1. NCCU Academic Hub
  2. 學術產出
  3. College of Communication
  4. Theses
  5. Item

學術產出-Theses

Article View/Open

Publication Export

Google ScholarTM

政大圖書館

Citation Infomation

  • No doi shows Citation Infomation
題名 電視新聞暴力內容對兒童之涵化效果初探
作者 黃明明
HUANG, MING-MING
貢獻者 臧國仁
黃明明
HUANG, MING-MING
日期 1992
1991
上傳時間 2-May-2016 15:11:47 (UTC+8)
參考文獻 參考書目
     一、中文部份
     王石番，「電視對兒童的影響」，報學，七卷九期，民國七十六年。
     中華民國新聞評議委員會，「研究分析:電視暴力、血腥畫面頻頻出現，本會籲請媒體妥善處理相關報導」新聞評議， 212期，民國八十一年八月。
     李金銓，大眾傳播理論。台北:三民書局，民國七十三年。
     李瞻，電視對兒童的影響。國科會研究報告，民國五十九年。
     吳翠珍，「影響兒童電視觀看時間因素之分析」，新聞學研究，第四十四輯，民國八十年。
     呂鍾卿，「我國兒童認同對象之研究」，國立台灣師範大學教育研究所碩士論文，民國七十六年。
     林本傳，學生學業成就測驗的社會性因素研究。高雄:炘光出版社，民國六十四年。
     林紅李，台北市國中學生社會化行為與傳播行為相關性研究」，國立政治大學新聞研究所碩士論文，民國六十七年。
     林清山，心理與教育統計學。台北:東華書局，民國七十四年。
     林豐盛，「刻板印象、人格特質與媒介使用關聯性- -根影集的放果研究」，國立政治大學新聞研究所碩士論文，民國六十七年。
     范淑娟，「兒童電視收視行為與職業性別刻板印象之關聯性研究」，國立政治大學新聞研究所碩士論文，民國八十年。
     翁秀琪，大眾傳播理論與實証。台北:三民書局，民國八十一年。
     徐秀月，「電視卡通、家庭傳播方式興兒童道德判斷──以台北縣永和市網溪國小、私立及人小學、土城鄉土城國小、貢寮鄉貢寮國小為例」，私立輔仁大學大眾傳播研究所碩士論文，民國七十七年。
     郭為藩，「電視影響兒童社會學習之研究」，國立師範大學教育研究所集刊，第二十三輯，民國七十年。
     郭為藩，「電視影響兒童認知發展之研究」國立師範大學教育研究所集刊，第二十二輯，民國六十九年。
     陳世敏，兒童收看電視情形暨電視節目對兒童之影響」民意測驗月刊」，民七十五。
     陳炳宏，「我國報紙符號真實與客觀真之分析與比較──以聯合報及中央日報之犯罪新聞報導為例」，國立政治大學新聞研究所碩士論文，民國七十七年。
     陳建勳，「由研究報告看電視對兒童的影響」，教育資料文摘，十卷三期，民國七 十一年。
     陳墉，電視對國民中小學學生生活影響之研究，台北:文景，民國七十三年。
     張妮秀，「高中生傳播行為與政治社會化」，國立政治大學新聞研究所碩士論文，民國七十二年。
     陸莉，「兒童看電視之調查研究」，國民教育月刊，十一卷九期，民國五十九年。
     楊文俊，「電視暴力節目對兒童侵略性的影響」，國立政治大學新聞研究所碩士論文，民國六十二年。
     趙登美，「我國報紙讀者投書版守門過程及內容分析--報紙符號真實與客觀真實的比較」，私立輔仁大學大眾傳播研究所碩士論文，民國七十八年。
     廖克玲，社會學習論巨匠班度拉。台北:風雲論擅出版社，民國八十年。
     潘家慶等人，台灣地區民眾傳播行為研究。國立政治大學新聞所，民國七十五年。
     鄭瑞城、羅文輝，「電視新聞消息來源人物之背景與呈現方式之研究」，國科會研究報告，民國七十七年。
     鍾行憲，「電視暴力的效果問題」，新聞學人，一卷三期，民國六十年。
     羅文坤，「電視對青少年影響之研究- -不同暴力程度的電視節目對不同焦慮程度及暴力接觸程度的國中學生在暴力態度上的差異」，國立政治大學新聞研究所碩士論文，民國六十五年。
     羅文輝，「電視對青少年的影響」，報學，八卷一期，民國七十七年。
     羅文輝、鍾蔚文，「電視新聞對青少年政治知識的影響」，新聞學研究，四十五期，民國八十年。
     
     二、英文部分
     Adoni, H. and Mane , S, "Media and social construction of reality , toward an integration of theory and research." Communication Research , 11 (3) , 1984 , pp.323
     -340.
     Adoni, H., Cohen. A. A. , and Mane , S , "Social reality and television news! perceptual dimensions of social conflicts in selected life areas." Journal of Broadcasting , 28 (1), 1984 , PP. 33-49.
     Albrecht. M. C. , "Does literature reflect common values? “American Sociology Review , 21(6) , pp.722-729.
     Alexander, Y., “Adolescents’ soap opera viewing and relational perceptions." Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media , 29 (3) , 1985 , pp.295 - 308.
     Altheide. D. L. , Media Power. Beverly Hills , CA. :Sage ,1985.
     Anderson , J. A. , "Research on children and television: a critique." Journal of Broadcasting , 25(4). 1981 , pp.395-400.
     Andison , S. , "Television violence and viewer aggression: a cumulation of study results. 1956-1976." Public Opinion Quarterly , 41 , 1977 , pp.314-331.
     Atkin , C. K. , "Communication and political socialization." Political Communication Review , 1 ,1975 , pp.2-7.
     "Broadcasting news programming and the child audience." Journal of Broadcasting , 22 , 1978 , pp.47-61.
     "Effects of realistic TV violence vs. fictional violence on aggression." Journalism Quarterly , 60(4) ,1983 , pp.615-621.
     Atkin , C. K. , Calloway , J. and Nayman. 0., "News media exposure , political knowledge and campaign interest." Journalism Quarterly , 53 , 1976 , pp.231-238.
     Atkin , C. K. and Gantz , W., "Television news and political socialization." Public Opinion Quarterly , 42 (2). 1978 , pp. 183-198.
     Ball-Rokeach. S. J. and DeFleur , M. L. , "A dependency model of mass-media effects." Communication Research , 3 (1), 1976 , pp.
     Bandura. A. , Social Learning. Moristown , NJ: General Learning Press , 1971.
     ────，Aggression: A Social Learning Analysis. Englewood Cliffs , NJ: Pretice-Hal l, 1973.
     ────，Social Learning Theory. Englewood Cliffs , NJ: Pretice-Hall , 1977.
     ────，”Social learning theory of aggression." Journal of Communication , Summer 1978 , pp.12-29.
     Bandura , A. , Ross , D. and Ross , S. A. , "Vicarious reinforcement and imitation learning." Journal of Abnormal and School Psychology , 67(6) , 1963 , pp.601-607.
     Becker. L. B. , McComb , M. E. and McLeod , J. H.. "The development of political cognition." In Chaffee. S. (Ed.). Political Communication: Issues and Strategies
     f or Research. Beverly Hills: Sage. 1975.
     Berger , P. and Luckmann , T. , The Social Construction of Reality. Garden City , NV: Doubleday , 1966.
     Berkowitz , L., "Situational influences on reactions to observed violence." Journal of Social Issues , 42(3) ,1986 , pp.93-106.
     Bollen , K. and Phillips , D. , "Imitative suicides: a national study of the effects of television news stories." American Sociological Review， 87 , 1982 , pp.404-412
     Bryant , J. , "The road most traveled: yet another cultivation critique." Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media , 30 , 1986 , PP. 231-235.
     Bryant , J. Zillman , D.(Eds.) , Perspectives on .Media Effects. Hillsdale , NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers , 1986.
