Publications-Theses

Article View/Open

Publication Export

Google ScholarTM

NCCU Library

Citation Infomation

Related Publications in TAIR

題名 由霸權理論觀點解讀報紙對選舉的報導 : 以78年臺北縣縣長選舉為例
作者 林宇玲
貢獻者 張錦華
林宇玲
日期 1991
1990
上傳時間 2-May-2016 16:58:17 (UTC+8)
參考文獻 參考書目
     一、中文部份
     王石番
     1989 「淺論內容分析的研究設計」民意學術專刊,春季號:175-205 。
     天下雜誌
     1989 「 媒體也競選」天下雜誌,九月號: 58-63。
     行政院新聞局
     1989 報社名錄,台北:新聞局。
     邱榕光
     1965 「台北各報市長競選新聞之分析」政治大學新聞研究所碩士論文。
     杜聲鋒
     1988 拉康結構主義精神分析,台北:遠流。
     吳戈卿
     1982 「 我國傳播媒介政治傳播功能的研究-以69年增額中央民意代表選舉為例」
     ,文化大學政治研究所碩士論文。
     李永熾
     1990 「 市民社會與國家」當代(47) :29-38 。
     李筱峰
     1987 台灣民主運動40年,台北:自立晚報。
     首都之聲
     1989 「 對於司法之回顧興展望」,首都早報. 12 月30 日。
     洪顯勝譯,羅蘭.巴特 著
     1990 符號學要義,台北:南方。
     洪鐮德
     1989 「 新馬克思主義與當代社會科學的互動」中國論壇(320) : 60-68。
     徐崇溫
     1981 西方馬克思主義,台北:谷風。
     韋積慶
     1989 「 台灣的國家機器-權力技術的分析」政治大學社會學研究所碩士論文。
     黃煜、裘志康譯,阿特休爾.赫伯特著
     1989 權力的責任-新聞媒介在人類事務中的作用,北京:貨夏。
     郭陽道
     1978 「六十六年桃園縣長選舉期間主要報紙對兩位候選人新聞之分析」人與社
     會6 (4) :49-57 。
     彭芸
     1986 政治傳播-理論與實務,台北:巨流。
     張秀麗
     1987 「結構主義與大眾媒介分析-理論與實例之探討」政治大學新聞研究所。
     張茂桂
     1989 社會運動與政治轉化,台北:國家政策研究資料中心。
     張慧玲
     1989「民國七十五年增額中央民意代表選舉期間主要報紙的選舉新聞分析」政
     治大學新聞研究所碩士論文。
     張錦華
     1990 「 文化霸權論與大眾傳播研究」第二屆電影、電視錄影學術研討會論文集
     (pp ,161-198):中華民國視覺傳播藝術學會、輔仁大學大眾傳播學會。
     1988「批判理論-賀爾的文化研究簡介」新聞學研究(39) :91-115 。
     葛蘭西
     1988 獄中札記,台北:谷風。
     黃丘隆譯,詹.約爾著
     1989 葛蘭西〝西方馬克思主義〞的鼻祖,台北:結構群。
     楊孝榮、易行、袁孝勇、鄭振煌
     1973 「 台灣報紙選舉新聞中評論成分之研究」,新聞學研究(11) :7-32 。
     楊孝榮
     1988 「內容分析」,見楊國樞、文崇一、吳聰賢、李亦園編,社會及行為科學研究法: 809-831 。
     薛承雄
     1988 「媒介支配-解讀台港的電視新聞」,台灣大學社會學研究所碩士論文。錦繡出版社
     1989 台灣全記錄,台北:錦繡。
     
     二、英文部份
     Altheide, D. L.
     1984 “Media Hegemony: A Failure of Perspective. “ Public Opinion Quarterly,48:476-493.
     Arrendell, C.
     1972 “Predicting the Completeness of Newspaper Election Coverage. “
     Journalism Quarterly. 49:290-295.
     Barnlund. D. C.
     1970 “A Transactional Model of Communication. “ In K. Sereno. S. C.
     Mortensen (eds.), Foundations of Communication Theory (pp.83-102).
