Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://ah.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/33630
DC FieldValueLanguage
dc.contributor.advisor周陽山zh_TW
dc.contributor.author蔡冰冰zh_TW
dc.contributor.authorTsai,Ping-pingen_US
dc.creator蔡冰冰zh_TW
dc.creatorTsai,Ping-pingen_US
dc.date2004en_US
dc.date.accessioned2009-09-17T09:44:16Z-
dc.date.available2009-09-17T09:44:16Z-
dc.date.issued2009-09-17T09:44:16Z-
dc.identifierG0902630031en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/33630-
dc.description碩士zh_TW
dc.description國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description俄羅斯研究所zh_TW
dc.description90263003zh_TW
dc.description93zh_TW
dc.description.abstract本論文是以1996年俄羅斯總統選舉為分析主體,並從葉爾欽政府現狀、媒體經營者的利益、媒體本身的作為和俄羅斯選民的態度等四個面向來探討俄羅斯媒體自由化的轉變。按此,本論文共分成五章,第一章為緒論,說明研究動機、研究方法同時整理分析相關文獻。1996年總統選舉是俄羅斯媒體參與最深的一次選舉活動,媒體大亨為了保障自身利益,紛紛透過傳播媒體製造輿論,協助葉爾欽步上連任之路。由於,此時的俄羅斯選民,同時被民主制度的自由和共產主義的穩定所吸引。因此,媒體傾力幫助葉爾欽重新灌輸民眾--這次的總統選舉不是在選候選人,而是在選擇兩個根本不同的體系和生活型態。第二章首先對蘇聯時期和俄羅斯聯邦的媒體生態作一概論性介紹,並且深入探討媒體自由化、市場化和集團化對整個媒體產業和俄羅斯民眾的影響。第三章開始介紹1996年總統選舉各個候選人的背景、民調支持率和選舉結果。第四章則針對俄羅斯聯邦法律有關媒體在選舉活動中的規範,以及各個總統候選人與電視媒體的合作關係,分析媒體影響選舉過程和結果的操作手法。第五章為結論,透過1996年的總統選舉個案與媒體運作模式的分析,揭示俄羅斯媒體自公開性之後的媒體自由化現象。透過選舉的合法過程和媒體的幫助,導致俄羅斯政治家和金融寡頭們更加忽視人民的利益和態度,相信選舉結果關鍵不在於民衆的態度,而在於誰的資金雄厚,誰對媒體控制得更緊。電視螢幕沒有呈現人民的需要與聲音,公民意見無法體現,反倒成為政治人物與媒體寡頭意見集中體現與爭執的地方。這些紛爭導致政府績效不佳,社會問題加劇,媒體自由化程度退化。zh_TW
dc.description.tableofcontents第一章 緒論....................................1\n第一節□膍s動機與研究方法......................1\n一、研究動機....................................1\n二、研究方法....................................4\n第二節 研究途徑與章節架構.......................5\n一、研究途徑....................................5\n二、章節架構....................................9\n第三節 文獻分析.................................11\n\n第二章 蘇聯結束後的媒體生態.....................18\n第一節 蘇聯時期的傳媒運作及歷史遺產.............18\n一、蘇聯時期的媒體運作與管理模式................18\n二、蘇聯統治時期的歷史遺產......................22\n第二節 俄羅斯聯邦的傳媒生態與基本類型...........27\n一、報紙........................................29\n二、廣播電台....................................33\n三、電視........................................36\n第三節 媒體自由化與市場化.......................43\n一、媒體自由化..................................43\n二、市場化......................................49\n第四節 民營化、媒體大亨崛起與媒體集團化現象 ....54\n\n第三章 俄羅斯總統候選人與1996年競選活動.........64\n第一節 俄羅斯總統候選人的背景與民調.............64\n一、俄羅斯聯邦總統的產生........................64\n二、俄羅斯總統候選人選前的民調支持率............68\n三、俄羅斯總統候選人的背景......................71\n第二節 競選議題、選舉活動與結果.................88\n 一、葉爾欽與朱加諾夫兩強競爭................88\n 二、取消選舉................................97\n 三、其他候選人邊緣化........................98\n 四、總統選舉結果............................99\n\n第四章 俄羅斯總統選舉中的媒體運作...............105\n 第一節 媒體與選舉運作的法制相關規範............105\n 第二節 候選人與媒體的合作與對立關係............113\n 一、葉爾欽與電視媒體的合作.................114\n 二、朱加諾夫與電視傳播媒體的對立...........119\n 三、曝光率與選舉結果的分析.................123\n\n第五章 結論:俄羅斯媒體自由化的演變分析.........129\n\n參考資料........................................132\n附錄一 1996年6月16日第一輪總統選舉投票數據......138\n附錄二 1996年7月3日第二輪總統選舉投票數據.......139\n附錄三 俄羅斯聯邦法律《大眾傳播媒體法》.........143\n\n圖 目 錄\n圖1-2-1:政治傳播模式...........................5\n圖2-2-1:1996年5月6日至7月16日各家電台對各個總統候選人報導時間分布..............................................34\n圖2-2-2:1996年6月24日至7月1日各家電台對葉爾欽和久加諾夫報導時間分布............................................35\n圖2-4-1:古辛斯基...............................57\n圖2-4-2:別列佐夫斯基...........................58\n圖2-4-3:斯摩林斯基.............................60\n圖2-4-4:維亞希列夫.............................61\n圖2-4-5:波塔寧.................................62\n圖3-1-1:第二回合選票樣本.......................66\n圖3-1-2 