     Buerkel-Rothfuss , H. L. and Mayes, S. , "Soap opera viewing: the cultivation effect."
     Journal of Communication , 31(3) , 198 1, pp.108-115.
     Carveth , R. and Alexander , A. , "Soap opera viewing motivations and the cultivation process." Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media , 29(3) , 1985 , pp. 259 -273.
     Chaffee , S. H. , "Television and adolescent aggressiveness (overview)." In Comstock , G. A. and Rubinstein , E. A. (Eds.) , Television and Social Behavior(Vol.3): Television and Adolescent A ggresiveness . Washington , D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office , 1972.
     Chaffee , S. . H. and Schleuder , J. , "Interaction involvement: a cognitive dimension of communicative competence." Human Communication Research , 13 ,pp.109-121.
     Chaney , D. C. , "Involvement , realism and the perception of aggression in television programmes." Human Relations , 23(5) , 1970 , pp.373-381.
     Clark , D. G. and Blankenburg , `W. G.. "Trends in violent content in selected mass media." In Comstock , G. A. and Rubinstein , E. A(Eds.) , Television and Social
     Behavior(Vol.): Mass Content and Control. Washington.U.S. Government Printing Office , 1972.
     Collins , W. A., "Interpretation and inference in children `s television viewing." Child Development , 49 ,1978 , pp.125-150.
     Collins , W. A., Sobal , B. L. and Westby , S., "Effects of adult commentary on children`s comprehension and inferences about a televised aggressive portrayal."
     Child Development , 52. 1981 , pp.158-163.
     Comstock. G., Chaffee. A. W., Katzman. N.. McCombs. M. and Roberts. D.. Television and Human Behavior. New York: Columbia University Press,1978.
     Cumberbatch. G., "Violence and the mass media: the research evidence." In Cumberbatch. G. and Howitt. D. (Eds.). A Measure of Uncertainty: The Effects of the
     Mass Media. London: John Libbey. 1989. pp.31-59.
     DeFleur , M. L. and Ball-Rokeach. S. , Theories of Mass Communication . New York: Longman, 1975
     ────，Theories of Mass Communication. New York: Longman. 1982.
     Dominick. J. R. , "Crime and law enforcement in the mass media." In Winick, C.(Ed.). Deviance and Mass Media.,Beverly Hills. CA.: Sage. 1978.
     Dominick , J. R. and Greenberg. B.S.. "Attitudes toward violence: the interaction of television exposure. family attitudes and social class." In Comstock and Rubinstein(eds.) , Television and Social Behavior(v.3),Rockville , MA: National
     Institute of Mental Health ,1972.
     Dominick , J. R. , Wurtzel, A. and Lomett i, G., "Television Journalism vs. show vusiness: a content analysis of eyewitness news." Journalism Quarterly , 52. 1975 , pp.213-218.
     Doob , A. and MacDonald , G., "Television viewing and the fear of victimization: is the relationship causal?" Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 37(2) ,1979 , pp. 170-179.
     Dorr , A., Televison and Children. Beverly Hills , CA:Sage , 1986.
     Drew , D. G. and Reese , S. D. , "Children`s learning from a television newscasting."
     Journalism Quarterly , 61 ,1984 , pp.83-88.
     Drew , D. G. and Reeves , B. , "Learning from a television news story."
     Communication Research , 7 (1), 1980 , pp.121- 135.
     ────， "Children and television news." Journalism Quarterly. 57 (1). 1980 , pp.45-54 , 114.
     Elliott ,W. R. and Slater. D. , "Exposure , experience and perceived TV reality for adolescents." Journalism Quarterly. 57(3) , 1980 , pp.409-414. 431.
     Estep , R. and Patrick T. M., "How prime time crime evolved on TV. 1976-1981."
     Journalism Quarterly , 61.1983 , pp.293-300.
     Estep, R. and McDonald, P.T., “Crime in the afternoon: murder and robbery on soap operas.” Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media , 29. 1985 , pp.323-331.
     Feshbach. S., "Reality and fantasy in filmed violence." ln Murray , J. P. , Rubinstein , E. A. and Comstock , G. A.(Eds.) , Television and Social Behavior(Vo 1. 2): Television and Social Learning . Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1972.
     Freedman. , J. L. , "Effects of television violence on aggressiveness. “Psychological Bulletin. 96(2) , 1984 ,pp.227-46.
     Funkhouser, G. and Shaw. E. F. , "How synthetic experience shapes social reality.”
     Journal of Communication , 40(2). 1990. pp.75-87.
     Ganz,H. J., “The audience for television – and in television research." In Withey, S.-B. and Abeles , R. P.(Eds.) , Television and Social Behavior: Beyond V iolence and Children. Hillsdale. NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum , 1980.
     Garramoni. G. M.. "TV news and adolescent political socialozation." In Bostrom. R. N(Ed.). Communication Yearbook 7. Beverly Hil1s. CA: Sage. 1983.
     ────"Audience motivation effects. more evidence." Communication Research. 11 (1). 1984. pp.79-96.
     Gerbner. G., "Violence in television drama: trends and symbolic function." In Murray. J. P., Rubinstein. E. A. and Comstock , G. A. (Eds.). Television and Social Behavior(Vol. 1): Media Content and Control. Washington D.C.: U. S. Government Printing Office. 1972.
     ────"Violence and terror in the mass media." Reports and Papers on Mass Communication. No.102. UNESCO , 1988.
     ────"Epiloque: advancing on the path of righteousness." In Signorielli, N. and Morgan. M. (Eds) ,C ultivation Analysis: New Directions in Media Effects Researc h. Newbury Park: Sage , 1990.
     Gerbner , G. and Gross , L. , "Living with television: the violence profile." journal of Communication. 26(2),1976. pp. 173-199.
     Gerbner , G.. Gross. L., Eleey. M., Jachson-Beech. M., Jeffries-Fax , S. and Signorielli , N., "Television violence profile No.8." Journal of Communication , 27 (2) , 1977. pp.171-180.
     ────"Cultural indicators: violence profile No.9." Journal of Communication, 28(3) , 1978 , pp.175-205.
     ────"The demonstration of power , violence profile No.10." Journal of Communication , 29(3). 1979. pp.177-196.
      Gerbner , G. , Gross , L., Morgan , M. and Signorielli , N. , "The mainstreaming of Ameraca: violence profile No.11. Journal of Communication , 30(3) , 1908a , pp.10-29.
     ────"Living with television: the dynamics of the cultivation process." In Bryant , J. and Zillman , D.(Eds.) , The Perspectives of Media Effect s. Hillsdale ,N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum , 1986.
     ────"A curious journey into the scary world of Paul Hirsch." Communication Research. 8(1). 198 1. pp.39-47.
     Gerbner. G.. Gross , L.. Signorielli. N. and Morgan. M., "Aging with television: images on television drama and concepts of social reality.” Journal of Communication.
     30( 1). 1980b. pp.37-47.
     Graber. D.,"Is crime news excessive?" Journal of Communication. 29. spring 1979. pp.81-92.
     Greenberg. B. S., "The content and context of violence in the mass media." In Baker. R. K. and Ball. J. S.(Eds. ). Mass Media and Violence(Vol.9). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1969.
     Greenberg. B. S.. "Television and role socialization: an overview." ln Pearl , D., Bouthilet , L., and Lazar. J. (Eds.). Television and Behavior: Ten Years of Scientific Progress and Implication for the Eighties. Rockville. Maryland: NIMH. 1982.
     Greenberg. B. S. and Gordon. T. F., "Children`s perceptions of television violence: a replication. In Murray. J. P., Rubinstein. E. A. and Comstock , G. A.(Eds.) , Television and Social Behavior(Vol.5): Television`s Effects: Further Exploration s. Washington
     :U.S. Government Printing Office , 1972.
     Greenberg, B. S., Neuendorf, K., Buerkel-Rothfuss, N. and Henderson, L., “The soaps: what’s on and who cares ?” Journal of Broadcasting , 26 , 1982 , pp.519-535.