     New York: Harper & Row.
     Becker. S. L.
     1984 “Marxist Approaches to Media Studies: The British Experience. “
     Critical Studies in Mass Communication. 1:66-80.
     Becker. J. & Fuchs.
     1967 “How Two Major California Dailies Covered Reagan v.s. Brown. “
     Journalism Quarterly, 44: 645-653.
     Berg, H. van den & Veer. C. G. van der
     1989 “Ideological Characteristic of News Reports. “ Gazette. 14: 159--194.
     Bocock. R.
     1986 Hegemony. London Tavistock Publications.
     Broh. C. A.
     1980 “Horserace Journalism: Reporting the Polls In the 1976 Presidential Election. “ Public Opinion Quarterly, 44:514-529.
     Bruck, P.
     1989 “Strategies for Peace. Strategies for Hews Research.“ Journal of
     Communication, 39(1):108-129.
     Carey. J.
     1976 “How Media Shape Campaigns. “ Journal of Communication. 26 50-57.
     Carnoy, M.
     1984 “ Gramsci and the State. “ The State and Political Theory (pp.65-88). Princeton University Press.
     Chibnall, S.
     1977 Law-&-Order News:An Analysis of Crime Reporting In the British Press. London: Tavistock Publications.
     Cohen. S. & Young. J.
     1981 “Part Two: Models of the Presentation. “ The Manufacture of News Social Problems, Deviance & the Mass Media (pp159-168). Revised ed., Beverly Hills: Sage publications.
     Curran, J., Gurevitch, M. & Woollacott, J.
     1982 “The Study of the Media: Theoretical Approaches. “ In M. Gurevitch, T. Bennett. J.Currna. & J.Woollacott etc., (Eds), Culture,
     Society and the Media (pp . 11-30). London: Methurn.
     Danielson W. A. & Adams J. B.
     1961 “Completeness of Press Coverage of 1960 Campaign. “ Journalism terly. 38:441-452.
     Dijk, T: A. van
     1983 “Discourse Analysis: Its Development and Application to the Structure
     of News. “ Journal of Communication. spring :20-43.
     1985 “Structure of News of the Press. “ In T. A. van Dijk (Eds.).
     Discourse and Communication (pp.69-93). New York.
     1988a “Structure of News. “ In Discourse Analysis (pP.17-94l. London.
     1988b “Semantics of a Press Panic: The Tamil Invasion` “European Journal of Communication, 3:167-187.
     Dortman. R.
     1984 “The Objective Posture. “ The Quill: 29-32.
     Eco. U.
     1976 A Theory of Semiotics. London:Macmillan.
     Eliasoph, N.
     1988 “Routines and the Making of Oppositional Hews. “ Critical Studies in Mass Communication. 5:313-334.
     Femia, J .
     1975 “Hegemony and Consciousness in the Thought of Antonio Gramsci. “ Political Studies, XXⅡ (1):29-48.
     Fishman, M.
     1980 Manufacturing the Hews. Austin : University of Texas Press.
     Fiske, J.
     1982 Introduction to Communication Studies. London & New York: Methuen.
     Fiske, J. & Hartley, J.
     1985 Reading Television. 2nd ed. New York: Methuen.
     Fowler, G. L.
     1979 “Predicting Political News Coverage by Newspaper Characteristics. “
     Journalism Quarterly. 56:172-175.
     Gans, H.
     1979 Deciding What`s Hews. New York: Pantheon.
     Gitlin. T.
     1980 The Whole World IS Watching. Berkeley University of California Press.
     1984 “Making Protest Movements Newsworthy. “ In D. A. Graber (Eds), Media Power in Politics (pp.239-250). Congressional Quarterly.
     Golding, P. & Murdock. G.
     1977 “Theories of Communication and Theories of Society. “Mass Communication Review Yearbook, 1:59-76.
     Graber. D. A.
     1980 Mass Media and American Politics. Congressional Quarterly Press.
     1987 “Researching the Mass Media-Elecions Interface: A Political Science Perspective. “ Mass Communication Review, 14:3-19.
     Gramsci, A.
