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題名 客語「到」字初探
A Preliminary Study on Hakka `To`
作者 賴惠玲
Lai, Carolyn Huei-ling
貢獻者 李櫻
Ying Li
賴惠玲
Carolyn Huei-ling Lai
日期 1989
上傳時間 4-五月-2016 14:18:37 (UTC+8)
摘要 ABSTRACT
     ‘To’ is a very versatile morpheme in Hakka in that it can serve as a main verb, a coverb, a presupposition particle and an ending of a compound verb. This thesis aims to investigate the various functions of to and concludes that "location" is the common denominator for all these functions of to.
     The coverb class is argued to replace the 50-called preposition in Hakka in which those non-homogeneous morphemes, some with more verbal features while others with fewer, are members. To cannot mark the source and the goal at the same time when a source and a goal cooccur within the same sentence. A locative marker differs from a goal marker in syntactic behavior as well as semantic entailment.
     To can occur in the 50-called verb-complement construction, in which to is analyzed as a presupposition particle and the to sentence is treated as a presupposition-focus construction.
     A ver+to compound is analyzed as a resultative verb compound. To as a verb ending can be compounded with any nonstate verb. The structural ambiguity between a verb ending to and a coverb to is explicated phonologically, syntactically and semantically.
     Finally, the semantic extension of to is accounted for by localism and .concludes that to extends from denoting a location of existence or arrival, to introducing locative or temporal expressions, to introducing a result or a manner and to being one part of a verb compound, with resultative meaning embodied into the whole compound .
參考文獻 BIBLIOGRAPHY
     Allan, Keith. 1986. Linguistic Meaning. New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul Press.
     Anderson, John M. 1971. Localistic Theory. Press. The Grammar of Case: Towards a Cambridge: Cambridge Univ.
     Bresnan, Joan W. 1970. "On complememntizers: Toward a Syntactic Theory of Complement Types." Foundations of Language, 6: 293-321.
     Chafe, Wallace L. 1970. Language. Chicago: Meaning and the structure of The Univ. of Chicago Press.
     _______, 1976. "Givenness, Contrastiveness, Definiteness, Subjects, Topics and Point of View." Subject and Topic, ed. Charles N. Li. New York: Academic Press.
     Chang, Roland Chiang-jen. 1977. Coverbs in Spoken Chinese. Diss. Univ. of Florida. Taipei: Cheng Chung Press, 1977.
     Chao, Yuen-ren. 1968. A Grammar of Spoken Chinese. Berkeley & Los Angeles: Univ. of California Press.
     Chen, Chung-yu. 1978. "The Two Aspect Markers Hidden in Certain Locatives." Proceedings of Symposium on Chinese Linguistics--1977 Linguistic Institute of the Linguistic Society of America, eds. Cheng, Li & Tang. Taipei: Student Book Store Press, 233-.42.
     _______, 1979. "On Predicative Complements." JCL, 7: 44-64.
     Cheng, Robert L. 1983. "Focus Devices in Mandarin Chinese." Studies in Syntax and Semantics, Universe and Scope: Presupposition and Quantification in Chinese, eds. Tang, Cheng & Li. Taipei: Student Book Store Press.
     Chu, Chauncey C. 1976. "`Conceptual Wholeness` and the JCL, 4: 14-23.
     ________, 1977. "Explicit Presupposition as an Underlying Representation." The Third LACUS Forum.
     ________, 1978. "De as a Presuppositional Particle." Paper Presented at 1978 CLTA Annual Meeting. Chicago.
     ________, 1983a. "Definiteness, Presupposition, Topic and Focus in Mandarin Chinese." Studies in Chinese Syntax and Semantics, Universe and Scope: Presupposition and Quantification in Chinese, eds. Tang, Cheng & Li. Taipei: Student Book Store Press.
     ________, 1983b. A Reference Grammar of Mandarin Chinese for English Speakers. New York: Peter Lang Press.
     Fillmore, Charles J. 1968. "The Case for Case." Universals in Linguistic Theory, eds. Emmon Bach and Robert T. Harms. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston Press.
