1. NCCU Academic Hub
  2. Publications
  3. College of Commerce
  4. Theses
  5. Item

Publications-Theses

Article View/Open

Publication Export

Google ScholarTM

NCCU Library

Citation Infomation

Related Publications in TAIR

題名 社會福利支出之國際比較與我國適當支出水準之預估
作者 林尚民
貢獻者 徐偉初
林尚民
日期 1990
1989
上傳時間 3-May-2016 14:14:58 (UTC+8)
參考文獻 參考書目
中文部分
1.李金桐，陳小紅，鄭文輝，段重祺等，我國社會保險制度與社會保險支出之研究，行政院研考會，76年7月.
2.柯木興譯，社會安全在社會及經濟發展中的角色，社會安全論著，周建卿編，75年，PP401-422.
3.徐偉初等，現階段公共支出水準與結構之研究，賦改會專題報告12，78年6月.
4.徐偉初，王正，王文煌等，家戶間賦稅負擔之分配研究，賦改會專題報告104，78年8月.
5.陳小紅，美國的社會褔利發展與其經濟效益初探，各國社會褔利經濟效益之初探，明德基金會生活素質研究中心研討會論文集(5),75年4月，PP32-68
6.陳小紅，一九八0年代美國社會褔利政策的改革方向與啟示，經社法制論叢，第4期78年7月.
7.詹火生，讀社會褔利總預算還原社會褔利的真正意義，財團法人張榮發基金會國策中心國家預算研討會，78年4月2日.
8.詹火生與羅紀瓊，現階設我國社會褔利經費支出水準，經費結構與財源籌措之研究，賦改會專題報告13，78年6月.
9.詹火生，社會環境變遷對經濟發展之影響，邁向經濟大國之路研討會，經濟部與中華經濟研究院主辦，78年11月.
10.蔡宏昭，社會福利經濟效益之研究，中華民國社區發展訓練中心，75年.
11.鄭文輝，朱澤民，余漢儀，簡立忠等，我國社會福利支出之研究，行政院研考會，76年11月.
12.郭文暉，八十年度中央政府社會福利預算之檢討，財富法人張榮發基金會國策中心國家預算研討會，79年4月21日.
13.鄭慧瑩譯，各國社會福利行政的趨勢，內政部社會司，77年元月.
14.簡立忠，我國社會保臉之財源籌措，政大財政所碩士論文，76年7月.
15.魏斯曼(Wiseman，Jack)與馬士蘭(Marsland，David)，中華民國社會福利方案之檢討與建議，經建會75年.
16.蘇文麒，社會福利支出與財源之研究，政大財政所碩士論文，75年7月.
17.經建會，我國社會福利整體規劃之研究，75年4月.
18.經建會，我國現行社會福利制度與福利支出之研究，自由中國之工業，60卷5、6期，PP1-16,PP7-21.
19.經建會，經社法制論叢，經建會健全經社法規工作小組，第2，4期，77年7月，78年7月.
20.經建會，中華民國台灣地區民國75-100年人口估計，人力規劃處，77年1月.
21.經建會，社會福利指標，人力規劃處，78年10月.
22.研考會，我國社會福利定義與範圍之研究，78年7月.
23.主計處，國民所得年刊，78年12月.
24.財政部，財政統計年報，財政部統計處，74-78年.

