歐盟創新制度之研究-兼論對台灣創新制度之啟示

Abstract

創新是指將發明本身商品化，亦指將創意或發明轉換為產品或服務的過程。創新的結果是產生新產品、產生新製程、打開新市場、獲得新補給來源、更是任何產業新組織體系的實行。創造創新經濟是創新的最終目標。隨著1980年美國拜杜法案 (Bayh-Dole Act) 制定通過，我國參考其政策亦於1999年跟進制定與實施「科技基本法」。十年以來，我國學研單位之研發成果透過技術移轉與境外實施推及商業化落實之預期效益仍相當有限，顯見由於文化及產業環境不盡相同的關係，美國之經驗對我國並不全然適用。行政院國家科學委員會自87年起推動7項國家型科技計畫，投入總經費八百四十一億餘元，總計產出二千七百一十四項專利中，以技術移轉者一千五百零四項，取得權利金二十一點七六億餘元，技術移轉獲取的權利金收入與投資金額比率只達4.03%，效能不彰，因此監察院教育及文化委員會於99年5月13日通過監委黃煌雄提案，糾正國科會。由於在產業環境及文化型態上，歐洲與臺灣有許多相似之處；例如：中小企業在產業中的比重，產業升級與轉型的壓力，文化傳統中對穩定及安全的依賴，研發體系與產業界相對的疏離等等。事實上，歐盟為了加強科技研發與創新之間的聯繫，採取一連串有益中小企業的措施，在這些機制與措施的影響下，歐盟各學術研究機構不論在專利申請、佈局與技術移轉、授權的發展方面已經有後來居上的態勢。因此，本研究擬藉研究、分析歐盟相關的創新策略和產學合作運作模式，包括里斯本政策（Lisbon Strategy）、歐洲2020政策（The Europe 2020 Strategy）、最近一期的第七期科研架構計畫（Seventh Framework Programme; FP7）、歐洲投資基金（European Investment Fund; EIF）、歐洲各地技術平台（European Technology Platforms; ETPs）、以及瑪麗亞凱利人力網絡系統（Marie Curie Networks）的組織架構、資金來源等，期能提供我國相關單位實際執行創新科學技術之規劃產生、產出技術之經營與技轉等，可茲借鏡之制度與作法。

Innovation is the commercialization of the invention itself. Innovation is the process of translating an idea or invention into a good or service that creates value or for which customers will pay. Innovation brings the introduction of new goods, new methods of production, the opening of new markets, the conquest of new sources of supply, and the carrying out of a new organization of any industry. The final object of innovation is to create economic benefits.\n\n“Science and Technology Act” of Taiwan referring to the Bayh-Dole Act of U.S.A. was enacted in 1999. During the past ten years, the universities and research institutions in Taiwan worked with limited results in the field of research and development. The effectiveness through technology transfer and off-shore technology transfer was quite limited in Taiwan. Obviously, the U.S.A. experiences are not totally fit to Taiwan, because of different cultural and environmental factors. National Science Council of Taiwan was corrected by Control Yuan of Taiwan because of their low effectiveness to carry out the National Science and Technology Projects. National Science Council of Taiwan spent 84.1 billions NT dollars on seven National Science and Technology Projects, but there are only 2.176 billions NT dollars feedback through technology transfer, only 4.03% of the investment.\n\nEurope and Taiwan are quite similar in industrial and cultural environments, such as the proportion of small and medium enterprises in the industry, the heavy pressure of Industrial upgrading and transformation, the dependence of the stability and security of the cultural traditions, and the relative alienation between R & D system and industry. In fact, in order to strengthen the links between the scientific and technological R & D and innovation, European Union took a serious of useful measures. Under those measures, the universities and research institutes in European Union have come from behind the trend, whether in the patent application, the technology transfer, and the patent licensing.\n\nThe aim of this study is to provide Taiwanese government the actual implementation of the innovation of science and technology planning by analyzing the innovative strategies, the industry-university cooperation mode of operation, the organizational structure of innovative R & D system, and the funding sources of innovation development in EU, including the Lisbon Strategy, the Europe 2020 Strategy, the \nSeventh Framework Programme, the European Investment Fund, the European Technology Platforms, and the Marie Curie Networks.