     1971 Selections From the Prison Notebooks of Antonio Cramsci. New York
     : International Publishers.
     Grossberg, L. & Slack. J. D.
     1985 “An Introduction to Stuart Hall`s Essay. “ Critical Studies In Mass Communication. 2:87-90.
     Hackett. R. A.
     1984 “Decline of a Paradigm? Bias and Objectivity in News Media Studies. “ Critical, Studies in Mass Communication. 1 (3):220-259.
     Hall, S.
     1977 “Culture. the Media and the `Ideological` effect. “ In J. Curran.
     M.Gurevitch, & J. Woollacott (Eds) , Mass Communication and Society (pp.315-348). London: Edward Arnold.
     1978 Reformism and Legislation of Consent. CCCS, Birmingham: Mimeo.
     1980 “Encoding/Decoding. “ In S. Hall, D. Hobson. A. Love, & P. Willis (Eds.) , Culture, Media, Language (pp.128-139). London: Hutchinson.
     1982 “The Rediscovery of `Ideolgy`: Return of the Repressed in Media Studies. “ In M. Gurevitch, T. Bennett, J.Currna, & J. Woollacott (Eds). Culture, Society and the Media (pp;56-90). London: Methurn.
     1984 “The Narrative Construcion of Reality. “ Southern Review, 17:3-17.
     1985 “Signification, Representation, Ideology: Althusser ans the PostStructuralist Debates. “ Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 2:91-114.
     1988 “Gramsci and Us. “ in The Hard Road to Renewal Thatcherism & the Crisis of the Left (pp.161-173) . U.S. Library of Congress Cataloging In Publication data.
     Hall. S .. Critcher. C .. Jefferson, T., Clarke. J., & Roberts, B.
     1981 “The Social Production of News: Mugging in the Media. “ In S. Cohen & J. Young (Eds.).Th~ Manufacture of News: Social Problems. Deviance and the Mass Media (pp.335-365). Revised ed ..Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.
     Hallin. D. C.
     1987 “Hegemony: The America has News Media from Vietman to EI Salvador. A Study of Ideological Change and Its Limits. “
     Hartley. J.
     1982 Understanding News. London Methuen.
     Hofstetter. C. R.
     1978 Bias in the News: Network Tefevision Coverage of the 1972 Election Campaign. Columbus. Ohio State University Press.
     Joslyn. R.
     1984 Mass Media and Election. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.
     Klein. M. W. & Maccoby. N.
     1954 “Newspaper Objectivity In the 1952 Campaign. “ Journalism Quarterly ? 31 ; 285-293.
     Kosir, Manca.
     1988 “Towards a Theory of the Journalistic Text Form. “ S. Mitchell Trans. Media. Culture and Society. 10:345-361.
     Laclau, E. & Mouffe. C.
     1985 Hegemony and Socialist Strategy. London: Verso.
     Lemert, J. B.
     1989 Criticizing the Media Empirical Approaches. London Sage Publications.
     Mazzoleni. G.
     1987 “Media Logic and Party Logic in Campaign Coverage: The Italian General Election of 1983. “ European Journal of Communication. 2: 81-103.
     McCombs, M. E. & Show, D.
     1976 “Structuring the `Unseen Environment`. “ Journal of Communication, 26(2):18-22.
     McQuail, D.
     1987 Mass Communication Theory An Introduction. Beverly Hills : Sage Publications. 2nd ed.
     Mouffe, C.
     19xx “Hegemony and Ideology in Gramsci. “ Class. Culture and Hegemony (pp.219-23S).
     Murdock. G.
     1981 “Political Deviance: the Press Presentation of a MiIitant Mass Demonstration.“ In S. Cohen & J. Young (Eds.). The Manufacture of News: Social Problems, Deviance and the Mass Media (pp.206-225).
     Revised ed .? Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.
     Hollet, H. A.
     1968 “The Boston Globe in Four Presidential Elections. “ Journalism Quarterly, 48: 531-532.
     O`Keefe, G. J. & Atwood. L. E.
     1981 “Communication & Election Campaigns. “ In D. Nimmo & K. R. Sanders
     (Eds.), Handbook of Political Communication (pp329-357), Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.