外文部份
1.日本統計年鑑，總務廳統計局，昭和61年(1986).
2. W. T. Alphart, "An Analysis of Fringe Benefit Using Time-Series Data", Applied Ecmnomics, 19, (1987), PP 1-13.
3. Odin W. Anderson, "Are National Health Services Systems Converging? Prediction for the United States", The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 434,(Nov.1977), PP 24-38.
4. Henry J. Aaron, Economic Effects of Social Security,(Washington D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1982)
5. A. B. Atkinson, "On the Measurement of Inequality", Journal of Economics Theory, 2, (1970), PP 244-263.
6. Nicholas Barr, The Economics of the Welfare State, (Stanford,California: Stanford University Press,1987).
7. Raymond A. Bauer, "The Study of Policy Formation: An Introduction", in The Study of Policy Formation, eds., Raymond A. Bauer and Kenneth J. Gergen (New York: Free Press, 1968).
8. Ernest Becker, The Denial of Death and Escape from Evil (New York: Free Press, 1973 and 1975), quoted by Robert Morris,Social policy of the American Welfare State (New York: Harper & Row, 1979 ) .
9. Behrman, Jere R., and Raaj Kumar Sah, "What Role Does Equity Play in the International Distribution of Development Aid ?",in M. Syrquin, L. Talor and L. E. Westphal (eds.), Economic Structure and Performance (Orlando: Academic Press).
10. T. C. Bergstrom and R. P. Goodman, "Private Demands for Public Goods", American Economic Review, 63, (1973), PP 280.-96.
11. Blackorby, C., and D. Donaldson, "A Theoretical Treatment of Indices of Absolute Inequality", . International Economic review, vol.21, 1, (Feb.1980), PP 107-36.
12. Kenneth Boulding, "The Boundaries of Social Policy", Social Work, 12, (January 1967), PP 3-11.
13. Pranab Chatterjee and Henry Ireys, "Technology Transfer:Views from Social Science Displines" , Social Development Issues, 3, (Fall 1979) PP 54-75.
14. Richard Cornes and Todd Sandler, The Theory of Externalities,Public Goods, and Club Goods, (Cambridge: Cambridge Univerisity Press, 1986).
15. Bruno De Borger, "Estimating the Welfare Implication of In-Kind Government Programs - A Gerneral Numerical Approach",Journal of Public Economics, 38, (1989), PP 215-26.
16. Sumati Dubey, "Conceptual Framework for Comparative Analysis of Social? Policies", in Social Development Issues, 4, (Fall 1980), PP 63-78.
17. T. R. Dye, Understanding Public Policy (Englewood Cliffs, N.J. Prentice-Hill Inc., 1975).
18. Francesco Forte and Alan Peacock, Public Expenditure and Government Growth, (Basil Blackwell, Inc., 1985).
19. Robert C. Fried, "Comparing Urban Policy and Performance",in Handbook of Political Science, vol. 6, eds., Fried I. Greenstern and Nelson W. Polsby, (Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley, 1975), P 307.
20. Jerold Hage and J. Rogers Hollingsworth, "The First Step Toward the Integration of Social Theory and Public Policy",The Annals of American Academy of Political and Social Science, 434, (Nov.1977), PP 1-23.
21. Hanthakker, H. S., "An International Comparison of Household Expenditure Patterns", Econometrica, 24, 1957, PP 98-111.
22. Peter N. Hess, "Static and Dynamic Cross-Sections: Inference for the Contemporary Fertility Translation", Journal of Economic Development, vol.13, 1, (June 1988), PP 95-119.
23. Starr Huffman, "The Culture Unit - A Vital Factor in Policy and Planning", in New Horizons of Social Welfare and Policy,eds., Brij Mohan (Cambridge Massechussetts, Schenkman Books, Inc., 1985).
24. Martin O. Heisler and B. Guy Peter, "Toward a Multi-Dimensional Framework for the Analasis of Social Policy", The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 434,(Nov.1977), PP 58-70.
25. International Labor Force, Year Book of Labor Statistics,Geneva, 1985.
26. IMF, Government F1nance Statistics Year Book, 1988.
27. Salvatore Imbrongo; "Decision Perspectives in Social Welfare Policy", in New Horizons of Social Welfare and Policy, eds.,Brij Mohan (Cambridge Massechussetts, Schenkman Books, Inc. 1985) .
28. J. Johnston, Econometric Methods, (McGraw-Hill, Inc.1984).
29. Jorgenson, D. W. and D.T.Sleosnick, "Aggregate Consumer Behavior and Household Equivalence Scales", Journal of Business and Economic Statist1cs, 5, (1987), PP 219-32.
30. Keeler, E.B., Newhouse, J.P. and Phelps, C.E., "Deductibles and the Demand for Medical Services: the Theory of a Consumer Facing a Variable Price Schedule Under Uncertainty", Econometrica, 45, (1977), PP 641-55.
