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題名 新聞基模之研究 : 專家與生手知識結構差異之探討
作者 梁玉芳
貢獻者 鍾蔚文
梁玉芳
日期 1990
1989
上傳時間 2-May-2016 16:58:30 (UTC+8)
摘要 本研究旨在探討，就「看新聞」這件事而言，專家生手的知識結構有何不同?
參考文獻 一．中文部分:
     溫世頌(民69 年)，教育心理學.台北:三民書局.
     黃俊英(民77 年)，多變量分析，第三版.台北:中國經濟企業研究所.
     
     二.西文部分:
     Abelson, R. P. (1981). The psychological status of the script concept. American Psychologist, 36, 715-729.
     Anderson, J. R. (1982) . Acquisition of cognition skill. Psychological Review, 89, 369-406.
     Anderson, J. R. (1981). Cognitive skills and their acquisition Hillsdale, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
     Bauer, R. A. (1964). Obstinate audience. American Psychologist, 19, 319-328.
     Berry, C. (1983) , Learning from television news: A critique of the research. Journal of Broadcasting, 27, 359-370.
     Bolland, J. M. (1985). The structure of political cognition: A new approach to its meaning and measurement, Political Behavior,7(3), 248-265.
     Borgida, E., & DeBono, K. G. (1989). Social hypothesis testing and the role of expertise. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 15(2), 212-221.
     Bower, G. H. Black, J. B., & Turner, T . J . ( 1979). Scripts in memory for text. Cognitive Psychology, 11 , 177-220.
     Bransford I J. D., & Johnson M. K. (1972). Contextual prerequisites for understanding: Some investigations of comprehension and recall. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 11, 717-726.
     Chase, W. G., & Simon, H. A. (1973). Perception in chess. Cognitive Psychology, 4, 55-81.
     Chi, M. T. H. & Koeski, R. (1983). Network representation of a child`s dinosaur Developmental Psychology, 19,29-39.
     Chi, M. T. H., Hutchinson, J. F., & Robin, A. I. (1989) .How inferences about novel domain-related concepts can be constructed by structured knowledge, MerrillPalmer Quarterly, 35(1), 27-63.
     Chi, M. T. H., Feltovich, P. J., & Glaser, R. (1981). Categorization & representation of physics problems by experts and novices.Cognitive Science,5, 121-152.
     Clarke, P ., & Kline, F. G. (1974). Media effects
     reconsidered: Some new strategies for communication research. Communication Research, 1, 224-239.
     Converse, P. E. (1975). Public opinion and voting behavior. In F.I. Greenstein & N.W. Polsby (Eds.),Handbook of political science Vol.4: Reading. Mass.:Addison-Wesley.
     Dawson, V. L., Zeitz, C. M., & Wright, J. C. (1989).
     Expert-novice differences in person perception: Evidence of experts` sensitivities to the organization of behavior. Social Cognition, 7(1), 1-30.
     Dervin, B. (1980). Communication gaps and inequities: Moving toward a reconceptualization. In B. Dervin & M. J. Voigt(Eds.), Progress in communication science Vol.2 (pp.73-112). Norwood, N. J. :Ablex.
     Dooling, D. J., & Lachman, R. ( 1971 ). Effect of comprehension in retention of prose. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 88, 216-222.
     Ettema, J. S. & Kline, F. G. (1977). Deficit, differences and ceilings: Contingent conditions for understanding the knowledge gap. Communication Research, 4, 179-202.
     Fincher-Kinfer, R., Post, T.A., Greene, T. R., & Voss, J.F. (1988). On the role of prior knowledge and task demands in the processing of text. Journal of memory and language, 27, 416-428.
     Findahl, D., & Hoijer, B. (1975a). Effect of additional verbal information on retention of a radio news program. Journalism Quarterly, 52, 493-498.
     Findahl, D., & Hoijer, B. (1975b). Man as receiver of information on knowledge, social priviledge and the news. Stockholm: Swedich Broadcasting Corporation, Audience and Program Research Department.
     Fiske, S. T., & Linville, P. W. (1980). What does the schema concept buy us? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 6(4), 543-557.
     Fiske, S. T., & Taylor, S. E.(1984). Social cognition. N. Y.: Addison-Wesley.