     Foley, William A., and Robert D. Van Valin. 1984. Functional Syntax and Universal Grammar. Cambridge Univ. Press.
     Givon, T. 1 984. Syntax: A Functional-Typological Introduction. Vol. l. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins B. V. Press.
     The Hakka Monthly. 1987. Vol I: 31.
     Hashimoto, Mantaro J. 1973. The Hakka Dialect: A Linguistic Study of its Phonology, Syntax and Lexicon. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
     Hoard, James E. 1979. "On the Semantic Representation of Oblique Complements." Language, 55.2: 319-32.
     Hou, John Y. 1978. "Two Locatives in Chinese: Toward a Relational Analysis." Proceedings of Symposium on Chinese Linguistics--1977 Linguistic Institute of
     the Linguistic Society of America, eds. Cheng, Li & Tang. Taipei: Student Book Store Press, 141-63.
     Huang, Barry H. L. 1988. "The Syntax and Pragmatics of Hakka Questions." Unpublished Thesis. Fu Jen Catholic Univ.
     Huang, C.-T. James. Phrase structure." 1988. "Wo Pao de Kuai and Chinese Language, 64.2: 274-311.
     Huang-, Chu-ren, and Louis Mangione. 1985. "A Reanalysis of de: Adjuncts and Subordinate Clauses." Proceedings of the 4th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics. Stanford: Stanford Linguistics Association, 80-91.
     Huang, Lillian Heei-jin. 1980. "Resultative Verb Complement in Mandarin Chinese." Unpublished Thesis. Univ. of Florida.
     Huang, Shuan-fan. 1974. "Mandarin Causatives." JCL,
     _________, 1978. "Historical Change of Prepositions and the Emergence of SOV Order." JCL, 6: 323-56. Rpt. in Papers in Chinese Syntax, ed. Shuan-fan Huang. Taipei: The Crane Press, 1982, 165-206.
     _________, 1982. Papers in Chinese Syntax. Taipei: The Crane Press. Change: 54-85.
     _________, 1984. "Morphology as a Cause of Syntactic the Chinese Evidence." JCL, 12.1:
     Jang, Ling-ing. 1987. "Studies in Hakka Morphology and Syntax." Unpublished Thesis. Fu Jen Catholic Univ.
     Josephs, Lewis S. 1976. "Complementation." Syntax and Semantics Vol. 5, ed. Masayoshi Shibatani. New York: Academic Press, 307-69.
     Karttunen, Lauri. 1973. "Presupposition of Compound Sentences." Linguistic Inquiry, 4.2.: 169-93.
     Kuno, Susumu. 1972.. "Functional Sentence perspective: A Case study from Japanese and English." Linguistic Inquiry, 3.3: 269-320.
     Levinson, Stephen C. 1983. Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
     Li, C. N. 1975. "Synchrony vs. Structure." Language, 51.4: Diachrony in Language 873-86.
     Li, Charles N., and Sandra A. Thompson. 1974. Mandarin Chinese: Verbs or Prepositions?" JCL, 2.3: 257-78.
     _________. 1976. "Subject and Topic: A New Typology of Language. " Subject and Topic, ed. Charles N. Li. New York: Academic Press.
     __________, 1979. "The Pragmatics of Two Types of Yes-No Questions in Mandarin and its Universal Implications." CLS, 15: 197-206. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.
     __________, 1981. Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar. Berkeley and Los Angeles: Univ. of California Press.
     Li, Cherry. 1987. "Remarks on the Underlying Representations of Neutral-Tone Words in Mandarin Chinese." Studies in English Literature & Linguistics, 189-99.
     Li, Ling-ding. 1963 . "Dai de zi de Buyu ju (Complement Sentences with de)." Zhongguo Yuwen, 396-410.
     Li, Yingche. 1974. "What Does `Disposal` Mean? Features of Verb and Noun in Chinese." JCL, 2.2: 200-18.
     __________, 1980. "The Historical Development of the Coverb and Coverbial Phrases in Chinese." JCL, 8: 273-93.
     Lin, Helen T. 1981. Essential Grammar for Mandarin Chinese. Boston: Cheng and Tsui Press.