     Pasadeos, Y.
     1990 “Sources In TV Coverage of Automotive Strikes. “ Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 34:77-84 . .
     Patterson, T. E.
     1980 The Mass Media Election How Americans Choose Their President.
     New York: Praeger.
     Riggins, S. M.
     1990 “News an Texts and Actions. “ Semiotica 359-374.
     Rock, P.
     1981 “News as Eternal Recurrence. “ In S. Cohen & J. Young (Eds.), The Manufacture of News:Social Problems, Deviance and the Mass Media (pp.64-69). Revised ed., Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.
     Russonello. J. M. & Wolf, F.
     1979 “Newspaper Coverage of the 1976 and 1968 Presidential Campaigns. “ Journalism Quarterly, 56:360-364,432.
     Schramm, W.
     1973 “How Communication Works ? “ in The process and Effects of Mass Communication (pp.3-26). Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
     Seidel, G.
     1985 “Political Discourse Analysis. “ In T. A. van Dijk (Eds) , Handbook of Discourse Analysis Vol.4: Discourse Analysis in Society (pp.42-57). London: Academic Pess.
     Shiau, Chyuan-Jenq
     1989 “The Transformation of Authoritarianism in Taiwan: Democratization and Liberalization. “ Paper in International Conference on Election and Democratization in East Asia Meet.
     Sigman, S. J. & Fry. D. L.
     1985 “Differential Ideology and Language Use: Readers` Reconstructions and Desriptions of News Events. “ Critical Studies In Mass Communication, 2:307-322.
     Sinclair, K.
     1982 “`Horserace` V.s. `Substance` in Coverage of Election by British Prestige Press. “ Journalism Quarterly, 59: 598-602.
     Stempel. G. H. Ⅲ
     1961 “The Prestige Press Covers the 1960 Presidential Campaign. “ Journal-ism Quarterly. 38:157-163.
     1965 “The Prestige Press in Two Presidential Elections. “ Journalism Quarterly, 42:15-21.
     1969 “The Prestige Press Meets the Third Party Challenge. “ Journalism Quarterly, 46; 699-706.
     Stevenson, R. L. & Greene, M. T.
     1980 “A Reconsideration of Bias In the News. “ Journalism Quarterly, 57
     115-121.
     Stovall. J. G.
     1988 “Coverage of 1984 Presidential Campaign . “ Journalism Quarterly, 65: 443-445.
     Streeter, T.
     1984 “An Althernative Approach to Television Research: Developments in British Cultural Studies at Birmingham. “ In W. D. Rowland, et al,.(Eds) . Interpreting Television: Current Research Persectives (pp.74-97) . Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.
     Tompson. J. B.
     1984 Studies In the Theory of Ideology. Oxford Basil Blackwell .
     Tuchman. G.
     1972 “Objectivity as Strategic Ritual An Examination of Newsmen`s Notions of Objectivity. American Journal of Sociology, 77 660-679.
     Turow, J.
     1984 Media Industries The Production of News and Entertainment. New York: Longman.
     Williams. R.
     1978 Marxism and Literature. Oxford University Press.
     Windhauser. J. W.