     Fiske, S. T., Kinder, D. R., & Larter, W. M. (1983).
     The novice and the expert: Knowledge-based strategies in political cognition. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 19, 381-400.
     Graber, D. (1988). Processing the news (2nd ed.). New York: Longman.
     Hastie. R.(1981) .Schematic principles in human memory. In E. T. Higgins, C. P. Herman, & M. P. Zanna (Eds.) Social cognition: The Ontario symposium Vo 1 .1 (pp.39-88).Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
     Heider, F. (1958). The Psychology of interpersonal relations. N.Y.: Wiley.
     Kintsch, W. (1974). The representation of meaning in memory. Hillsdale,N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
     Larkin, J., McDermott, J., Simon, D. P.,& Simon, H. A. (1980). Expert and novice performance in solving physics problems. Science, 208(20), 1335-1342.
     Lau, R. R., & Erber, R.(1985).Political sophistication: An information-processing perspective. In S. Kraus & R. M. Perloff (Eds.), Mass media and political thought (pp.37-63). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
     Linville,P. W.(1982). The Complexity-extremity effect and age-based stereotyping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 193-211.
     Linville, P. W., & Jones, E. E. (1980). Polarized appraisals of outgroup members. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 689-703.
     Lodge, M.(1985). Notes on a cognition-science approach to political infomation processing. Paper presented to the Chicago Conference of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago.
     McKeithen, K. B., Reitman, J. S., Rueter, H. H., & Hirtle, S. C. (1981). Knowledge organization and skill difference in computer programmers. Cognitive Psychology, 13, 307-325.
     McLeod, J. M., Kosicki, G. H., Pan, Z., & Allen, S. G. (1987). Audience perspectives on the news: Assessing their complexity and conceptual frames. Paper presented to the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Communication Theory and Methodology Division,August,1987, San Antonio, Texas.
     McLeod, J. M., Pan, Z., & Kucinski, D. M. (1989). Framing a complex issue:A case of social construction of meaning. Paper presented to the Mass Communication Division, ICA Conference, May 1989, San Francisco.
     Markus, H., & Zajonc, R. 8.(1985). The cognitive perspective in social psychology. In G. Lindzey & E. Aronson (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology: Vol.1 (pp.137-230). New York: Rondom House.
     Miller, G. A. (1956). The magical number seven, plus or minus two:Some limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychological Review, 63, 81-97.
     Neuman, W. R. (1976). Patterns of recall among television news viewers. Public Opinion Quarterly, 40,115-123.
     Paisley, W. (1984). Communication in the communication sciences. In B. Dervin & M. J. Voigt (Eds.), Progress in communictaion science, Vol.2 (pp.1-44). Norwood, N. J.: Ablex .
     Picek, J. S., Sherman, S. J., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1975). Cognitive organization and coding of social structures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31, 758-768.
     Potts, G. R. (1974). Storing and retrieving information about ordered relationships. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 102, 431-439.
     Reeves, B., Chaffee, S. H., & Tims, A. (1982). Social cognition and mass communication research. In M. E. Roloff & C. R. Berger (Eds.), Social cognition and communication (pp.287-326). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
     Robinson, J. P., & Levy, M. R. (1986). Comprehension of a week`s news. In J. P. Robinson & M. R. Levy (Eds.), The main source: Learning from television news (pp.87-105). Beverly Hills, CA.: Sage.
     Robinson, J. P., & Davis, D. K. (1986). Comprehension of a single evening`s news. In J. P. Robinson & M. R. Levy (Eds.), The main source: Learning from television news (pp.107-132). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
     Robinson, J. P.(1986). Long-term information and media usage. In J. P. Robinson & M. R. Levy (Eds.), The main source: Learning from television news (pp.57-85). Beverly Hills, CA.: Sage.
     Rouner, D., & Perloff, R. M. (1988). Selective perception of outcome of first 1984 Presidential dabate. Journalism quarterly, 65(1), 141-147 .
     Rumelhart, D. E.(1984). Schemata and the cognition system. In R. S. Wyer, Jr. & T. K. Srull (Eds.), Handbook of social cognition: Vol.1 (pp.161-188). Hillsdale, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
     Rumelhart, D. E., & Ortony, A. (1977). Schooling and the acquistion of knowledge. Hillsdale, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
     Spilich, G. J., Vesonder, G. T., Chiesi, H. L., & Voss, J. F. (1979). Text processing of domain-related information for individuals with high and low domain knowledge. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 18, 275-290.
