, (1985), Field studies of French and Raven`s base of power:critique, reanalysis, and suggestions for future research,Psychological Bulletin,97,387-411 ,
     Rice,R,\\(, & Chemers,M,M , (1975) ,Personality and situational determinants of leader behavior ,Journal of Applied Psychology, 60(1),20-27,
     Rosenbach,W,E" & Taylor,R,L, (1993) ,Contemporary lssues in leadersbip(3rd ed,) ,Boulder:Westview Press,
     Rossett,A" & Arwady,J.W, (1987),Training needs assessment , Englewood Cliffs,N.J, :Educational Technology Publications, Inc.
     Rost,J.C. (1993).Leadership In the future.In W.E.Rosenbach&
     R.L.Taylor (eds),Contemporary Issues In Leadership (3rd ed.)
     (pp.220-228) .Boulder: Westview Press.
     Sashkin,M. & Rosenbach,W.E. (1993). A new leadersbip paradigm. Inc`.E. Rosenbach & R.L.Taylor (eds) ,Contemporary Issues In Leadership (3rd ed.) (pp.87-108) .Boulder:\\,lestview Press.
     Schein,E.H. (1987). The clinical perspective In fieldwork. Newbuy Park, CA : Sage.
     Scbein,E.H. (1992) .Organizational culture and leadership (2nd ed.). San Francisco,CA:Jossey-Bass Publishers.
     Seltzer,J. , & Bass, B.M. (1990) . Transformatinal leadership: beyond initiation and consideration.Journal of Management,16(4),693-703.
     Silin,R.F.(1976).Lesdership and values:The organization of largescal Taiwan enterprise.Cambridge,HA:Harvard University Press.(~~~1B :1:1 ` 1995b)
     Tannebaum,R., & Schmidt,Vi.H. (1983) .How to cboose a leadership pattern. In W.R.Lassey & M.Sashkin (eds.), Leadership And Social Change (pp.39-58).San Diego:University Associates.
     Tannenbaum,S. J.,& Yukl,G. (1992) .Training and development in work organizations.Annual Review of Psychology,43,399-441.
     Tepper,B.J.(1993).Patterns of downward influence and follower conformity In transactional and transformational leadership.
     Academy of Management Best Papers Proceedings,267-271.
     Training editoral board. (1994). Industry report 1994: an overview of employee training in America.Training,31(10),29-75.
     Wexley,K.N.,& Latham,G.P. (1981).Developing and Training Human Resources in Organizations.Glenview,IL:Scott,Foresman.
     Wexley,K.N.,& Latham,G.P. (1991) .Developing and Training Human Resources in Organizations.New York:HarperCollins Publiishers Inc.
     Yetton,P .W., & Vroom,V.H. (1978).Tbe Vroom-Yetton model of leadersbip: an review.In B.King, S.Streufert, & F.E.Fiedler (eds. ) (pp.133-149).1tiashington,D.C. :V.H.Winston & Sons.
     Yukl,G.(l994). Leadership in organizations (3rd ed.).Englewood Cliffs,NJ:Prentice Hall.
     YukI ,G., & Van Fleet D.D. (1991). Theory and research on leadership in organizations. Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology , 507-619.
     Zalenzik,A.(1993).Managers and leaders:are they different? In W.E.Rosenbach & R.L.Taylor (eds), Contemporary Issues In
     Leadership (3rd ed. )(pp.36-56) .Boulder:Westview Press.
     Zig a rm i , P ., & Zig arm i , D. (1985 ) . Lea d e r s b i pan d the 0 n e ill i nute manager:leader`s guide/discussion Manual. Escondido,CA : Blanchard Training & Development.		zh_TW