     1976 “How the Metropolitan Press Covered the 170 General Election Campaigns in Ohio. “Jouralism Quarterly. 53:264-270.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
新聞學系
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#B2002005036
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 張錦華zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 林宇玲zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) 林宇玲zh_TW
dc.date (日期) 1991en_US
dc.date (日期) 1990en_US
dc.date.accessioned 2-May-2016 16:58:17 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 2-May-2016 16:58:17 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 2-May-2016 16:58:17 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) B2002005036en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/89523-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 新聞學系zh_TW
dc.description.tableofcontents 目錄
     第一章 緒論....................1
     第一節 研究動機與目的....................1
     第二節 研究範圍與限制....................7
     第二章 文獻與理論....................10
     第一節 主流實證研究的回顧....................10
     壹、選舉報導的偏差研究....................10
     貳、選舉報導的描述研究....................13
     第二節 霸權理論與文化研究....................17
     壹、霸權理論....................17
     ☆Gramsci 對社會本質的假設....................20
     ☆Gramsci 對意識形態、人的假設....................25
     ☆Gramsci 對新聞記者與報紙的假設....................28
     貳、霸權理論在文化研究上的應用....................30
     ☆新聞媒介傾向霸權體系的原因....................31
     ☆抗爭的可能性....................38
     第三節 研究問題....................43
     第三章 研究方法
     第一節 內容分析與論域分析之比較....................51
     第二節 論域分析....................57
     壹、符號學....................57
     貳、Dijk 的論域分析....................62
     第三節 研究架構與步驟....................68
     第四章 研究結果與分析....................81
     第一節 整體外延意義分析....................81
     第二節 迷思分析....................85
     壹、動員教育體系....................85
     貳、綠色電視台開播....................97
     參、報紙對候選人的評估....................116
     肆、墊板風波....................127
     伍、幽靈人口....................138
     陸、政見會鼓譟....................145
     第三節 意識形態分析....................165
     第五章 結論....................169
     第一節 研究發現....................169
     第二節 政治關懷....................176
     第三節 研究檢討與建議....................176
     參考書目....................182
zh_TW
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#B2002005036en_US
dc.title (題名) 由霸權理論觀點解讀報紙對選舉的報導 : 以78年臺北縣縣長選舉為例zh_TW
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 參考書目
     一、中文部份
     王石番
     1989 「淺論內容分析的研究設計」民意學術專刊,春季號:175-205 。
     天下雜誌
     1989 「 媒體也競選」天下雜誌,九月號: 58-63。
     行政院新聞局
     1989 報社名錄,台北:新聞局。
     邱榕光
     1965 「台北各報市長競選新聞之分析」政治大學新聞研究所碩士論文。
     杜聲鋒
     1988 拉康結構主義精神分析,台北:遠流。
     吳戈卿
     1982 「 我國傳播媒介政治傳播功能的研究-以69年增額中央民意代表選舉為例」
     ,文化大學政治研究所碩士論文。
     李永熾
     1990 「 市民社會與國家」當代(47) :29-38 。
     李筱峰
     1987 台灣民主運動40年,台北:自立晚報。
     首都之聲
     1989 「 對於司法之回顧興展望」,首都早報. 12 月30 日。
     洪顯勝譯,羅蘭.巴特 著
     1990 符號學要義,台北:南方。
     洪鐮德
     1989 「 新馬克思主義與當代社會科學的互動」中國論壇(320) : 60-68。
     徐崇溫
     1981 西方馬克思主義,台北:谷風。
     韋積慶
     1989 「 台灣的國家機器-權力技術的分析」政治大學社會學研究所碩士論文。
     黃煜、裘志康譯,阿特休爾.赫伯特著
     1989 權力的責任-新聞媒介在人類事務中的作用,北京:貨夏。
     郭陽道
     1978 「六十六年桃園縣長選舉期間主要報紙對兩位候選人新聞之分析」人與社
     會6 (4) :49-57 。
     彭芸
     1986 政治傳播-理論與實務,台北:巨流。
     張秀麗
     1987 「結構主義與大眾媒介分析-理論與實例之探討」政治大學新聞研究所。
     張茂桂
     1989 社會運動與政治轉化,台北:國家政策研究資料中心。
     張慧玲
     1989「民國七十五年增額中央民意代表選舉期間主要報紙的選舉新聞分析」政
     治大學新聞研究所碩士論文。
     張錦華
     1990 「 文化霸權論與大眾傳播研究」第二屆電影、電視錄影學術研討會論文集
     (pp ,161-198):中華民國視覺傳播藝術學會、輔仁大學大眾傳播學會。
     1988「批判理論-賀爾的文化研究簡介」新聞學研究(39) :91-115 。
     葛蘭西
     1988 獄中札記,台北:谷風。
     黃丘隆譯,詹.約爾著
     1989 葛蘭西〝西方馬克思主義〞的鼻祖,台北:結構群。
     楊孝榮、易行、袁孝勇、鄭振煌
     1973 「 台灣報紙選舉新聞中評論成分之研究」,新聞學研究(11) :7-32 。
     楊孝榮
     1988 「內容分析」,見楊國樞、文崇一、吳聰賢、李亦園編,社會及行為科學研究法: 809-831 。
     薛承雄
     1988 「媒介支配-解讀台港的電視新聞」,台灣大學社會學研究所碩士論文。錦繡出版社
     1989 台灣全記錄,台北:錦繡。
     
     二、英文部份
     Altheide, D. L.