     Greenberg , B. S. and Reeves B.. "Children and the perceived reality of television." Journal of social issues , 32(4) , 1976. pp.86-97.
     Gunter , B. , "Responding to news and public affairs." In Bryant J. and Zillman. D.(Eds) , Responding to the Screen: Reception and Rea6tion Processes. Hillsdale. NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates , 1991.
     Hawkins. R. P., "The dimensional structure of children`s perceptions of television reality." Communication Research. 4 (3), 1977. pp.299-320.
     Hawkins. R. P. and Pingree. S., "Some processes in the cultivation effect." Communication Research. 7(2) , 1980. pp.193-226.
     ────，"Uniform messages and habitual viewing: unnecessary assumption in social reality effects." Human Communication Research , 7(4) , 1981a , pp.291-301.
     ────"Using television to construct social reality." Journal of Broadcasting , 25(4). 1981b. pp.291-301.
     ────"Televisions influence on social reality." In Pearl. D., Bouthilet , L., and Lazar. J.(Eds.).
     Television and Behavior: Ten Years of Scientific Progress and Implication for the Eighties. Rockville. Maryland: NIHH. 1982.
     Hawkins , R. P., Pingree , S. and Adler, I., "Searching for cognitive processes in the cultivation effect." Human Communication Research.13(4) , 1987 , pp.553-577.
     Haynes , R.B. , "Children`s perceptions of comic and authentic cartoon violence."
     Journal of Broadcasting ,22 (1). 1978 , 63-70.
     Hicks , D. J.. "Girls` attitudes toward modeled behaviors and the content of imatative private play." Child Development. 42. 1971, pp.139-147.
     Hirsch , P.. "The scary world of the nonviewer and other anomalies: a reanalysis of Gerbner et al`s findings of cultivation analysis." Communication Research.7(4) ,1980 , pp. 403-456.
     ────”On not learning from one`s own mistakes: a reanalysis of Gerbner. et al `s findings on cultivation analysis. Pt. II." Communication Research , 8( 1), 1981 , pp.3-37.
     Hollander , N.. "Adolescents and the war: the sources of socialization." Journalism Quarterly. 48 , 1971, pp.472-479.
     Hughes. M. , "The fruits of cultivation analysis: a reexamination of some effects of television watching.” Public Opinion Quarterly , 44(3) , 1980 , pp.287-302.
     Huston. A. C. and Wright. " J. C., "Children`s processing of television: the informative fuctions of formal feature." In Bryant. J. and Anderson. D. R. (Eds) , Children`s Understanding of Television. New York: Academic Press. 1983.
     Jaehnig , W. B. Weaver , D. H. and Fico. F. , "Reporting crime and fearing crime in three communities." Journal of Communication , 31 (1), pp.88-96.
     Katz , E., Blumler , J. G. and Gurevitch , M. , "Utilization of mass communication by the individual." In Blumler , J. G. and Katz. E. (Eds.) , The Uses of mass
     Communications: Current Perspectives on Gratifications Research. Beverly Hills: Sage , 1974.
     Kenny , D. A. t "The NBC study and television violence: a review. “ Journal of Communication. 34 (1), 1984,pp.176-188.
     Lefkowitz, M. M., Eron, L. D. Walder, L. O., Huesmann, L. R., "Television violence and child aggression: a follow-up study. In Comstock. G. A. and Rubinstein , E.A. (Eds) , Television and Social Behavior(Vol.3): Television and Adolescent Aggressiveness. `Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office , 1972.
     Leifer. A. D. and Roberts. D. F., "Children`s responses to television violence." ln Murray, J. P., Rubinstein, E. A. and Comstock , G. A. (Eds.). Television and Social
     Behavior(Vol.2): Television and Social Learning. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1972.
     Levine , G. F. , "Learned helplessness in lacal TV news.” Journalism Quarterly , 63 , 1986 , pp.12-18 , 23.
     Levy , M. R. , "The audience experience with television news." Journalism Monographs , 55 , 1978.
     Levy , M. R. and Windahl. S., "Audience activity and gratifications -- a conceptual clarification and exploration" Communication Research. 11(1), 1984, pp.51-78.
     Liebert. R. M., "Television and social learning: some relationships between viewing violence and behaving aggressively(overview)." In Murray , J. P. , Rubinstein ,
     E. A. and Comstock. G. A.(Eds.). T elevision and Social Behavior(Vol.2): Television and Social Learning. Washington. D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office ,1972.
     Liebert. R. M. and Sprafkin , J. N., "Impact of television of children`s social development." Social Media Quarterly , 5, 1977. pp. 163-170.
     Liebert. R. M. , Sprafkin, J. N. and Davison. E. S., The Early Window: Effects of Television on children and Youth. New York:Pergamon, 1983.
     Linz. D., Donnerstein, E. and Penrod. S., "The effects of multiple exposures to filmed violence against women." Journal of Communication. 34 (3). 1984. pp.130-147.
     Lippmann. W., Public opinion. New York: Harcourt Brace,1922.
     Maccoby, N. and David. G. H.. "Communication and learning." In Pool. I. S., Schramm,W., Maccoby, N. and Parker, E. B. (Eds.), Handbook of Communication.
     Chicago: Rand McNally College Publishing. 1973.
     Manley-Casimir. M. E. and Luke , C. (Eds). C hildren and Television: A Challenge for Education. New York: Praeger Publishers. 1987.
     McLeod. J., Atkin. C. and Chaffee. S. , "Adolescents, parents and television use." In Comstock. G. A. and Rubinstein. E. A. (Eds.). Television and Social Behavior(Vol.3): Television and Adolescent Aggresiveness. Washington. D.C.: U.S. Government
     Printing Office , 1972 .
     McQuail. D., "Alternative models of television influence." In Brown , R.(Ed.) ,
     Children and Television. Beverly Hills. CA: Sage , 1976.
     Morgan. M. , "Symbolic victimization and real world fear. “Human Communication Research , 9. 1983. pp.146-157.
     ────"Television and the erosion of regional diversity." Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media. 30(2).1986 , pp.123-139.
     ────,”International cultivation analysis." In Signorielli, N. and Margan, M (Eds.) , Cultivation Analysis: New Directions in Media Effects Research. Newbury Park. CA: Sage. 1990.
     Morgan. M. and Signorielli. N., "Cultivation analysis: conceptualization and methodology. In Signorielli, N. and Margan, M.(Eds.), Cultivation Analysis: New
     Directions in Media Effects Research. Newbury Park , CA:Sage.1990.
     Murray , J. P. and Kippax. S. , "Children`s social behavior in three towns with differing television experience." Journal of Communication, winter 1978. pp.19-29.
     Newcomb. H., "Assessing the violence profile of Gerbner and Gross: a humanistic critique and suggestions." Communication Research. 5(3). 1978. pp. 264-282.
     Nikken. P. and Peeters. A. L., "Children`s perceptions of television reality." Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media. 32(4). 1988. pp.441-452.
     Ogles. R. M. , "Cultivation analysis: theory, methodology and current research on television-influenced constructions of social reality." Mass Communication
     Review, 14 , 1987 , pp.43-53.
     Ogles. R. M. and Hoffner. C. , "Film violence and perceptions of crime: the cultivation effect." In McLaughlin , M. L(Ed.) , Mass Communication Yearbook 10 ,Beverly Hills: Sage , 1987.
     Ogles. R. M. and Sparks , G. G. , "Television violence and Viewer`s perceptions of criminal victimization." Mass Communication Review, 16(3) , 1989. pp.2-11.
     O`Keefe, G. J. and Reid-Nash, K., "Crime news and real-world blues." Communication Reasearch , 14 , 1987 ,pp.147-163.
     Palmer , E. L. , Children in the cradle of television. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath and company, 1987.