     Lu, John. 1973. "The V-V Construction With a Directional Complement in Mandarin." JCL, 1: 239-54.
     __________, 1977. "Resultative Verb Compounds vs. Directional Compounds in Mandarin." JCL, 5: 276-313. Rpt. in Readings in Chinese Transformational Syntax, ed. Shouhsin Teng. Taipei: The Crane Press, 1985, 245-80.
     __________, 1978. "A Functional Analysis of the Extent Construction in Mandarin." Proceedings of Symposium on Chinese Linguistics--1977 Linguistic Institute of the Linguistic Society of America, eds. Tang, Cheng & Li. Taipei: Student Book store Press, 97-116.
     __________, 1983. "Topic and Presupposition." Studies in Chinese Syntax and Semantics, Universe and Scope: Presupposition and Quantification in Chinese, eds. Tang, Cheng & Li. Taipei: Student Book Store Press.
     Luo, Xiang-lin. 1981. Introduction to Hakka Studies. Taipei: Zhong Wen Press.
     Luo, Zhao-jin. 1984. Hakka Syntax. Taipei: Student Book store Press.
     Lyons, John. 1977. Semantics. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
     MacIver, M. A. 1926. A Chinese Dictionary: Hakka-Dialect. Shanghai: The Presbyterian Mission Press. Rpt. by Taipei: Southern Materials Center, 1982.
     Mei, Kuang. 1978a. "Guoyu Yufa Zhong de Dongcizu Buyu (Complements of VP in Mandarin)." Festchrift for Professor QU Wanli. Taipei: Lien Jing Press.
     ___________, 1978b. "Ba Zi Ju (On Ba Sentences)." Wenshizhe Xuebao, 27: 145-80.
     ___________, 1988. "On Verb-Copying in Chinese." Ms. Qing Hua Univ.
     Noonan, Michael. 1985. "Complementation." Language Typology and Syntactic Description Vol.II, ed. Timothy Shopen. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 42-140.
     Palmer, F. R. 1981. Semantics, 2nd ed. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press.
     Paris, Marie Claude. 1987. "Durational Complements and Verb Copying In Chinese." Paper Presented at Qing Hua Univ. Research Institute of Linguistics: Conference on Contemporary Syntactic Theories and the Grammar of Chinese, July 1987.
     Ross, Claudia. 1983. "On the Functions of Mandarin DE." JCL, 11.2: 214-46.
     ___________, 1984. "Adverbial Modification in Mandarin." JCL, 12.2: 207-32.
     Ross, John R. 1972. "The Category Squish." CLS, 8: 316-28. Chicago; Univ. of Chicago Press.
     Rude, Noel. 1978. "A Continuum of Meaning in the Copula." BLS, 4:202-10. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.
     Schmerling, Susan F. 1971. "Presupposition and the Notion of Normal Stress." CLS, 7: 242-63. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.
     Spears, Arthur K. 1973. "Complements of Significant-Class Predicates: A Study in the Semantics of Complementation." CLS, 9: 627-38. Chicago; Univ. of Chicago Press.
     Tai, James H-Y. 1973. "A Derivational Constraint on Adverbial Placement in Mandarin Chinese." JCL, 1: 397-413.
     ___________, 1975. "On Two Functions of Place Adverbials in Mandarin Chinese." JCL, 3.2/3: 154-79.
     ___________, 1976. "Semantics and Syntax of Inner and Outer Locatives." Proceedings of the 1976 Mid-America Linguistics Conference, 393-401. Rpt. in Readings in Chinese Transformational Syntax, ed. Shouhsin Teng. Taipei: The Crane Press, 1985, .25-34.
     ___________, 1982. "Relevant Categorical Distinctions in Chinese." CLS, 18: 495-506. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.
     Tang, Tingchi. 1979. Studies in Transformational Grammar of Chinese, 2nd ed. Taipei: Student Book Store Press.
     ___________, 1983. "Focusing Constructions in Chinese: Cleft Sentences and Pseudo-cleft Sentences." Studies in Chinese Syntax and Semantics, Universe and Scope: Presupposition and Quantification in Chinese, eds. Tang, Cheng & Li. Taipei: Student Book Store Press.