     1984 “Media Hegemony: A Failure of Perspective. “ Public Opinion Quarterly,48:476-493.
     Arrendell, C.
     1972 “Predicting the Completeness of Newspaper Election Coverage. “
     Journalism Quarterly. 49:290-295.
     Barnlund. D. C.
     1970 “A Transactional Model of Communication. “ In K. Sereno. S. C.
     Mortensen (eds.), Foundations of Communication Theory (pp.83-102).
     New York: Harper & Row.
     Becker. S. L.
     1984 “Marxist Approaches to Media Studies: The British Experience. “
     Critical Studies in Mass Communication. 1:66-80.
     Becker. J. & Fuchs.
     1967 “How Two Major California Dailies Covered Reagan v.s. Brown. “
     Journalism Quarterly, 44: 645-653.
     Berg, H. van den & Veer. C. G. van der
     1989 “Ideological Characteristic of News Reports. “ Gazette. 14: 159--194.
     Bocock. R.
     1986 Hegemony. London Tavistock Publications.
     Broh. C. A.
     1980 “Horserace Journalism: Reporting the Polls In the 1976 Presidential Election. “ Public Opinion Quarterly, 44:514-529.
     Bruck, P.
     1989 “Strategies for Peace. Strategies for Hews Research.“ Journal of
     Communication, 39(1):108-129.
     Carey. J.
     1976 “How Media Shape Campaigns. “ Journal of Communication. 26 50-57.
     Carnoy, M.
     1984 “ Gramsci and the State. “ The State and Political Theory (pp.65-88). Princeton University Press.
     Chibnall, S.
     1977 Law-&-Order News:An Analysis of Crime Reporting In the British Press. London: Tavistock Publications.
     Cohen. S. & Young. J.
     1981 “Part Two: Models of the Presentation. “ The Manufacture of News Social Problems, Deviance & the Mass Media (pp159-168). Revised ed., Beverly Hills: Sage publications.
     Curran, J., Gurevitch, M. & Woollacott, J.
     1982 “The Study of the Media: Theoretical Approaches. “ In M. Gurevitch, T. Bennett. J.Currna. & J.Woollacott etc., (Eds), Culture,
     Society and the Media (pp . 11-30). London: Methurn.
     Danielson W. A. & Adams J. B.
     1961 “Completeness of Press Coverage of 1960 Campaign. “ Journalism terly. 38:441-452.
     Dijk, T: A. van
     1983 “Discourse Analysis: Its Development and Application to the Structure
     of News. “ Journal of Communication. spring :20-43.
     1985 “Structure of News of the Press. “ In T. A. van Dijk (Eds.).
     Discourse and Communication (pp.69-93). New York.
     1988a “Structure of News. “ In Discourse Analysis (pP.17-94l. London.
     1988b “Semantics of a Press Panic: The Tamil Invasion` “European Journal of Communication, 3:167-187.
     Dortman. R.
     1984 “The Objective Posture. “ The Quill: 29-32.
     Eco. U.
     1976 A Theory of Semiotics. London:Macmillan.
     Eliasoph, N.
     1988 “Routines and the Making of Oppositional Hews. “ Critical Studies in Mass Communication. 5:313-334.
     Femia, J .
     1975 “Hegemony and Consciousness in the Thought of Antonio Gramsci. “ Political Studies, XXⅡ (1):29-48.
     Fishman, M.
     1980 Manufacturing the Hews. Austin : University of Texas Press.
     Fiske, J.
     1982 Introduction to Communication Studies. London & New York: Methuen.
     Fiske, J. & Hartley, J.
     1985 Reading Television. 2nd ed. New York: Methuen.
     Fowler, G. L.