     Pearl, D. , Bouthilet, L. and Lazar, J.(Eds.) , Television and Behavior: Ten Years of Scientific Progress and Implication for the Eighties " Rockville , Maryland:
     NIMH. 1982.
     Perse , E. M., "Soap opera viewing patterns of college students and cultivation."
     Journal of Broadcasting &Electronic Media. 30(2).1986. pp.175-193.
     Perse. E. M., "Cultivation and involvement with local television news." In Signorielli. N. and Morgan , M. (Eds.). Cultivation Analysis: New Directions in Media Effects Research. Newbury Park: Sage. 1990.
     Pingree , S., "Children`s cognitive processes in constructing social reality." Journalism Quarterly ,60(3) , 1983 , pp.415-422.
     Pingree , S. and Hawkins , R. , "U.S. programs on Australian television: the cultivation effect."
     Journal of Communication, 31 (1), 1981. pp.97-105.
     Poeke. L. V., "Gerbner`s cultural indicators. " In Mass Communication Yearbook 1. Beverly Hills: Sage ,1980.
     Potter. W. J., "Perceived reality and the cultivation hypothesis." Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media. 30(2). 1986 , pp.159-174.
     Potter , V. J., "Three strategies for elaborating the cultivation hypothesis." Journalism Quarterly ,Vo l., No. , pp.931-939.
     Reeves. B., "Perceived reality as a predictor of children`s social behavior." Journalism Quarterly , 55 ,1978 , pp.682-689.
     Reeves B. and Wartella , E., "Historical trends in research on children and the media: 1900-1960." Journal of Communication , 35(2) , 1985. pp.118-133.
     Reeves , B. and Lometti , G. E., "The dimensional structure of children`s perceptions of television characters: a replication." Human Communication Research , 5(3) , 1979 , pp.247-256.
     Robinson, J. P. and Davis, D. K., “Television news and the informed public: An information-processing approach." Journal of Communication , 4 0 (3). 1990, pp.106-119.
     Robinson , M. J. and Kohut , A., "Believability and the press." Public Opinion Quarterly , 52 , summer 1988 , pp.174-189.
     Rosengren , K. R., "Communication research: one paradigm or four?" In Roger , E. N. and Balle , F.(Eds.) , The Media Revolution in `American and in Western Europe.
     Norwood , NJ.:”Ablex Publishing Corporation , 1985.
     Rouner , D., "Active television viewing and the cultivation hypothesis." Journalism Ouarterly , 61( 1), 1984 , pp.168-174.
     Rubin , A. M. , "A multivariate analysis of 60 Minutes viewing motivations."
     Journalism Quarterly , 58 , 1981. pp.529-534.
     ────,”Television uses and gratification: the interactions of viewing patterns and motivation.” Journal of Broadcasting , 27 , 1983 , pp.37-51.
     ────"Ritualized and instrumental television viewing." Journal of Communication , 34(3) , 1984 , pp.67-77.
     Rubin, A. M. and Perse , E. M., “Audience activity and television news gratifications." Communication Research , 14(1). 1987, pp.58-84.
     Rubin , A. M. , Perse , E. M. and Powell, R. A., "Loneliness , parasocial interaction and local television news viewing." Human Communication. Research , 12(2) , 1985 , pp.155-180.
     Rubin , A. M. , Perse , E. M. and Taylor , D. S. , "A methodological examination of cultivation.” Communication Research , 15(2) , 1988 , pp.l07-134.
     Rubinstein , E. A., "Research on children and television: a critique." Journal of Broadcasting , 25(4) , 1981, pp.389-393 .
     Seiter , E. , "Stereotypes and the media:a re-evaluation.” Journal of Communication , 36 , spring 1986 , pp.14-Schramm, W., Lyle, J. and Parker, E. B., Television in the Lives of Our Children. Stanford. CA: Stanford University Press. 1961.
     Sheley, J. F. and Ashkins , C. D., "Crime , crime news.and crime views." Public Opinion Quarterly , 45. 1981, pp.492-506.
     Signorielli. N. and Morgan , M.(Eds). Cultivation Analysis: New Directions in Media Effects Research . Newbury Park. CA: Sage , 1990.
     Singer. B. D., "Violence, protest, and war in television news: the U.S. and Canada compared." Public Opinion Quarterly. 34 , winter 1970-71, pp.611-616.
     Slaby , R. G. , Quarfoth , G. R. and McConnachie G. A. ,"Television violence and its sponsors." Journal of Communication , 26( 1), 1976 , pp.89-96.
     Slater D. and Elliott , W. R., "Television`s influence on social reality." Quarterly Journal of Speech , 68. 1982,pp.69-79.
     Smyth , D. W., "Reality as presented by television." Public Opinion Quarterly , 1954. PP. 143-154.
     Snow , R. P. , "How children interpret TV violence in play context." Journalism Quarterly , 51 (1), 1974. pp.13-21.
     Surette , R. , "Television viewing and lupport of punitive criminal Justice policy."
     Journalism Quarterly. Summer 1985 , pp.373-377, 450.
     Tamborini , R. , Zillman. D. and Bryant , J., "Fear and victimization: exposure to television and perceptions of crime and fear." In Bostrom , R. N.(Ed.), Communication Yearbook 8 , Beverly Hills: Sage , 1984.
     Tan. A. S. , "Television use and social stereotypes." Journalism Quarterly , 59 (1), 1982 , pp.119-122.
     ────,"Social learning of aggression from television." In Bryant. J. and Zillman, D.(Eds.). The Perspectives of Media Effect s. Hillsdale , N. J.: Lavrence Erlbaum.
     1986.
     Tidder. C. E. and Peri , S. , "Deceitful behavior in situation comedy: effects on children`s perception of social reality." Journal of Educational Television. 16(2). 1990 , pp.
     Tyler. T. R. , "Impact of directly and indirectly experienced event: the origin of crime-related judgments and behaviors." Journal of Personality and social Psychology , 39( 1), 1980 , pp.13-28.
     Volgy. T. and Schwarz. J., "Television entertainment programming and sociopolitical attitudes." Journalism Quarterly , 57 , 1980 , pp.150-155.
     Wakshlag , J. J. , Bart , L. , Dudley. J. , Groth , G. ,McCutcheon , J. and Rolla , C. , "Viewer Apprehension about victimization and crime drama programs."
     Communication Research, 10, 1983, pp.195-217.
     Wartella , E., "Child as and audience." Mass Communication Research. published by the graduate school of Journalism National Chengchi University , 43 ,1990 , pp.39-54.
     Wartella. E. and Reeves. B.. "Historical trends in research on children and the media: 1900-1960."Journal of Communication. spring 1985 , pp.118-133.
     Watkins. B.. "Children`s representations of television and real-life stories."Communication Reasearch. 15 , 1988, pp.159-184.
     Weaver J. and Wakshalg,J., "Perceived vulnerability to crime criminal victimization experience and television viewing." Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media,
     30(2), 1986 ,pp .141 -158 .
     Wilke, .,"The changing world of media reality." Gazzete, 34 , 1984. pp.175-190.
     Wober. J. M. , "Televised violence and paranoid perception. the view from Great Britain." Public Opinion Quarterly. 42 , 1978. pp.315-321.