31. Sheila B. Kammerman and Alfred- J. Kahn, Family Policy:Government and Family in Fourteen Countries (New York:Columbia Unversity Press, 1978).
32. Arthur Lewbel, "Household Equivalence Scale and Welfare Comparison", Journal of Public Economics , 39, (1989),PP 377-91.
33. Frank D. Lewis, Dependent and Demand for Life Insurance,American Economic Review, vol.79, 3, PP 453-67 .
34. Arend Lijphart. "Comparative Politics and the Comparative Mehtod" , American Political Science Review, vol.65,(September 1971), PP 682-93.
35. James Midgley, "Models of Welfare and Social Planning in Third World Counrries" , in New Horizons of Social Welfare and Policy, eds., Brij Mohan (Cambridge Massechussetts,Shenkman Books, Inc.: 1985).
36 . Brij Mohan, New Horizons of Social Welfare and Policy,(Cambridge, Massachu`se tts: Schenkman Books , Inc., 1985).
37. David Newbery, "A Theorem on the Measurement of Inequality" ,Jounal of Economic Theory, 2, (1970), PP 264-66.
38. Carol Propper , "An Ecomometrics Analysis of the Demand for Private Health Insurance in England and wales", Applied Economics,. 21, (1989), PP 777-92.
39. Ram Rati, "Causality Between Income and Government Expenditure: A Broad International Perspective", Public finance, 41, (1986), PP 45-65.
40. Ram Rati, "Wagner`s Hypothesis in Time Series and Cross-Section Perspectives: Evidence from Real Data. 115 Countries ",The Review of Economics and StatistiCS, 2, (May 1987),PP 194-204.
41. Martin Ravallion and Lorraine Dearden, "Social Security in a Moral Economy: An Empirical Analysis for Java", The Review of Economics and Statistics, 1, (Feb.1988), PP 36-44.
42. Richard Rose, "Compring Public Policy - An Overview", European Journal of Political Research, vol. 1, (1973), PP67-93.
43 . P. A. Samuelson,. "Optimum Social Security in a Life-Cycle Growth Model", International Ecomomic Review, (Oct.1975).PP 539-544.
44. Eytan Shenshinski, "Relation Between Social Welfare Function and the Gini Index of Income Inequality", Journal of Economic Theory, 4 , (1972), PP 98-100.
45. Paul Stuart, "A framework for Cross-National Comparison of:Social Welfare", in New Horizons of Social Welfare and policy,eds., Brij Mohan (Cambridge Massechussetts, Schenkman Books ,Inc.: 1985).
46. Summers, Robert and Alan Heston, "Improved International Comparison of Real Product and Its Composition: 1950-1980",Review of Income and wealth, 30, (June 1984), PP 207-219 .
47. Alan A. Tait, Wilfrid L. M. Gratz, and Barry J. Eichengreen,"International Comparison of Taxation for Selected Developing Countries, 1972-76" , Staff Papers, vo1. 26, 1 ,(March 1979),PP l23-56.
48. Alan A. Tait and Peter S.Heller, "International Comparison of Government Expenditures", IMF occasional paper la, (1982).
49. R. M. Titmuss, Commitment to Welfare (New York: Pantheon Books,1969) .
50. United Nations, Demographic Yearbook, 1983.
51. Adam Wagstaff, "Economic Studies in Health Economics--- A Survey of the British Literature", Journal of Health Economics, 8, 1989, PP 1-15.
52. The World Almanac & Books of Facts, (New York, 1983-1989).
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
財政學系
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#B2002005325
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 徐偉初zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 林尚民zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) 林尚民zh_TW
dc.date (日期) 1990en_US
dc.date (日期) 1989en_US
dc.date.accessioned 3-May-2016 14:14:58 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 3-May-2016 14:14:58 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 3-May-2016 14:14:58 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) B2002005325en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/90125-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 財政學系zh_TW
dc.description.tableofcontents 目錄
圖表目次……………-II-
第一章緒論……………-1-
第一節研究動機與目的……………-1-
第二節研究方法與限制……………-1-
第三節本文結構……………-2-
第二章社會福利國際比較之理論……………-4-
第一節社會福利政策的定義與發展……………-4-
第二節社會福利國際比較之文獻回顧……………-12-
第三節國際比較模型的建立……………-15-
第四節本章結語……………-22-
第三章社會福利支出之國際比較的實證分析……………-28-
第一節資料來源及說明……………-28-
第二節迴歸分析與國際比較指數之計算……………-32-
第三節各國社會福利支出之比較分析……………-44-
第四節本章結語……………-56-
第四章我國社會福利支出之分析與預估……………-58-
第一節我國社會福利支出在國際上的表現……………-58-
第二節我國適當社會福利支出水準之預估……………-64-
第三章本章結語……………-93-
第五章結論與建議……………-95-
參考書目……………-98-

