內生化策略性貿易、出口學習效果以及對外直接投資: 國際貿易政策與理論論文三篇

Abstract

本篇論文利用三個章節探討三個與國際貿易相關的主題。第一個主題是策略性貿易政策的相關議題，第二個主題探討出口學習效果對廠商出口行為的影響，第三個主題研究出口學習效果與對外直接投資學習效果如何影響廠商的貿易決策。\n本文第二章討論在經典的策略性貿易政策模型架構之下，當廠商可以自行選擇要用數量還是價格做策略性變數時，政府的最適貿易政策為何。 我們得到兩個主要結論: (1) 在符合一些合理的假設之下，兩家廠商皆會選擇數量作為其策略性變數在第三國市場競爭。(2) 因為兩國皆選擇數量為策略性變數，故廠商的競爭型態為庫諾競爭，此時最適的貿易政策為政府補貼本國的出口廠商。\n本文第三章討論在異質廠商的架構之下，出口學習效果如何影響廠商的出口決策。主要的結論有: (1) 比起沒有出口學習效果，廠商更有意願出口，因為透過出口廠商可以提升自身的生產力。有些廠商甚至會在出口利潤為負的情況下選擇出口。(2) 出口廠商以及非出口廠商之間存在著一段生產力的差距，亦即最差的出口廠商其生產力仍高於最好的非出口廠商一段距離。\n本文第四章延伸第三章的模型，加入了廠商可以選擇對外直接投資的選項，且對外直接投資與出口皆存在著學習效果。本章的主要結論為: (1) 當兩者的學習效果大小相異時，廠商的出口和對外投資決策存在著微弱的互補關係。(2) 當兩者的學習效果相等時，廠商只會選擇出口或是對外直接投資其中一種方式來將其產品賣至國外市場。

This thesis explores three topics of international trade in three chapters. One is about strategic trade policy and the other two analyze in a firm’s behavior given the existence of technological learning effect of exporting and making FDI.\n\nChapter 2 discusses the home government’s optimal export policy when a firm can endogenously choose its strategic variable in a classic strategic trade policy model structure. Two conclusions are obtained. First, under some moderate, reasonable constraints, two firms (domestic and foreign firms) will compete in quantity in the third country. Second, since a Cournot results appear, the optimal export policy for the home government is to subsidy its export firm.\n\nChapter 3 constructs a model that captures the features of learning-by-exporting to analyze a firm’s export decision based on a heterogeneous firms structure. The main results are: First, compared with the case of no learning effect, a firm is more willing to export since it can upgrade its productivity. Moreover, a firm might export even it has negative export profit. Second, a productivity gap emerges between exporters and non-exporters. The least productive exporters are still more productive than the non-exporters.\n\nChapter 4 extends the model in Chapter 3. A Firm can use two ways to serve the foreign countries, exporting or making foreign direct investment. There is a learning effect (productivity improvement) on both activities; the magnitude of the learning effect can be symmetric or asymmetric. The main result is that a weakly complementary relationship between export and foreign direct investment may emerge in the case when the learning effect is asymmetric. Conversely, in the case of symmetric learning effect, a firm will use export or foreign direct investment to serve all foreign markets, but not both.