     Wober , J. M. and Gunter , B.,"Patterns of television viewing and perceptions of hazards to life. n Journal of Environmental Psychology. 5. 1985. pp.99-108.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
新聞學系
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#B2002004664
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 臧國仁zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 黃明明zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) HUANG, MING-MINGen_US
dc.creator (作者) 黃明明zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) HUANG, MING-MINGen_US
dc.date (日期) 1992en_US
dc.date (日期) 1991en_US
dc.date.accessioned 2-May-2016 15:11:47 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 2-May-2016 15:11:47 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 2-May-2016 15:11:47 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) B2002004664en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/89099-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 新聞學系zh_TW
dc.description.tableofcontents 目錄
     
     第一章 緒論. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
     第一節 問題背景. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
     第二節 研究動機與目的. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
     第二章 涵化理論相關文獻探討. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
     第一節 電視暴力對兒童的影響. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
     第二節 社會現實建構理論. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
     第三節 涵化理論論要旨. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
     第四節 相關變項研究. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
     第五節 電視新聞與涵化研究. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
     第三章 研究設計與方法. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
     第一節 研究目的. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
     第二節 研究變項與架構. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
     第三節 研究假設. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
     第四節 內容分析部份. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
     第五節 社會調查法部份. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
     第四章 資料分析與解釋. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65
     第一節 三台電視新聞暴力內容之分析. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66
     第二節 兒童收看電視新聞行為之分析. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
     第三節 兒童對社會現實之認知與態度分析. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
     第四節 研究限制與建議. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
     第五章 結論與建議. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
     第一節 研究結果討論. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
     第二節 研究意涵. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
     第三節 研究限制與建議. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
     
     參考書目. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
     附錄一 電視新聞內容分析編碼表. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
     附錄二 問卷內容. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
     附錄三 家長職業聲望等級分類表. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
     作者簡介. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183		zh_TW
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#B2002004664en_US
dc.title (題名) 電視新聞暴力內容對兒童之涵化效果初探zh_TW
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 參考書目
     一、中文部份
     王石番，「電視對兒童的影響」，報學，七卷九期，民國七十六年。
     中華民國新聞評議委員會，「研究分析:電視暴力、血腥畫面頻頻出現，本會籲請媒體妥善處理相關報導」新聞評議， 212期，民國八十一年八月。
     李金銓，大眾傳播理論。台北:三民書局，民國七十三年。
     李瞻，電視對兒童的影響。國科會研究報告，民國五十九年。
     吳翠珍，「影響兒童電視觀看時間因素之分析」，新聞學研究，第四十四輯，民國八十年。
     呂鍾卿，「我國兒童認同對象之研究」，國立台灣師範大學教育研究所碩士論文，民國七十六年。
     林本傳，學生學業成就測驗的社會性因素研究。高雄:炘光出版社，民國六十四年。
     林紅李，台北市國中學生社會化行為與傳播行為相關性研究」，國立政治大學新聞研究所碩士論文，民國六十七年。
     林清山，心理與教育統計學。台北:東華書局，民國七十四年。
     林豐盛，「刻板印象、人格特質與媒介使用關聯性- -根影集的放果研究」，國立政治大學新聞研究所碩士論文，民國六十七年。
     范淑娟，「兒童電視收視行為與職業性別刻板印象之關聯性研究」，國立政治大學新聞研究所碩士論文，民國八十年。
     翁秀琪，大眾傳播理論與實証。台北:三民書局，民國八十一年。
     徐秀月，「電視卡通、家庭傳播方式興兒童道德判斷──以台北縣永和市網溪國小、私立及人小學、土城鄉土城國小、貢寮鄉貢寮國小為例」，私立輔仁大學大眾傳播研究所碩士論文，民國七十七年。
     郭為藩，「電視影響兒童社會學習之研究」，國立師範大學教育研究所集刊，第二十三輯，民國七十年。
     郭為藩，「電視影響兒童認知發展之研究」國立師範大學教育研究所集刊，第二十二輯，民國六十九年。
     陳世敏，兒童收看電視情形暨電視節目對兒童之影響」民意測驗月刊」，民七十五。
     陳炳宏，「我國報紙符號真實與客觀真之分析與比較──以聯合報及中央日報之犯罪新聞報導為例」，國立政治大學新聞研究所碩士論文，民國七十七年。
     陳建勳，「由研究報告看電視對兒童的影響」，教育資料文摘，十卷三期，民國七 十一年。
     陳墉，電視對國民中小學學生生活影響之研究，台北:文景，民國七十三年。
     張妮秀，「高中生傳播行為與政治社會化」，國立政治大學新聞研究所碩士論文，民國七十二年。
     陸莉，「兒童看電視之調查研究」，國民教育月刊，十一卷九期，民國五十九年。
     楊文俊，「電視暴力節目對兒童侵略性的影響」，國立政治大學新聞研究所碩士論文，民國六十二年。
     趙登美，「我國報紙讀者投書版守門過程及內容分析--報紙符號真實與客觀真實的比較」，私立輔仁大學大眾傳播研究所碩士論文，民國七十八年。
     廖克玲，社會學習論巨匠班度拉。台北:風雲論擅出版社，民國八十年。
     潘家慶等人，台灣地區民眾傳播行為研究。國立政治大學新聞所，民國七十五年。
     鄭瑞城、羅文輝，「電視新聞消息來源人物之背景與呈現方式之研究」，國科會研究報告，民國七十七年。
     鍾行憲，「電視暴力的效果問題」，新聞學人，一卷三期，民國六十年。
     羅文坤，「電視對青少年影響之研究- -不同暴力程度的電視節目對不同焦慮程度及暴力接觸程度的國中學生在暴力態度上的差異」，國立政治大學新聞研究所碩士論文，民國六十五年。
     羅文輝，「電視對青少年的影響」，報學，八卷一期，民國七十七年。
     羅文輝、鍾蔚文，「電視新聞對青少年政治知識的影響」，新聞學研究，四十五期，民國八十年。
     
     二、英文部分
     Adoni, H. and Mane , S, "Media and social construction of reality , toward an integration of theory and research." Communication Research , 11 (3) , 1984 , pp.323
     -340.
     Adoni, H., Cohen. A. A. , and Mane , S , "Social reality and television news! perceptual dimensions of social conflicts in selected life areas." Journal of Broadcasting , 28 (1), 1984 , PP. 33-49.
     Albrecht. M. C. , "Does literature reflect common values? “American Sociology Review , 21(6) , pp.722-729.
     Alexander, Y., “Adolescents’ soap opera viewing and relational perceptions." Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media , 29 (3) , 1985 , pp.295 - 308.
     Altheide. D. L. , Media Power. Beverly Hills , CA. :Sage ,1985.
     Anderson , J. A. , "Research on children and television: a critique." Journal of Broadcasting , 25(4). 1981 , pp.395-400.
     Andison , S. , "Television violence and viewer aggression: a cumulation of study results. 1956-1976." Public Opinion Quarterly , 41 , 1977 , pp.314-331.
     Atkin , C. K. , "Communication and political socialization." Political Communication Review , 1 ,1975 , pp.2-7.
     "Broadcasting news programming and the child audience." Journal of Broadcasting , 22 , 1978 , pp.47-61.
     "Effects of realistic TV violence vs. fictional violence on aggression." Journalism Quarterly , 60(4) ,1983 , pp.615-621.
     Atkin , C. K. , Calloway , J. and Nayman. 0., "News media exposure , political knowledge and campaign interest." Journalism Quarterly , 53 , 1976 , pp.231-238.
     Atkin , C. K. and Gantz , W., "Television news and political socialization." Public Opinion Quarterly , 42 (2). 1978 , pp. 183-198.
     Ball-Rokeach. S. J. and DeFleur , M. L. , "A dependency model of mass-media effects." Communication Research , 3 (1), 1976 , pp.
     Bandura. A. , Social Learning. Moristown , NJ: General Learning Press , 1971.
     ────，Aggression: A Social Learning Analysis. Englewood Cliffs , NJ: Pretice-Hal l, 1973.
     ────，Social Learning Theory. Englewood Cliffs , NJ: Pretice-Hall , 1977.
     ────，”Social learning theory of aggression." Journal of Communication , Summer 1978 , pp.12-29.
     Bandura , A. , Ross , D. and Ross , S. A. , "Vicarious reinforcement and imitation learning." Journal of Abnormal and School Psychology , 67(6) , 1963 , pp.601-607.
     Becker. L. B. , McComb , M. E. and McLeod , J. H.. "The development of political cognition." In Chaffee. S. (Ed.). Political Communication: Issues and Strategies
     f or Research. Beverly Hills: Sage. 1975.