     1979 “Predicting Political News Coverage by Newspaper Characteristics. “
     Journalism Quarterly. 56:172-175.
     Gans, H.
     1979 Deciding What`s Hews. New York: Pantheon.
     Gitlin. T.
     1980 The Whole World IS Watching. Berkeley University of California Press.
     1984 “Making Protest Movements Newsworthy. “ In D. A. Graber (Eds), Media Power in Politics (pp.239-250). Congressional Quarterly.
     Golding, P. & Murdock. G.
     1977 “Theories of Communication and Theories of Society. “Mass Communication Review Yearbook, 1:59-76.
     Graber. D. A.
     1980 Mass Media and American Politics. Congressional Quarterly Press.
     1987 “Researching the Mass Media-Elecions Interface: A Political Science Perspective. “ Mass Communication Review, 14:3-19.
     Gramsci, A.
     1971 Selections From the Prison Notebooks of Antonio Cramsci. New York
     : International Publishers.
     Grossberg, L. & Slack. J. D.
     1985 “An Introduction to Stuart Hall`s Essay. “ Critical Studies In Mass Communication. 2:87-90.
     Hackett. R. A.
     1984 “Decline of a Paradigm? Bias and Objectivity in News Media Studies. “ Critical, Studies in Mass Communication. 1 (3):220-259.
     Hall, S.
     1977 “Culture. the Media and the `Ideological` effect. “ In J. Curran.
     M.Gurevitch, & J. Woollacott (Eds) , Mass Communication and Society (pp.315-348). London: Edward Arnold.
     1978 Reformism and Legislation of Consent. CCCS, Birmingham: Mimeo.
     1980 “Encoding/Decoding. “ In S. Hall, D. Hobson. A. Love, & P. Willis (Eds.) , Culture, Media, Language (pp.128-139). London: Hutchinson.
     1982 “The Rediscovery of `Ideolgy`: Return of the Repressed in Media Studies. “ In M. Gurevitch, T. Bennett, J.Currna, & J. Woollacott (Eds). Culture, Society and the Media (pp;56-90). London: Methurn.
     1984 “The Narrative Construcion of Reality. “ Southern Review, 17:3-17.
     1985 “Signification, Representation, Ideology: Althusser ans the PostStructuralist Debates. “ Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 2:91-114.
     1988 “Gramsci and Us. “ in The Hard Road to Renewal Thatcherism & the Crisis of the Left (pp.161-173) . U.S. Library of Congress Cataloging In Publication data.
     Hall. S .. Critcher. C .. Jefferson, T., Clarke. J., & Roberts, B.
     1981 “The Social Production of News: Mugging in the Media. “ In S. Cohen & J. Young (Eds.).Th~ Manufacture of News: Social Problems. Deviance and the Mass Media (pp.335-365). Revised ed ..Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.
     Hallin. D. C.
     1987 “Hegemony: The America has News Media from Vietman to EI Salvador. A Study of Ideological Change and Its Limits. “
     Hartley. J.
     1982 Understanding News. London Methuen.
     Hofstetter. C. R.
     1978 Bias in the News: Network Tefevision Coverage of the 1972 Election Campaign. Columbus. Ohio State University Press.
     Joslyn. R.
     1984 Mass Media and Election. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.
     Klein. M. W. & Maccoby. N.
     1954 “Newspaper Objectivity In the 1952 Campaign. “ Journalism Quarterly ? 31 ; 285-293.
     Kosir, Manca.
     1988 “Towards a Theory of the Journalistic Text Form. “ S. Mitchell Trans. Media. Culture and Society. 10:345-361.
     Laclau, E. & Mouffe. C.
     1985 Hegemony and Socialist Strategy. London: Verso.
     Lemert, J. B.
     1989 Criticizing the Media Empirical Approaches. London Sage Publications.
     Mazzoleni. G.
     1987 “Media Logic and Party Logic in Campaign Coverage: The Italian General Election of 1983. “ European Journal of Communication. 2: 81-103.
     McCombs, M. E. & Show, D.
     1976 “Structuring the `Unseen Environment`. “ Journal of Communication, 26(2):18-22.
     McQuail, D.
