全球永續發展與學校綠建築規畫之探析

Abstract

工業革命之後，人口激增、工業發達，環境資源過度消耗，使得地球環境遭逢前所未有之危機，如臭氧層破壞、溫室效應、全球暖化、淡水資源減少、有害廢棄物的污染等，「永續發展」（sustainable development）乃成為全球的趨勢。全球永續發展理念的推展，帶動各國建立綠建築指標及學校綠建築的推展。 本文先要略介紹地球環境危機和全球永續發展趨勢，並說明世界各國推廣學校綠建築的概況，包括澳洲的永續學校、英國的生態學校、美國的健康學校及加拿大的種子學校，以資借鏡。同時，引介臺灣學校綠建築規畫，並實地觀察33所綠色學校（國中4校、國小13校，計17校）、永續校園（計國小8校）和新設學校（國中3校、國小5校，計8校）為研究對象，以了解臺灣國中小學校綠建築規畫的重點和主要問題。總之，學校綠建築是一個很新的理論與實務工作，也是莫之能禦的世界趨勢，我們不但需儘快了解，也需加緊腳步，跟上隊伍。 After the Industrial Revolution, the world population increases significantly and at the same time, industry becomes prosperous and technology progresses dramatically, which in turn results in an over-consumption of environmental resources and puts the Earth’s environment at an unprecedented risk. For instance, the Ozone layer is being depleted, the greenhouse effect is triggered, global warming begins to threaten, fresh water becomes scarce, toxic wastes increases and the environment is suffering. Therefore, “sustainable development” has now become an overwhelming global trend. The idea of sustainable development has encouraged countries around the world to establish exemplary green building, and even schools in those countries have practiced the very idea. This article refers to the environmental problem of the Earth and the global trend of the sustainable development, and profiles how certain countries practice the idea of green school buildings which include the Sustainable School program in Australia, the Eco-school movement in England, the Healthy School system in USA, and the Seed School program in Canada, with a view to getting us ready to be their emulators. Meanwhile, the planning of green school building in Taiwan will be introduced and a total of 33 green schools (4 junior high schools and 13 elementary schools), sustainable schools (8 elementary schools), and new-built schools (3 junior high schools and 5 elementary schools) are surveyed to give a clear picture of the major points of the planning practiced in those schools and the emerging problems we are to deal with. The idea of green school building is a quite new theory, which requires accumulating practical experience. When the whole world is engaged in this task, it is high time to pick it up.