圖表目次
圖一.社會福利發展模式-以政治體系分……………-9-
表一.各解釋變數及迴歸函數型態說明表……………-33-
表二.迴歸分析結果之一……………-35-
表三.迴歸分析結果之二……………-36-
表四.迴歸分析結果之三……………-37-
表五.迴歸分析結果之四……………-38-
表六.迴歸分析結果之五……………-39-
表七.以全世界標準計算之各國比較指數……………-45-
表八.以工業化國家標準計算之各國比較指數……………-46-
表九.以開發中國家標準計算之各國比較指數……………-47-
表十.以亞洲國家標準計算之各國比較指數……………-48-
表十一.以五十國標準計算之各國比較指數……………-49-
表十二.民國74年至77年中央政府之各項支出指數……………-60-
表十三.民國74年至77年一班政府之各項支出指數……………-62-
表十四至表二十二.民國78年至84年我國社會福利支出之預測……………-69-
表二十三.財政部賦改會對社會福利支出之預估……………-92-		zh_TW
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#B2002005325en_US
dc.title (題名) 社會福利支出之國際比較與我國適當支出水準之預估zh_TW
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 參考書目
中文部分
1.李金桐，陳小紅，鄭文輝，段重祺等，我國社會保險制度與社會保險支出之研究，行政院研考會，76年7月.
2.柯木興譯，社會安全在社會及經濟發展中的角色，社會安全論著，周建卿編，75年，PP401-422.
3.徐偉初等，現階段公共支出水準與結構之研究，賦改會專題報告12，78年6月.
4.徐偉初，王正，王文煌等，家戶間賦稅負擔之分配研究，賦改會專題報告104，78年8月.
5.陳小紅，美國的社會褔利發展與其經濟效益初探，各國社會褔利經濟效益之初探，明德基金會生活素質研究中心研討會論文集(5),75年4月，PP32-68
6.陳小紅，一九八0年代美國社會褔利政策的改革方向與啟示，經社法制論叢，第4期78年7月.
7.詹火生，讀社會褔利總預算還原社會褔利的真正意義，財團法人張榮發基金會國策中心國家預算研討會，78年4月2日.
8.詹火生與羅紀瓊，現階設我國社會褔利經費支出水準，經費結構與財源籌措之研究，賦改會專題報告13，78年6月.
9.詹火生，社會環境變遷對經濟發展之影響，邁向經濟大國之路研討會，經濟部與中華經濟研究院主辦，78年11月.
10.蔡宏昭，社會福利經濟效益之研究，中華民國社區發展訓練中心，75年.
11.鄭文輝，朱澤民，余漢儀，簡立忠等，我國社會福利支出之研究，行政院研考會，76年11月.
12.郭文暉，八十年度中央政府社會福利預算之檢討，財富法人張榮發基金會國策中心國家預算研討會，79年4月21日.
13.鄭慧瑩譯，各國社會福利行政的趨勢，內政部社會司，77年元月.
14.簡立忠，我國社會保臉之財源籌措，政大財政所碩士論文，76年7月.
15.魏斯曼(Wiseman，Jack)與馬士蘭(Marsland，David)，中華民國社會福利方案之檢討與建議，經建會75年.
16.蘇文麒，社會福利支出與財源之研究，政大財政所碩士論文，75年7月.
17.經建會，我國社會福利整體規劃之研究，75年4月.
18.經建會，我國現行社會福利制度與福利支出之研究，自由中國之工業，60卷5、6期，PP1-16,PP7-21.
19.經建會，經社法制論叢，經建會健全經社法規工作小組，第2，4期，77年7月，78年7月.
20.經建會，中華民國台灣地區民國75-100年人口估計，人力規劃處，77年1月.
21.經建會，社會福利指標，人力規劃處，78年10月.
22.研考會，我國社會福利定義與範圍之研究，78年7月.
23.主計處，國民所得年刊，78年12月.
24.財政部，財政統計年報，財政部統計處，74-78年.

