淡水的法教、道法關係及年例祭天儀式－以忠義宮、保安廟及福德廟府為核心的探討

Abstract

本文所主要探討問題，計有如下三類：一、淡水法教的主要派別、源流、儀式及特色為何？二、淡水法教法師的地位、功能、角色及其與宮廟、道士和童乩的關係和異同到底為何？三、道法二教所主持之年例祭天儀式的象徵、意涵、功能、作用及其背後之文化、心理和哲學的基礎為何？經由本文的分析整理得出，淡水的法教，至少存在三奶、九天、茅山及天師等幾個不同的傳承，其中尤以三奶法的傳播最廣。正因淡水法教的流派甚多，是以其儀式種類、內涵、施行方法、傳承方式及與道士、童乩和廟宇的具體關係，自然也相當多元而各有異同。本文後半所著力探討的濱海三廟，即可見出其中的細部差異；但在這些差異表象的背後，本文亦針對三廟之祭天儀式進行深入剖析，認為其中實存在一個人類生命及自然宇宙所共同擁有的存有規律及秩序。

This article explores the following issues: (1) What are the sects, origins, development, rituals and characteristics of Tamsui`s Faism? (2) What are the status, function, roles of Tamsui`s Faist Priests and the relations between Daoists, Faist priests and spirit mediums? (3) What are the symbols, meaning, function and cultural, philosophical and psychological foundations of Tamsui`s annual heaven-sacrificing rituals? After a thorough investigation, we find there are many Faist sects such as Sannai, Mao-shan, Tianshi, and Jiutianxuannü in Tamsui. Among these sects, Sannai sect is the most important one. Owing to having so many sects, the rituals, spread and relations between Daoism and Faism are complex and diverse. The last part of this article concentrates on the characteristics of the Zongyi, Baoan and Fudemiaofu temples. By carefully comparing the similarities and dissimilarities between these three temples, we find an analogous purpose and cosmic order underlying the annual heaven-sacrificing rituals of these temples.