     Berger , P. and Luckmann , T. , The Social Construction of Reality. Garden City , NV: Doubleday , 1966.
     Berkowitz , L., "Situational influences on reactions to observed violence." Journal of Social Issues , 42(3) ,1986 , pp.93-106.
     Bollen , K. and Phillips , D. , "Imitative suicides: a national study of the effects of television news stories." American Sociological Review， 87 , 1982 , pp.404-412
     Bryant , J. , "The road most traveled: yet another cultivation critique." Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media , 30 , 1986 , PP. 231-235.
     Bryant , J. Zillman , D.(Eds.) , Perspectives on .Media Effects. Hillsdale , NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers , 1986.
     Buerkel-Rothfuss , H. L. and Mayes, S. , "Soap opera viewing: the cultivation effect."
     Journal of Communication , 31(3) , 198 1, pp.108-115.
     Carveth , R. and Alexander , A. , "Soap opera viewing motivations and the cultivation process." Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media , 29(3) , 1985 , pp. 259 -273.
     Chaffee , S. H. , "Television and adolescent aggressiveness (overview)." In Comstock , G. A. and Rubinstein , E. A. (Eds.) , Television and Social Behavior(Vol.3): Television and Adolescent A ggresiveness . Washington , D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office , 1972.
     Chaffee , S. . H. and Schleuder , J. , "Interaction involvement: a cognitive dimension of communicative competence." Human Communication Research , 13 ,pp.109-121.
     Chaney , D. C. , "Involvement , realism and the perception of aggression in television programmes." Human Relations , 23(5) , 1970 , pp.373-381.
     Clark , D. G. and Blankenburg , `W. G.. "Trends in violent content in selected mass media." In Comstock , G. A. and Rubinstein , E. A(Eds.) , Television and Social
     Behavior(Vol.): Mass Content and Control. Washington.U.S. Government Printing Office , 1972.
     Collins , W. A., "Interpretation and inference in children `s television viewing." Child Development , 49 ,1978 , pp.125-150.
     Collins , W. A., Sobal , B. L. and Westby , S., "Effects of adult commentary on children`s comprehension and inferences about a televised aggressive portrayal."
     Child Development , 52. 1981 , pp.158-163.
     Comstock. G., Chaffee. A. W., Katzman. N.. McCombs. M. and Roberts. D.. Television and Human Behavior. New York: Columbia University Press,1978.
     Cumberbatch. G., "Violence and the mass media: the research evidence." In Cumberbatch. G. and Howitt. D. (Eds.). A Measure of Uncertainty: The Effects of the
     Mass Media. London: John Libbey. 1989. pp.31-59.
     DeFleur , M. L. and Ball-Rokeach. S. , Theories of Mass Communication . New York: Longman, 1975
     ────，Theories of Mass Communication. New York: Longman. 1982.
     Dominick. J. R. , "Crime and law enforcement in the mass media." In Winick, C.(Ed.). Deviance and Mass Media.,Beverly Hills. CA.: Sage. 1978.
     Dominick , J. R. and Greenberg. B.S.. "Attitudes toward violence: the interaction of television exposure. family attitudes and social class." In Comstock and Rubinstein(eds.) , Television and Social Behavior(v.3),Rockville , MA: National
     Institute of Mental Health ,1972.
     Dominick , J. R. , Wurtzel, A. and Lomett i, G., "Television Journalism vs. show vusiness: a content analysis of eyewitness news." Journalism Quarterly , 52. 1975 , pp.213-218.
     Doob , A. and MacDonald , G., "Television viewing and the fear of victimization: is the relationship causal?" Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 37(2) ,1979 , pp. 170-179.
     Dorr , A., Televison and Children. Beverly Hills , CA:Sage , 1986.
     Drew , D. G. and Reese , S. D. , "Children`s learning from a television newscasting."
     Journalism Quarterly , 61 ,1984 , pp.83-88.
     Drew , D. G. and Reeves , B. , "Learning from a television news story."
     Communication Research , 7 (1), 1980 , pp.121- 135.
     ────， "Children and television news." Journalism Quarterly. 57 (1). 1980 , pp.45-54 , 114.
     Elliott ,W. R. and Slater. D. , "Exposure , experience and perceived TV reality for adolescents." Journalism Quarterly. 57(3) , 1980 , pp.409-414. 431.
     Estep , R. and Patrick T. M., "How prime time crime evolved on TV. 1976-1981."
     Journalism Quarterly , 61.1983 , pp.293-300.
     Estep, R. and McDonald, P.T., “Crime in the afternoon: murder and robbery on soap operas.” Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media , 29. 1985 , pp.323-331.
     Feshbach. S., "Reality and fantasy in filmed violence." ln Murray , J. P. , Rubinstein , E. A. and Comstock , G. A.(Eds.) , Television and Social Behavior(Vo 1. 2): Television and Social Learning . Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1972.
     Freedman. , J. L. , "Effects of television violence on aggressiveness. “Psychological Bulletin. 96(2) , 1984 ,pp.227-46.
     Funkhouser, G. and Shaw. E. F. , "How synthetic experience shapes social reality.”
     Journal of Communication , 40(2). 1990. pp.75-87.
     Ganz,H. J., “The audience for television – and in television research." In Withey, S.-B. and Abeles , R. P.(Eds.) , Television and Social Behavior: Beyond V iolence and Children. Hillsdale. NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum , 1980.
     Garramoni. G. M.. "TV news and adolescent political socialozation." In Bostrom. R. N(Ed.). Communication Yearbook 7. Beverly Hil1s. CA: Sage. 1983.
     ────"Audience motivation effects. more evidence." Communication Research. 11 (1). 1984. pp.79-96.
     Gerbner. G., "Violence in television drama: trends and symbolic function." In Murray. J. P., Rubinstein. E. A. and Comstock , G. A. (Eds.). Television and Social Behavior(Vol. 1): Media Content and Control. Washington D.C.: U. S. Government Printing Office. 1972.
     ────"Violence and terror in the mass media." Reports and Papers on Mass Communication. No.102. UNESCO , 1988.
     ────"Epiloque: advancing on the path of righteousness." In Signorielli, N. and Morgan. M. (Eds) ,C ultivation Analysis: New Directions in Media Effects Researc h. Newbury Park: Sage , 1990.
     Gerbner , G. and Gross , L. , "Living with television: the violence profile." journal of Communication. 26(2),1976. pp. 173-199.
     Gerbner , G.. Gross. L., Eleey. M., Jachson-Beech. M., Jeffries-Fax , S. and Signorielli , N., "Television violence profile No.8." Journal of Communication , 27 (2) , 1977. pp.171-180.
     ────"Cultural indicators: violence profile No.9." Journal of Communication, 28(3) , 1978 , pp.175-205.
     ────"The demonstration of power , violence profile No.10." Journal of Communication , 29(3). 1979. pp.177-196.
      Gerbner , G. , Gross , L., Morgan , M. and Signorielli , N. , "The mainstreaming of Ameraca: violence profile No.11. Journal of Communication , 30(3) , 1908a , pp.10-29.
     ────"Living with television: the dynamics of the cultivation process." In Bryant , J. and Zillman , D.(Eds.) , The Perspectives of Media Effect s. Hillsdale ,N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum , 1986.
     ────"A curious journey into the scary world of Paul Hirsch." Communication Research. 8(1). 198 1. pp.39-47.
     Gerbner. G.. Gross , L.. Signorielli. N. and Morgan. M., "Aging with television: images on television drama and concepts of social reality.” Journal of Communication.
     30( 1). 1980b. pp.37-47.
     Graber. D.,"Is crime news excessive?" Journal of Communication. 29. spring 1979. pp.81-92.
     Greenberg. B. S., "The content and context of violence in the mass media." In Baker. R. K. and Ball. J. S.(Eds. ). Mass Media and Violence(Vol.9). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1969.