外文部份
1.日本統計年鑑，總務廳統計局，昭和61年(1986).
2. W. T. Alphart, "An Analysis of Fringe Benefit Using Time-Series Data", Applied Ecmnomics, 19, (1987), PP 1-13.
3. Odin W. Anderson, "Are National Health Services Systems Converging? Prediction for the United States", The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 434,(Nov.1977), PP 24-38.
4. Henry J. Aaron, Economic Effects of Social Security,(Washington D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1982)
5. A. B. Atkinson, "On the Measurement of Inequality", Journal of Economics Theory, 2, (1970), PP 244-263.
6. Nicholas Barr, The Economics of the Welfare State, (Stanford,California: Stanford University Press,1987).
7. Raymond A. Bauer, "The Study of Policy Formation: An Introduction", in The Study of Policy Formation, eds., Raymond A. Bauer and Kenneth J. Gergen (New York: Free Press, 1968).
8. Ernest Becker, The Denial of Death and Escape from Evil (New York: Free Press, 1973 and 1975), quoted by Robert Morris,Social policy of the American Welfare State (New York: Harper & Row, 1979 ) .
9. Behrman, Jere R., and Raaj Kumar Sah, "What Role Does Equity Play in the International Distribution of Development Aid ?",in M. Syrquin, L. Talor and L. E. Westphal (eds.), Economic Structure and Performance (Orlando: Academic Press).
10. T. C. Bergstrom and R. P. Goodman, "Private Demands for Public Goods", American Economic Review, 63, (1973), PP 280.-96.
11. Blackorby, C., and D. Donaldson, "A Theoretical Treatment of Indices of Absolute Inequality", . International Economic review, vol.21, 1, (Feb.1980), PP 107-36.
12. Kenneth Boulding, "The Boundaries of Social Policy", Social Work, 12, (January 1967), PP 3-11.
13. Pranab Chatterjee and Henry Ireys, "Technology Transfer:Views from Social Science Displines" , Social Development Issues, 3, (Fall 1979) PP 54-75.
14. Richard Cornes and Todd Sandler, The Theory of Externalities,Public Goods, and Club Goods, (Cambridge: Cambridge Univerisity Press, 1986).
15. Bruno De Borger, "Estimating the Welfare Implication of In-Kind Government Programs - A Gerneral Numerical Approach",Journal of Public Economics, 38, (1989), PP 215-26.
16. Sumati Dubey, "Conceptual Framework for Comparative Analysis of Social? Policies", in Social Development Issues, 4, (Fall 1980), PP 63-78.
17. T. R. Dye, Understanding Public Policy (Englewood Cliffs, N.J. Prentice-Hill Inc., 1975).
18. Francesco Forte and Alan Peacock, Public Expenditure and Government Growth, (Basil Blackwell, Inc., 1985).
19. Robert C. Fried, "Comparing Urban Policy and Performance",in Handbook of Political Science, vol. 6, eds., Fried I. Greenstern and Nelson W. Polsby, (Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley, 1975), P 307.
20. Jerold Hage and J. Rogers Hollingsworth, "The First Step Toward the Integration of Social Theory and Public Policy",The Annals of American Academy of Political and Social Science, 434, (Nov.1977), PP 1-23.
21. Hanthakker, H. S., "An International Comparison of Household Expenditure Patterns", Econometrica, 24, 1957, PP 98-111.
22. Peter N. Hess, "Static and Dynamic Cross-Sections: Inference for the Contemporary Fertility Translation", Journal of Economic Development, vol.13, 1, (June 1988), PP 95-119.
23. Starr Huffman, "The Culture Unit - A Vital Factor in Policy and Planning", in New Horizons of Social Welfare and Policy,eds., Brij Mohan (Cambridge Massechussetts, Schenkman Books, Inc., 1985).
24. Martin O. Heisler and B. Guy Peter, "Toward a Multi-Dimensional Framework for the Analasis of Social Policy", The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 434,(Nov.1977), PP 58-70.
25. International Labor Force, Year Book of Labor Statistics,Geneva, 1985.
26. IMF, Government F1nance Statistics Year Book, 1988.