投票須知................................68\n圖3-1-3:總統候選人公報.........................68\n圖3-1-4:葉爾欽.................................71\n圖3-1-5:朱加諾夫...............................75\n圖3-1-6:列別德.................................79\n圖3-1-7:雅夫林斯基.............................81\n圖3-1-8:日里諾夫斯基...........................83\n圖3-1-9:費奧多羅夫.............................85\n圖3-2-1:第二輪選舉開票過程.....................103\n圖4-2-1:葉爾欽選舉陣營攻擊朱加諾夫和共產黨的負面宣傳廣告...116\n圖4-2-2:葉爾欽參加搖滾演唱會...................117\n圖4-2-3:朱加諾夫的文宣品.......................120\n圖4-2-4:朱加諾夫攻擊葉爾欽的負面宣傳廣告.......122\n圖4-2-5:1996年5月6日至7月16日各個總統候選人報導時間分布....125\n圖4-2-6:第一輪選舉前三個全國頻道對各個總統候選人報導時間分布..............................................126\n圖4-2-7:1996年6月17日至7月1日葉爾欽和朱加諾夫在三個全國頻道的報導時間分布......................................127\n圖4-2-8:1996年5月6日到7月3日三個全國頻道對葉爾欽和朱加諾夫兩位總統候選人正面和負面報導時間分布................128\n\n表 目 錄\n表2-1-1:1940年至1990年間俄羅斯境內報紙發行量..............21\n表2-2-1:傳媒消費的基本型態................................29\n表3-1-1:1996年俄羅斯總統候選人支持率......................69\n表3-2-1:葉爾欽與朱加諾夫的政見比較........................96\n表3-2-2:各主要社會調查機構對第一輪投票結果的預測..........100\n表3-2-3:1996年6月16日總統選舉第一輪投票各候選人得票率.....100\n表3-2-4:1996年7月3日第二輪投票候選人的得票率和投票人數....104\n表4-2-1:朱加諾夫支持率....................................121\n表4-2-2:葉爾欽和朱加諾夫四月底到六月底的民調比較..........127\n表5-1:1995年到1997年間俄羅斯媒體自由度變化................131zh_TW
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dc.source.urihttp://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0902630031en_US
dc.subject俄羅斯總統選舉zh_TW
dc.subject俄羅斯媒體zh_TW
dc.subject傳播媒體zh_TW
dc.subject自由化zh_TW
dc.subject媒體集團zh_TW
dc.subject寡頭zh_TW
dc.subject俄羅斯傳媒法zh_TW
dc.title俄羅斯傳播媒體自由化之分析:以1996年俄羅斯總統選舉為例zh_TW
dc.typethesisen
dc.relation.reference壹、英文部分zh_TW
dc.relation.reference一、書籍zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceDanks, Catherine. Russian Politics and Society: An Introduction. England: Longman, 2001.zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceDean, Alger. The Media and Politics. Belmont: Wadsworth Pub, 1996.zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceGraber, Doris A.. Media Power in Politics. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press, 1994.zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceGraffy, Julian., Hosking Geoffrey A., Culture and the Media in the USSR Today. London: Macmillan, 1989.zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceHough, Jerry F.. , Evelyn Davidheiser and Susan Goodrich Lehmann, The 1996 Russian Presidential Election. Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1996.zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceMcFaul, Michael. Russia’s 1996 Presidential Election- The end of Polarized Politics. California: Hoover Institution Press, Stanford University, 1997.zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceMcFaul, Michael. Russia between Elections: What the 1995 Parliamentary Elections Really Mean. Washington D. C.: Carnegie Edowment for International Peace, 1996.zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceMickiewicz Ellen Propper, “Television, Campaigning, and Elections in the Soviet Union and Post-Soviet Russia, ”Politics, Media, and Modern Democracy : An International Study of Innovations in Electoral Campaigning and Their Consequences . Edited by David L. Swanson and Mancini. Westport Conn.: Praeger, 1996.zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceMickiewicz Ellen Propper, Changing Channels: Television and the Struggle for Power in Russia. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceOates, Sarah. “Politics and the Media”, Developments in Russian Politics. Edited by Stephen White, Alex Pravda and Zvi Gitelman, Hampshire: Palgrave,2001.zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceRoskin, Michael G.. Countries and Concepts: An Introduction to Comparative Politics, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1995.zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceStephen, White. Communist and Postcommunist Political Systems: An Introduction. London: Macmillan Education, 1990.zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceThe American University and Moscow State University, Demokratizatsiya: the Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization. Heldref Publications in cooperation with The American University and Moscow State University, 1994.zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceWhite, Stephen., Alex Pravda and Zvi Gitelman. Developments in Russian and Post-Soviet Politics. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1994.zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceWhite, Stephen.,Richard Rose and Ian McAllister, How Russia Votes. New Jersey: Chatham House Publishers, 1997.zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceWhite,Stephen. After Gorbachev. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993.zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceWyman, Matthew. Public Opinion in Postcommunist Russia. London: Macmillan, 1997.zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceZassoursky Yassen, Vartanova Elena. Changing Media and Communications. Moscow: Faculty of Journalism & Publisher ICAR, 1998.zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceZassoursky, Ivan. Media and Power in Post-Soviet Russia, London: M.E. Sharpe, 2004.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference二、期刊zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceAndrounas, Elena. “The Struggle for Control over Soviet Television” Journal of Communication, 1991, Vol.40, Issue2.zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceBecker, Jonathan. “Lessons from Russia: A Neo-Authoritarian Media System” European Journal of Communication, 2004, Vol.19, Issue 2.zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceCoudenhove, Sophia. “Russian Papers Press Hard for Yeltsin” Moscow Times, 1996, Vol.6.zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceFord, Peter. “Russia´s Free Press Opts not to Play Fair before Elections”Christian Science Monitor, 1996, Vol.88, Issue106.zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceKalb, Marvin. “The Russian Oligarchs and the Press Interview with the First Deputy Minister Boris Nemtsov” The Harvard International Journal of Press Politics, 1999, Vol.4, Issue3.zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceKramer, Michael. “Rescuing Boris: The Secret Story of How Four U.S. Advisers Used Polls, Focus Group, Negative Ads and All The Other Techniques of American Campaigning to Help Boris Yeltsin Win.” Time International, July 15, 1996, Vol.148, Issue 4.zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceLipman, Masha., Michael Mcfaul. “Managed Democracy in Russia-Putin and the Press” The Harvard International Journal of Press Politics, 2001,Vol 6, Issue3.zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceMacKenzie, David. “Whither Russia : Democracy or Communism ?” Historian, 1996,Vol.59 , Issue 1.zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceMcCormack, Gillian. “Patterns of Media Control in Post-Soviet Elections” Russia and Eurasia Review, 2002, Vol.1, Issue10.zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceMcNair, Brian. “Media in Post-Soviet Russia: An Overview” European Journal of Communication, 1994, Vol. 9, Issue2.zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceMickiewicz, Ellen Propper. “Piracy, Policy, and Russia´s Emerging Media Market” The Harvard Journal of Press/Politics, 2001, Vol.6, Issue2.zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceOates, Sarah. “Roselle Laura, “Russian Elections and TV News: Comparison of Campaign News on State-Controlled and Commercial Television Channels” The Harvard Journal of Press/Politics, Vol5, Issue2.zh_TW
dc.relation.referencePankin, Alexei. “Economic Constraints on Media Independence and Pluralism in Eastern and Central Europe”,1998, Vol.7, Issue1.zh_TW
