Paulo Freire批判意識概念重建及其在社區大學實踐經驗之研究

Abstract

本研究旨在重建弗雷勒的批判意識概念，重建工作計有四個部份，六項步驟。首先是問題意識之釐析，藉由整理國內外學界關於弗雷勒思想的反省與爭議，指出弗雷勒思想的既有侷限與問題，以說明重建之必要與方向。第二部份則依據「人—世界」關係取向之詮釋框架，將弗雷勒批判意識概念，重建為三個基本向度：1.以批判性的自我覺察為前提，2.對於存在處境的整體性反思，3.超越界限處境以朝向人性化的越界行動。第三部份的兩項步驟，則分別藉助世界現象學、哲學詮釋學和批判理論、女性主義等當代主要哲學、社會、政治思想，來釐清並豐富這個概念架構所涉及的思想內涵，建立起一個更能處理當代核心問題的概念架構。第四部份亦分為兩項步驟，首先以此重建後的概念架構，反思台灣社區大學運動之知識解放理念，並透過一門課程的實踐經驗，詳細解析有助於學習者發展批判意識之課程結構、教材選擇以及教學方法；第二項步驟則是將批判意識概念三個基本向度，及其重建後的概念內涵，融入於「聆聽」這個人與自身以及世界的批判性互動，以提供一個發展批判意識的一般性實踐方案，如此方能從社大辦學整體的層次，探究有哪些重要的學習經驗，有助於學習者與自己以及與世界的關係的連結與深化，以說明就社大辦學的整體而言，其批判意識之實踐的方向與可能性。

This study is aiming at the reconstruction of Freire’s idea of critical consciousness. There have been four parts and six steps in this reconstruction. In the first part, some fundamental limitations of Freire’s thought have been identified, and the need of this reconstruction work and its orientation are thereby clarified. In the next, Freire’s idea of critical consciousness is reconstructed as three basic dimensions based on the framework of human-world relation as follows: 1. presupposed with critical self-awareness. 2. reflection of the totality of the existing situations. 3. limit-actions to transcend the limit-situations in order toward humanization. In the third part, there are two steps to discuss contemporary philosophical, political and social thought, such as the phenomenology of world, philosophical hermeneutics, critical theory and feminism, for the clarification of the meaning involved in this reconstructed framework of critical consciousness. The last part also has two steps. At first, the dispute regarding the fundamental spirit of Taiwan’s community university movement--emancipation of knowledge, is reviewed and settled via the reconstructed framework of critical consciousness. Based on this review, the practice of a curriculum--“Taiwan’s colonial experiences during Japan period”, is analyzed to demonstrate the principle and method for the design of curriculum, the selection and organization of teaching material, and the teaching method for the learner to develop critical consciousness. At last, the three basic dimensions of critical consciousness are combined into a critical way of human-world interaction—listening, as a general guideline for the practice in the community university. According to this general guideline, there are some learning experiences which are helpful to foster learner’s critical consciousness and can be created in all curriculum and learning activity. Therefore, it is possible for the community university to develop the critical consciousness in all their practices and this reconstruction work has provided clear elucidation.