     Srull, T. K. (1984). Methodological techniques for the study of personal memory and social cognition. In R. S. Wyer, Jr. & T. K. Srull (Eds.), Handbook of Social ,Cognition. Vol.2 (pp.1-72). Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
     Sulin, R. A., & Dooling, D. J. (1974). Intrusion of a thematic idea in retention of prose. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 103, 255-262.
     Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S. (1983). Using multivariate statistics. N.Y.: Harper & Row.
     Taylor, S. E., & Crocker, J. (1981). Schematic bases of social information processing. In E. T. Higgins,C. P. Herman, & M. P. Zanna (Eds.), Social cognition: The Ontario symposium Vol. 1 (pp.89-134). Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
     Thorndyke, P. W.(1977). Cognitive structure in comprehension and memory of narrative discourse. Cognitive Psychology, 9, 111 - 151 .
     Tichenor, P. J., Donohue, G. A., & Olien, C. N. (1970). Mass media flow and differential growth in Knowledge. Public Opinion Quarterly, 34, 159-170
     Tulving, E. (1972). Episodic and semantic memory. In E. Tulving & W. Donaldson(Eds.), Organization of memory.N.Y.: Academic Press.
     van Dijk, T. A., & Kintsch, W. (1983). Strategies of discourse comprehension. N.Y.: Academic Press.
     van Dijk, T. A. (1988). News as Discourse. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
     van Dijk, T. A. (1980). Macrostructure. Hillsdale, N.J. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
     van Dijk, T. A. (1983). Discourse analysis: Its development and application to the structure of news. Journal of Communication, 33, 20-43.
     Voss, J. F., Vesonder, G. T., & Spilich, G. J. (1980).Text generation and recall by high-knowledge and lowknowledge individuals. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal behavior, 19, 651-667.
     Voss, J. F. ,Tyler, S. W.,& Bisanz, G. L. (1982). Prose Comprehension and memory. In C. R. Puff (Ed.), Handbook of research methods in human memory and cognition, N.Y.: Academic Press.
     Woodall, W. G. (1986). Information-processing Theory and television news. In J. P. Robinson & M. R. Levy (Eds.), The main source: Learning from television news (pp.133-158). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
新聞學系
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#B2002005043
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 鍾蔚文zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 梁玉芳zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) 梁玉芳zh_TW
dc.date (日期) 1990en_US
dc.date (日期) 1989en_US
dc.date.accessioned 2-May-2016 16:58:30 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 2-May-2016 16:58:30 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 2-May-2016 16:58:30 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) B2002005043en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/89529-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 新聞學系zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本研究旨在探討，就「看新聞」這件事而言，專家生手的知識結構有何不同?zh_TW
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 結論. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
     第一節 研究動機與目的. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
     第二節 研究問題. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
     第二章 文獻探討. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
     第一節 知識對理解新聞的重要性. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
     第二節 基模對處理資訊的影響. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
     第三節 專家與生手的差異. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
     第三章 研究方法
     第一節 研究設計與資料蒐集. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
     第二節 抽樣方法與樣本結構. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
     第三節 讀本製作. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
     第四節 專家與生手的測量. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
     第四章 資料分析. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
     第一節 研究對象知識分數之描述. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 62
     第二節 專家與生手理解新聞表現之比較. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65
     第三節 專家與生手的區別分析. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
     第四節 專家、生手與人口變項之關聯性分析. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
     第五節 專家、生手與傳播行為之關聯性分析. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
     第五章 結論與建議. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77
     第一節 主要結論. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
     第二節 研究意涵. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80
     第三節 研究限制. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.
     第四節 對未來研究的建議. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83
     第五節 對實務界的建議. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85
     參考書目. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91
     附錄一 問卷. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101
     附錄二 新聞讀本. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111		zh_TW
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#B2002005043en_US
dc.title (題名) 新聞基模之研究 : 專家與生手知識結構差異之探討zh_TW
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 一．中文部分:
     溫世頌(民69 年)，教育心理學.台北:三民書局.