dc.relation.referencePankin, Alexei. “Russia´s Elections Misreported” Press/Politics, 1997, Vol.2, Issue1.zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceWhite, Stephen., McAllister Ian and Oates Sarah. “Was It Russian Public Television That Won It?” The Harvard Journal of Press/Politics, 2002, Vol.7, Issue2.zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceWhite, Stephen., Oates Sarah. “Politics and the Media in Postcommunist Russia” Politics, 2003, Vol.23, Issue1.zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceZarycky, George. “A Primer on the Russian Elections” Freedom Review, 1996, Vol.27, Issue3.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference三、英文網站zh_TW
dc.relation.reference1.Archive, http://archive.tol.cz/Publications/RPE/Index.htmlzh_TW
dc.relation.reference2.Boston University, http://www.bu.edu/iscip/vol8/Korotich.htmlzh_TW
dc.relation.reference3.Columbia international affair online, www.ciaonet.orgzh_TW
dc.relation.reference4.Freedom house, www.freedomhouse.orgzh_TW
dc.relation.reference5.Law on Mass Media, http://www.internews.ru/law/massmedia/zh_TW
dc.relation.reference6.Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty , www.rferl.orgzh_TW
dc.relation.reference7.Russia media links, www.uta.fi/~tijupie/linkit.htmlzh_TW
dc.relation.reference8.Russia media, http://media-ru.comzh_TW
dc.relation.reference9.Russian Media, www.russianmedia.dezh_TW
dc.relation.reference10.Slavic Research Center, http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/index-e.htmlzh_TW
dc.relation.reference11.The center for strategic and International studies, www.csis.org/press/index.cfmzh_TW
dc.relation.reference12.The European Institute for the Media, www.eim.orgzh_TW
dc.relation.reference13.Transition online: unique coverage of post soviet countries, www.tol.cz/look/TOLnew/home.tplzh_TW
dc.relation.reference貳、俄文部分zh_TW
dc.relation.reference一、書籍zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceС.В. Большаков, В.И. Казьмин, М.В. Гришина Н.А. Бударина, Средства Массовой Информации и Выборы, Москва:ОАО “Типография Новости”, 2003г.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference二、網站zh_TW
dc.relation.reference1. Центральная избирательная комиссия Российской Федерацииzh_TW
dc.relation.reference, http://www.cikrf.ru/zh_TW
dc.relation.reference2. Интерньюс Россия, http://www.internews.ru/report/tv/tv23.htmlzh_TW
dc.relation.reference3. Официальная Россия, www.gov.ruzh_TW
dc.relation.reference4. Интегрум, www.nns.ruzh_TW
dc.relation.reference5. СССР, http://cccp.narod.ruzh_TW
dc.relation.reference參、中文部分zh_TW
dc.relation.reference(一)中文書籍zh_TW
dc.relation.reference胡逢瑛、吳非著。 透視蘇俄傳媒轉型變局。台北:秀威資訊科技,2005年。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference趙竹成 著。 俄羅斯聯邦體制的憲政基礎及其衝突。台北:韋伯文化,2002年。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference岳永紅 編。 當代俄羅斯社會與文化。上海:上海外語教育出版社,2001年。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference孔寒冰 編。 當代各國政治體制-俄羅斯。蘭州:蘭州大學出版社,2001年。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference奈葛林(Negrine, Ralp)著。 媒體與政治。台北:木棉,2001年。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference吳玉山 著。 俄羅斯轉型1992-1999年:一個政治經濟學的分析。台北:五南,2000年。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference董曉陽 著。 俄羅斯利益集團。北京:當代世界出版社,1999年。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference劉向文 著。 俄羅斯聯邦憲政制度。北京:法律出版社,1999年。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference李萬來 著。 電視傳播與政治。台北:正中書局,1995年。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference李瞻 著。 世界新聞史。台北:三民書局,1993年。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference周陽山 著。 自由與權威。台北:三民,1990年zh_TW
dc.relation.reference邵定康 著。各國憲法與新聞自由。台北:新聞記者公會,1970年。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference(二)中文期刊zh_TW
dc.relation.reference王承宗 著。 「前蘇聯與俄羅斯傳媒之研究」,問題與研究。台北:1999年11月,第三十八卷第十一期。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference(三)中文網站zh_TW
dc.relation.reference張盛發,〈論戈巴契夫改革在俄國現代化進程中的歷史地位〉,《公法評論》。 http://www.gongfa.com/zhangsfgeerbaqiaofu.htmzh_TW
dc.relation.reference程曼麗,轉型期俄羅斯新聞業透視,《國際新聞界》。 http://news3.xinhuanet.com/newmedia/2003-06/28/content_943145.htmzh_TW
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