     1987 Mass Communication Theory An Introduction. Beverly Hills : Sage Publications. 2nd ed.
     Mouffe, C.
     19xx “Hegemony and Ideology in Gramsci. “ Class. Culture and Hegemony (pp.219-23S).
     Murdock. G.
     1981 “Political Deviance: the Press Presentation of a MiIitant Mass Demonstration.“ In S. Cohen & J. Young (Eds.). The Manufacture of News: Social Problems, Deviance and the Mass Media (pp.206-225).
     Revised ed .? Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.
     Hollet, H. A.
     1968 “The Boston Globe in Four Presidential Elections. “ Journalism Quarterly, 48: 531-532.
     O`Keefe, G. J. & Atwood. L. E.
     1981 “Communication & Election Campaigns. “ In D. Nimmo & K. R. Sanders
     (Eds.), Handbook of Political Communication (pp329-357), Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.
     Pasadeos, Y.
     1990 “Sources In TV Coverage of Automotive Strikes. “ Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 34:77-84 . .
     Patterson, T. E.
     1980 The Mass Media Election How Americans Choose Their President.
     New York: Praeger.
     Riggins, S. M.
     1990 “News an Texts and Actions. “ Semiotica 359-374.
     Rock, P.
     1981 “News as Eternal Recurrence. “ In S. Cohen & J. Young (Eds.), The Manufacture of News:Social Problems, Deviance and the Mass Media (pp.64-69). Revised ed., Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.
     Russonello. J. M. & Wolf, F.
     1979 “Newspaper Coverage of the 1976 and 1968 Presidential Campaigns. “ Journalism Quarterly, 56:360-364,432.
     Schramm, W.
     1973 “How Communication Works ? “ in The process and Effects of Mass Communication (pp.3-26). Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
     Seidel, G.
     1985 “Political Discourse Analysis. “ In T. A. van Dijk (Eds) , Handbook of Discourse Analysis Vol.4: Discourse Analysis in Society (pp.42-57). London: Academic Pess.
     Shiau, Chyuan-Jenq
     1989 “The Transformation of Authoritarianism in Taiwan: Democratization and Liberalization. “ Paper in International Conference on Election and Democratization in East Asia Meet.
     Sigman, S. J. & Fry. D. L.
     1985 “Differential Ideology and Language Use: Readers` Reconstructions and Desriptions of News Events. “ Critical Studies In Mass Communication, 2:307-322.
     Sinclair, K.
     1982 “`Horserace` V.s. `Substance` in Coverage of Election by British Prestige Press. “ Journalism Quarterly, 59: 598-602.
     Stempel. G. H. Ⅲ
     1961 “The Prestige Press Covers the 1960 Presidential Campaign. “ Journal-ism Quarterly. 38:157-163.
     1965 “The Prestige Press in Two Presidential Elections. “ Journalism Quarterly, 42:15-21.
     1969 “The Prestige Press Meets the Third Party Challenge. “ Journalism Quarterly, 46; 699-706.
     Stevenson, R. L. & Greene, M. T.
     1980 “A Reconsideration of Bias In the News. “ Journalism Quarterly, 57
     115-121.
     Stovall. J. G.
     1988 “Coverage of 1984 Presidential Campaign . “ Journalism Quarterly, 65: 443-445.
     Streeter, T.
     1984 “An Althernative Approach to Television Research: Developments in British Cultural Studies at Birmingham. “ In W. D. Rowland, et al,.(Eds) . Interpreting Television: Current Research Persectives (pp.74-97) . Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.
     Tompson. J. B.
     1984 Studies In the Theory of Ideology. Oxford Basil Blackwell .
     Tuchman. G.
     1972 “Objectivity as Strategic Ritual An Examination of Newsmen`s Notions of Objectivity. American Journal of Sociology, 77 660-679.
     Turow, J.
     1984 Media Industries The Production of News and Entertainment. New York: Longman.
     Williams. R.
     1978 Marxism and Literature. Oxford University Press.
     Windhauser. J. W.
     1976 “How the Metropolitan Press Covered the 170 General Election Campaigns in Ohio. “Jouralism Quarterly. 53:264-270.
zh_TW