27. Salvatore Imbrongo; "Decision Perspectives in Social Welfare Policy", in New Horizons of Social Welfare and Policy, eds.,Brij Mohan (Cambridge Massechussetts, Schenkman Books, Inc. 1985) .
28. J. Johnston, Econometric Methods, (McGraw-Hill, Inc.1984).
29. Jorgenson, D. W. and D.T.Sleosnick, "Aggregate Consumer Behavior and Household Equivalence Scales", Journal of Business and Economic Statist1cs, 5, (1987), PP 219-32.
30. Keeler, E.B., Newhouse, J.P. and Phelps, C.E., "Deductibles and the Demand for Medical Services: the Theory of a Consumer Facing a Variable Price Schedule Under Uncertainty", Econometrica, 45, (1977), PP 641-55.
31. Sheila B. Kammerman and Alfred- J. Kahn, Family Policy:Government and Family in Fourteen Countries (New York:Columbia Unversity Press, 1978).
32. Arthur Lewbel, "Household Equivalence Scale and Welfare Comparison", Journal of Public Economics , 39, (1989),PP 377-91.
33. Frank D. Lewis, Dependent and Demand for Life Insurance,American Economic Review, vol.79, 3, PP 453-67 .
34. Arend Lijphart. "Comparative Politics and the Comparative Mehtod" , American Political Science Review, vol.65,(September 1971), PP 682-93.
35. James Midgley, "Models of Welfare and Social Planning in Third World Counrries" , in New Horizons of Social Welfare and Policy, eds., Brij Mohan (Cambridge Massechussetts,Shenkman Books, Inc.: 1985).
36 . Brij Mohan, New Horizons of Social Welfare and Policy,(Cambridge, Massachu`se tts: Schenkman Books , Inc., 1985).
37. David Newbery, "A Theorem on the Measurement of Inequality" ,Jounal of Economic Theory, 2, (1970), PP 264-66.
38. Carol Propper , "An Ecomometrics Analysis of the Demand for Private Health Insurance in England and wales", Applied Economics,. 21, (1989), PP 777-92.
39. Ram Rati, "Causality Between Income and Government Expenditure: A Broad International Perspective", Public finance, 41, (1986), PP 45-65.
40. Ram Rati, "Wagner`s Hypothesis in Time Series and Cross-Section Perspectives: Evidence from Real Data. 115 Countries ",The Review of Economics and StatistiCS, 2, (May 1987),PP 194-204.
41. Martin Ravallion and Lorraine Dearden, "Social Security in a Moral Economy: An Empirical Analysis for Java", The Review of Economics and Statistics, 1, (Feb.1988), PP 36-44.
42. Richard Rose, "Compring Public Policy - An Overview", European Journal of Political Research, vol. 1, (1973), PP67-93.
43 . P. A. Samuelson,. "Optimum Social Security in a Life-Cycle Growth Model", International Ecomomic Review, (Oct.1975).PP 539-544.
44. Eytan Shenshinski, "Relation Between Social Welfare Function and the Gini Index of Income Inequality", Journal of Economic Theory, 4 , (1972), PP 98-100.
45. Paul Stuart, "A framework for Cross-National Comparison of:Social Welfare", in New Horizons of Social Welfare and policy,eds., Brij Mohan (Cambridge Massechussetts, Schenkman Books ,Inc.: 1985).
46. Summers, Robert and Alan Heston, "Improved International Comparison of Real Product and Its Composition: 1950-1980",Review of Income and wealth, 30, (June 1984), PP 207-219 .
47. Alan A. Tait, Wilfrid L. M. Gratz, and Barry J. Eichengreen,"International Comparison of Taxation for Selected Developing Countries, 1972-76" , Staff Papers, vo1. 26, 1 ,(March 1979),PP l23-56.
48. Alan A. Tait and Peter S.Heller, "International Comparison of Government Expenditures", IMF occasional paper la, (1982).
49. R. M. Titmuss, Commitment to Welfare (New York: Pantheon Books,1969) .
50. United Nations, Demographic Yearbook, 1983.
51. Adam Wagstaff, "Economic Studies in Health Economics--- A Survey of the British Literature", Journal of Health Economics, 8, 1989, PP 1-15.
52. The World Almanac & Books of Facts, (New York, 1983-1989).		zh_TW