     黃俊英(民77 年)，多變量分析，第三版.台北:中國經濟企業研究所.
     
     二.西文部分:
     Abelson, R. P. (1981). The psychological status of the script concept. American Psychologist, 36, 715-729.
     Anderson, J. R. (1982) . Acquisition of cognition skill. Psychological Review, 89, 369-406.
     Anderson, J. R. (1981). Cognitive skills and their acquisition Hillsdale, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
     Bauer, R. A. (1964). Obstinate audience. American Psychologist, 19, 319-328.
     Berry, C. (1983) , Learning from television news: A critique of the research. Journal of Broadcasting, 27, 359-370.
     Bolland, J. M. (1985). The structure of political cognition: A new approach to its meaning and measurement, Political Behavior,7(3), 248-265.
     Borgida, E., & DeBono, K. G. (1989). Social hypothesis testing and the role of expertise. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 15(2), 212-221.
     Bower, G. H. Black, J. B., & Turner, T . J . ( 1979). Scripts in memory for text. Cognitive Psychology, 11 , 177-220.
     Bransford I J. D., & Johnson M. K. (1972). Contextual prerequisites for understanding: Some investigations of comprehension and recall. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 11, 717-726.
     Chase, W. G., & Simon, H. A. (1973). Perception in chess. Cognitive Psychology, 4, 55-81.
     Chi, M. T. H. & Koeski, R. (1983). Network representation of a child`s dinosaur Developmental Psychology, 19,29-39.
     Chi, M. T. H., Hutchinson, J. F., & Robin, A. I. (1989) .How inferences about novel domain-related concepts can be constructed by structured knowledge, MerrillPalmer Quarterly, 35(1), 27-63.
     Chi, M. T. H., Feltovich, P. J., & Glaser, R. (1981). Categorization & representation of physics problems by experts and novices.Cognitive Science,5, 121-152.
     Clarke, P ., & Kline, F. G. (1974). Media effects
     reconsidered: Some new strategies for communication research. Communication Research, 1, 224-239.
     Converse, P. E. (1975). Public opinion and voting behavior. In F.I. Greenstein & N.W. Polsby (Eds.),Handbook of political science Vol.4: Reading. Mass.:Addison-Wesley.
     Dawson, V. L., Zeitz, C. M., & Wright, J. C. (1989).
     Expert-novice differences in person perception: Evidence of experts` sensitivities to the organization of behavior. Social Cognition, 7(1), 1-30.
     Dervin, B. (1980). Communication gaps and inequities: Moving toward a reconceptualization. In B. Dervin & M. J. Voigt(Eds.), Progress in communication science Vol.2 (pp.73-112). Norwood, N. J. :Ablex.
     Dooling, D. J., & Lachman, R. ( 1971 ). Effect of comprehension in retention of prose. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 88, 216-222.
     Ettema, J. S. & Kline, F. G. (1977). Deficit, differences and ceilings: Contingent conditions for understanding the knowledge gap. Communication Research, 4, 179-202.
     Fincher-Kinfer, R., Post, T.A., Greene, T. R., & Voss, J.F. (1988). On the role of prior knowledge and task demands in the processing of text. Journal of memory and language, 27, 416-428.
     Findahl, D., & Hoijer, B. (1975a). Effect of additional verbal information on retention of a radio news program. Journalism Quarterly, 52, 493-498.
     Findahl, D., & Hoijer, B. (1975b). Man as receiver of information on knowledge, social priviledge and the news. Stockholm: Swedich Broadcasting Corporation, Audience and Program Research Department.
     Fiske, S. T., & Linville, P. W. (1980). What does the schema concept buy us? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 6(4), 543-557.
     Fiske, S. T., & Taylor, S. E.(1984). Social cognition. N. Y.: Addison-Wesley.
     Fiske, S. T., Kinder, D. R., & Larter, W. M. (1983).
     The novice and the expert: Knowledge-based strategies in political cognition. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 19, 381-400.
     Graber, D. (1988). Processing the news (2nd ed.). New York: Longman.
     Hastie. R.(1981) .Schematic principles in human memory. In E. T. Higgins, C. P. Herman, & M. P. Zanna (Eds.) Social cognition: The Ontario symposium Vo 1 .1 (pp.39-88).Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
     Heider, F. (1958). The Psychology of interpersonal relations. N.Y.: Wiley.