     Greenberg. B. S.. "Television and role socialization: an overview." ln Pearl , D., Bouthilet , L., and Lazar. J. (Eds.). Television and Behavior: Ten Years of Scientific Progress and Implication for the Eighties. Rockville. Maryland: NIMH. 1982.
     Greenberg. B. S. and Gordon. T. F., "Children`s perceptions of television violence: a replication. In Murray. J. P., Rubinstein. E. A. and Comstock , G. A.(Eds.) , Television and Social Behavior(Vol.5): Television`s Effects: Further Exploration s. Washington
     :U.S. Government Printing Office , 1972.
     Greenberg, B. S., Neuendorf, K., Buerkel-Rothfuss, N. and Henderson, L., “The soaps: what’s on and who cares ?” Journal of Broadcasting , 26 , 1982 , pp.519-535.
     Greenberg , B. S. and Reeves B.. "Children and the perceived reality of television." Journal of social issues , 32(4) , 1976. pp.86-97.
     Gunter , B. , "Responding to news and public affairs." In Bryant J. and Zillman. D.(Eds) , Responding to the Screen: Reception and Rea6tion Processes. Hillsdale. NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates , 1991.
     Hawkins. R. P., "The dimensional structure of children`s perceptions of television reality." Communication Research. 4 (3), 1977. pp.299-320.
     Hawkins. R. P. and Pingree. S., "Some processes in the cultivation effect." Communication Research. 7(2) , 1980. pp.193-226.
     ────，"Uniform messages and habitual viewing: unnecessary assumption in social reality effects." Human Communication Research , 7(4) , 1981a , pp.291-301.
     ────"Using television to construct social reality." Journal of Broadcasting , 25(4). 1981b. pp.291-301.
     ────"Televisions influence on social reality." In Pearl. D., Bouthilet , L., and Lazar. J.(Eds.).
     Television and Behavior: Ten Years of Scientific Progress and Implication for the Eighties. Rockville. Maryland: NIHH. 1982.
     Hawkins , R. P., Pingree , S. and Adler, I., "Searching for cognitive processes in the cultivation effect." Human Communication Research.13(4) , 1987 , pp.553-577.
     Haynes , R.B. , "Children`s perceptions of comic and authentic cartoon violence."
     Journal of Broadcasting ,22 (1). 1978 , 63-70.
     Hicks , D. J.. "Girls` attitudes toward modeled behaviors and the content of imatative private play." Child Development. 42. 1971, pp.139-147.
     Hirsch , P.. "The scary world of the nonviewer and other anomalies: a reanalysis of Gerbner et al`s findings of cultivation analysis." Communication Research.7(4) ,1980 , pp. 403-456.
     ────”On not learning from one`s own mistakes: a reanalysis of Gerbner. et al `s findings on cultivation analysis. Pt. II." Communication Research , 8( 1), 1981 , pp.3-37.
     Hollander , N.. "Adolescents and the war: the sources of socialization." Journalism Quarterly. 48 , 1971, pp.472-479.
     Hughes. M. , "The fruits of cultivation analysis: a reexamination of some effects of television watching.” Public Opinion Quarterly , 44(3) , 1980 , pp.287-302.
     Huston. A. C. and Wright. " J. C., "Children`s processing of television: the informative fuctions of formal feature." In Bryant. J. and Anderson. D. R. (Eds) , Children`s Understanding of Television. New York: Academic Press. 1983.
     Jaehnig , W. B. Weaver , D. H. and Fico. F. , "Reporting crime and fearing crime in three communities." Journal of Communication , 31 (1), pp.88-96.
     Katz , E., Blumler , J. G. and Gurevitch , M. , "Utilization of mass communication by the individual." In Blumler , J. G. and Katz. E. (Eds.) , The Uses of mass
     Communications: Current Perspectives on Gratifications Research. Beverly Hills: Sage , 1974.
     Kenny , D. A. t "The NBC study and television violence: a review. “ Journal of Communication. 34 (1), 1984,pp.176-188.
     Lefkowitz, M. M., Eron, L. D. Walder, L. O., Huesmann, L. R., "Television violence and child aggression: a follow-up study. In Comstock. G. A. and Rubinstein , E.A. (Eds) , Television and Social Behavior(Vol.3): Television and Adolescent Aggressiveness. `Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office , 1972.
     Leifer. A. D. and Roberts. D. F., "Children`s responses to television violence." ln Murray, J. P., Rubinstein, E. A. and Comstock , G. A. (Eds.). Television and Social
     Behavior(Vol.2): Television and Social Learning. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1972.
     Levine , G. F. , "Learned helplessness in lacal TV news.” Journalism Quarterly , 63 , 1986 , pp.12-18 , 23.
     Levy , M. R. , "The audience experience with television news." Journalism Monographs , 55 , 1978.
     Levy , M. R. and Windahl. S., "Audience activity and gratifications -- a conceptual clarification and exploration" Communication Research. 11(1), 1984, pp.51-78.
     Liebert. R. M., "Television and social learning: some relationships between viewing violence and behaving aggressively(overview)." In Murray , J. P. , Rubinstein ,
     E. A. and Comstock. G. A.(Eds.). T elevision and Social Behavior(Vol.2): Television and Social Learning. Washington. D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office ,1972.
     Liebert. R. M. and Sprafkin , J. N., "Impact of television of children`s social development." Social Media Quarterly , 5, 1977. pp. 163-170.
     Liebert. R. M. , Sprafkin, J. N. and Davison. E. S., The Early Window: Effects of Television on children and Youth. New York:Pergamon, 1983.
     Linz. D., Donnerstein, E. and Penrod. S., "The effects of multiple exposures to filmed violence against women." Journal of Communication. 34 (3). 1984. pp.130-147.
     Lippmann. W., Public opinion. New York: Harcourt Brace,1922.
     Maccoby, N. and David. G. H.. "Communication and learning." In Pool. I. S., Schramm,W., Maccoby, N. and Parker, E. B. (Eds.), Handbook of Communication.
     Chicago: Rand McNally College Publishing. 1973.
     Manley-Casimir. M. E. and Luke , C. (Eds). C hildren and Television: A Challenge for Education. New York: Praeger Publishers. 1987.
     McLeod. J., Atkin. C. and Chaffee. S. , "Adolescents, parents and television use." In Comstock. G. A. and Rubinstein. E. A. (Eds.). Television and Social Behavior(Vol.3): Television and Adolescent Aggresiveness. Washington. D.C.: U.S. Government
     Printing Office , 1972 .
     McQuail. D., "Alternative models of television influence." In Brown , R.(Ed.) ,
     Children and Television. Beverly Hills. CA: Sage , 1976.
     Morgan. M. , "Symbolic victimization and real world fear. “Human Communication Research , 9. 1983. pp.146-157.
     ────"Television and the erosion of regional diversity." Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media. 30(2).1986 , pp.123-139.
     ────,”International cultivation analysis." In Signorielli, N. and Margan, M (Eds.) , Cultivation Analysis: New Directions in Media Effects Research. Newbury Park. CA: Sage. 1990.
     Morgan. M. and Signorielli. N., "Cultivation analysis: conceptualization and methodology. In Signorielli, N. and Margan, M.(Eds.), Cultivation Analysis: New
     Directions in Media Effects Research. Newbury Park , CA:Sage.1990.
     Murray , J. P. and Kippax. S. , "Children`s social behavior in three towns with differing television experience." Journal of Communication, winter 1978. pp.19-29.
     Newcomb. H., "Assessing the violence profile of Gerbner and Gross: a humanistic critique and suggestions." Communication Research. 5(3). 1978. pp. 264-282.
     Nikken. P. and Peeters. A. L., "Children`s perceptions of television reality." Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media. 32(4). 1988. pp.441-452.
     Ogles. R. M. , "Cultivation analysis: theory, methodology and current research on television-influenced constructions of social reality." Mass Communication
     Review, 14 , 1987 , pp.43-53.