     Kintsch, W. (1974). The representation of meaning in memory. Hillsdale,N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
     Larkin, J., McDermott, J., Simon, D. P.,& Simon, H. A. (1980). Expert and novice performance in solving physics problems. Science, 208(20), 1335-1342.
     Lau, R. R., & Erber, R.(1985).Political sophistication: An information-processing perspective. In S. Kraus & R. M. Perloff (Eds.), Mass media and political thought (pp.37-63). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
     Linville,P. W.(1982). The Complexity-extremity effect and age-based stereotyping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 193-211.
     Linville, P. W., & Jones, E. E. (1980). Polarized appraisals of outgroup members. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 689-703.
     Lodge, M.(1985). Notes on a cognition-science approach to political infomation processing. Paper presented to the Chicago Conference of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago.
     McKeithen, K. B., Reitman, J. S., Rueter, H. H., & Hirtle, S. C. (1981). Knowledge organization and skill difference in computer programmers. Cognitive Psychology, 13, 307-325.
     McLeod, J. M., Kosicki, G. H., Pan, Z., & Allen, S. G. (1987). Audience perspectives on the news: Assessing their complexity and conceptual frames. Paper presented to the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Communication Theory and Methodology Division,August,1987, San Antonio, Texas.
     McLeod, J. M., Pan, Z., & Kucinski, D. M. (1989). Framing a complex issue:A case of social construction of meaning. Paper presented to the Mass Communication Division, ICA Conference, May 1989, San Francisco.
     Markus, H., & Zajonc, R. 8.(1985). The cognitive perspective in social psychology. In G. Lindzey & E. Aronson (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology: Vol.1 (pp.137-230). New York: Rondom House.
     Miller, G. A. (1956). The magical number seven, plus or minus two:Some limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychological Review, 63, 81-97.
     Neuman, W. R. (1976). Patterns of recall among television news viewers. Public Opinion Quarterly, 40,115-123.
     Paisley, W. (1984). Communication in the communication sciences. In B. Dervin & M. J. Voigt (Eds.), Progress in communictaion science, Vol.2 (pp.1-44). Norwood, N. J.: Ablex .
     Picek, J. S., Sherman, S. J., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1975). Cognitive organization and coding of social structures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31, 758-768.
     Potts, G. R. (1974). Storing and retrieving information about ordered relationships. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 102, 431-439.
     Reeves, B., Chaffee, S. H., & Tims, A. (1982). Social cognition and mass communication research. In M. E. Roloff & C. R. Berger (Eds.), Social cognition and communication (pp.287-326). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
     Robinson, J. P., & Levy, M. R. (1986). Comprehension of a week`s news. In J. P. Robinson & M. R. Levy (Eds.), The main source: Learning from television news (pp.87-105). Beverly Hills, CA.: Sage.
     Robinson, J. P., & Davis, D. K. (1986). Comprehension of a single evening`s news. In J. P. Robinson & M. R. Levy (Eds.), The main source: Learning from television news (pp.107-132). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
     Robinson, J. P.(1986). Long-term information and media usage. In J. P. Robinson & M. R. Levy (Eds.), The main source: Learning from television news (pp.57-85). Beverly Hills, CA.: Sage.
     Rouner, D., & Perloff, R. M. (1988). Selective perception of outcome of first 1984 Presidential dabate. Journalism quarterly, 65(1), 141-147 .
     Rumelhart, D. E.(1984). Schemata and the cognition system. In R. S. Wyer, Jr. & T. K. Srull (Eds.), Handbook of social cognition: Vol.1 (pp.161-188). Hillsdale, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
     Rumelhart, D. E., & Ortony, A. (1977). Schooling and the acquistion of knowledge. Hillsdale, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
     Spilich, G. J., Vesonder, G. T., Chiesi, H. L., & Voss, J. F. (1979). Text processing of domain-related information for individuals with high and low domain knowledge. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 18, 275-290.
     Srull, T. K. (1984). Methodological techniques for the study of personal memory and social cognition. In R. S. Wyer, Jr. & T. K. Srull (Eds.), Handbook of Social ,Cognition. Vol.2 (pp.1-72). Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
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