     Ogles. R. M. and Hoffner. C. , "Film violence and perceptions of crime: the cultivation effect." In McLaughlin , M. L(Ed.) , Mass Communication Yearbook 10 ,Beverly Hills: Sage , 1987.
     Ogles. R. M. and Sparks , G. G. , "Television violence and Viewer`s perceptions of criminal victimization." Mass Communication Review, 16(3) , 1989. pp.2-11.
     O`Keefe, G. J. and Reid-Nash, K., "Crime news and real-world blues." Communication Reasearch , 14 , 1987 ,pp.147-163.
     Palmer , E. L. , Children in the cradle of television. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath and company, 1987.
     Pearl, D. , Bouthilet, L. and Lazar, J.(Eds.) , Television and Behavior: Ten Years of Scientific Progress and Implication for the Eighties " Rockville , Maryland:
     NIMH. 1982.
     Perse , E. M., "Soap opera viewing patterns of college students and cultivation."
     Journal of Broadcasting &Electronic Media. 30(2).1986. pp.175-193.
     Perse. E. M., "Cultivation and involvement with local television news." In Signorielli. N. and Morgan , M. (Eds.). Cultivation Analysis: New Directions in Media Effects Research. Newbury Park: Sage. 1990.
     Pingree , S., "Children`s cognitive processes in constructing social reality." Journalism Quarterly ,60(3) , 1983 , pp.415-422.
     Pingree , S. and Hawkins , R. , "U.S. programs on Australian television: the cultivation effect."
     Journal of Communication, 31 (1), 1981. pp.97-105.
     Poeke. L. V., "Gerbner`s cultural indicators. " In Mass Communication Yearbook 1. Beverly Hills: Sage ,1980.
     Potter. W. J., "Perceived reality and the cultivation hypothesis." Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media. 30(2). 1986 , pp.159-174.
     Potter , V. J., "Three strategies for elaborating the cultivation hypothesis." Journalism Quarterly ,Vo l., No. , pp.931-939.
     Reeves. B., "Perceived reality as a predictor of children`s social behavior." Journalism Quarterly , 55 ,1978 , pp.682-689.
     Reeves B. and Wartella , E., "Historical trends in research on children and the media: 1900-1960." Journal of Communication , 35(2) , 1985. pp.118-133.
     Reeves , B. and Lometti , G. E., "The dimensional structure of children`s perceptions of television characters: a replication." Human Communication Research , 5(3) , 1979 , pp.247-256.
     Robinson, J. P. and Davis, D. K., “Television news and the informed public: An information-processing approach." Journal of Communication , 4 0 (3). 1990, pp.106-119.
     Robinson , M. J. and Kohut , A., "Believability and the press." Public Opinion Quarterly , 52 , summer 1988 , pp.174-189.
     Rosengren , K. R., "Communication research: one paradigm or four?" In Roger , E. N. and Balle , F.(Eds.) , The Media Revolution in `American and in Western Europe.
     Norwood , NJ.:”Ablex Publishing Corporation , 1985.
     Rouner , D., "Active television viewing and the cultivation hypothesis." Journalism Ouarterly , 61( 1), 1984 , pp.168-174.
     Rubin , A. M. , "A multivariate analysis of 60 Minutes viewing motivations."
     Journalism Quarterly , 58 , 1981. pp.529-534.
     ────,”Television uses and gratification: the interactions of viewing patterns and motivation.” Journal of Broadcasting , 27 , 1983 , pp.37-51.
     ────"Ritualized and instrumental television viewing." Journal of Communication , 34(3) , 1984 , pp.67-77.
     Rubin, A. M. and Perse , E. M., “Audience activity and television news gratifications." Communication Research , 14(1). 1987, pp.58-84.
     Rubin , A. M. , Perse , E. M. and Powell, R. A., "Loneliness , parasocial interaction and local television news viewing." Human Communication. Research , 12(2) , 1985 , pp.155-180.
     Rubin , A. M. , Perse , E. M. and Taylor , D. S. , "A methodological examination of cultivation.” Communication Research , 15(2) , 1988 , pp.l07-134.
     Rubinstein , E. A., "Research on children and television: a critique." Journal of Broadcasting , 25(4) , 1981, pp.389-393 .
     Seiter , E. , "Stereotypes and the media:a re-evaluation.” Journal of Communication , 36 , spring 1986 , pp.14-Schramm, W., Lyle, J. and Parker, E. B., Television in the Lives of Our Children. Stanford. CA: Stanford University Press. 1961.
     Sheley, J. F. and Ashkins , C. D., "Crime , crime news.and crime views." Public Opinion Quarterly , 45. 1981, pp.492-506.
     Signorielli. N. and Morgan , M.(Eds). Cultivation Analysis: New Directions in Media Effects Research . Newbury Park. CA: Sage , 1990.
     Singer. B. D., "Violence, protest, and war in television news: the U.S. and Canada compared." Public Opinion Quarterly. 34 , winter 1970-71, pp.611-616.
     Slaby , R. G. , Quarfoth , G. R. and McConnachie G. A. ,"Television violence and its sponsors." Journal of Communication , 26( 1), 1976 , pp.89-96.
     Slater D. and Elliott , W. R., "Television`s influence on social reality." Quarterly Journal of Speech , 68. 1982,pp.69-79.
     Smyth , D. W., "Reality as presented by television." Public Opinion Quarterly , 1954. PP. 143-154.
     Snow , R. P. , "How children interpret TV violence in play context." Journalism Quarterly , 51 (1), 1974. pp.13-21.
     Surette , R. , "Television viewing and lupport of punitive criminal Justice policy."
     Journalism Quarterly. Summer 1985 , pp.373-377, 450.
     Tamborini , R. , Zillman. D. and Bryant , J., "Fear and victimization: exposure to television and perceptions of crime and fear." In Bostrom , R. N.(Ed.), Communication Yearbook 8 , Beverly Hills: Sage , 1984.
     Tan. A. S. , "Television use and social stereotypes." Journalism Quarterly , 59 (1), 1982 , pp.119-122.
     ────,"Social learning of aggression from television." In Bryant. J. and Zillman, D.(Eds.). The Perspectives of Media Effect s. Hillsdale , N. J.: Lavrence Erlbaum.
     1986.
     Tidder. C. E. and Peri , S. , "Deceitful behavior in situation comedy: effects on children`s perception of social reality." Journal of Educational Television. 16(2). 1990 , pp.
     Tyler. T. R. , "Impact of directly and indirectly experienced event: the origin of crime-related judgments and behaviors." Journal of Personality and social Psychology , 39( 1), 1980 , pp.13-28.
     Volgy. T. and Schwarz. J., "Television entertainment programming and sociopolitical attitudes." Journalism Quarterly , 57 , 1980 , pp.150-155.
     Wakshlag , J. J. , Bart , L. , Dudley. J. , Groth , G. ,McCutcheon , J. and Rolla , C. , "Viewer Apprehension about victimization and crime drama programs."
     Communication Research, 10, 1983, pp.195-217.
     Wartella , E., "Child as and audience." Mass Communication Research. published by the graduate school of Journalism National Chengchi University , 43 ,1990 , pp.39-54.
     Wartella. E. and Reeves. B.. "Historical trends in research on children and the media: 1900-1960."Journal of Communication. spring 1985 , pp.118-133.
     Watkins. B.. "Children`s representations of television and real-life stories."Communication Reasearch. 15 , 1988, pp.159-184.
     Weaver J. and Wakshalg,J., "Perceived vulnerability to crime criminal victimization experience and television viewing." Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media,
     30(2), 1986 ,pp .141 -158 .
     Wilke, .,"The changing world of media reality." Gazzete, 34 , 1984. pp.175-190.
     Wober. J. M. , "Televised violence and paranoid perception. the view from Great Britain." Public Opinion Quarterly. 42 , 1978. pp.315-321.
     Wober , J. M. and Gunter , B.,"Patterns of television viewing and perceptions of hazards to life. n Journal of Environmental Psychology. 5. 1985. pp.99-108.		zh_TW