     Teng, Shou-hsin. 1973. "Negation and Aspects in Chinese." JCL, 1.1: 14-37.
     ___________, 1975. "Predicate Movements in Chinese." JCL, 3.1: 60-75. Rpt. in Readings in Chinese Transformational Syntax, ed. Shouhsin Teng. Taipei: The Crane Press, 1985, 8-24.
     ____________, 1977. "A Grammar of Verb-Particles in Chinese." JCL, 5: 1-25.
     ____________, 1978. "Negation in Chinese." Journal of the America Oriental Society, 98.1: 50-60. Rpt. in Readings in Chinese Transformational Syntax, ed. Shouhsin Teng. Taipei: The Crane Press, 1985, 471-93.
     Thompson, Sandra. 1973a. "Transitivity and Some Problems With the Ba-Construction in Mandarin Chinese." JCL, 1: 208-21.
     ____________, 1973b. "Resultative Verb Compounds in Mandarin Chinese: A Case for Lexical Rules." Language, 49.2: 361-79. Rpt. in Readings in Chinese Transformational Syntax, ed. Shouhsin Teng. Taipei: The Crane Press, 1985, 221-44.
     Traugott, E. 1975. "Spatial Expressions of Tense and Temporal Sequencing." Semiotica, 15: 207-30.
     Tsao, Feng-fu. 1978•. "Subject and Topic in Chinese." Proceedings of Symposium on Chinese Linguixtics --1977 Linguistic Institute of the Linguistic Society of America, eds. Tang, Cheng & Li. Taipei: Student Book Store Press.
     ____________, 1987a. "A Topic-Comment Approach to the Ba Construction." JCL, 15.1: 1-54.
     ____________, 1987b. "Comparison in Chinese: A Topic-Comment Approach." Paper Presented in the Seminar of Chinese Syntax at Qing Hua Univ. in 1987 summer.
     ____________,1987c. "On the So-called Verb-Copying Construction in Chinese." JCLTA, 22.2: 13-44.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
英國語文學系
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#B2002005623
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 李櫻zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Ying Lien_US
dc.contributor.author (作者) 賴惠玲zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (作者) Carolyn Huei-ling Laien_US
dc.creator (作者) 賴惠玲zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Lai, Carolyn Huei-lingen_US
dc.date (日期) 1989en_US
dc.date.accessioned 4-五月-2016 14:18:37 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 4-五月-2016 14:18:37 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 4-五月-2016 14:18:37 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) B2002005623en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/90366-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 英國語文學系zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) ABSTRACT
     ‘To’ is a very versatile morpheme in Hakka in that it can serve as a main verb, a coverb, a presupposition particle and an ending of a compound verb. This thesis aims to investigate the various functions of to and concludes that "location" is the common denominator for all these functions of to.
     The coverb class is argued to replace the 50-called preposition in Hakka in which those non-homogeneous morphemes, some with more verbal features while others with fewer, are members. To cannot mark the source and the goal at the same time when a source and a goal cooccur within the same sentence. A locative marker differs from a goal marker in syntactic behavior as well as semantic entailment.
     To can occur in the 50-called verb-complement construction, in which to is analyzed as a presupposition particle and the to sentence is treated as a presupposition-focus construction.
     A ver+to compound is analyzed as a resultative verb compound. To as a verb ending can be compounded with any nonstate verb. The structural ambiguity between a verb ending to and a coverb to is explicated phonologically, syntactically and semantically.
     Finally, the semantic extension of to is accounted for by localism and .concludes that to extends from denoting a location of existence or arrival, to introducing locative or temporal expressions, to introducing a result or a manner and to being one part of a verb compound, with resultative meaning embodied into the whole compound .		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents TABLE OF CONTENTS
     ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………i
     ABSTRACT………ii
     ABBREVIATIONS………iii
     CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
     1.1 MOTIVATION AND PURPOSE………l
     1.2 VARIOUS FUNCTIONS OF TO………2
     1.3 NOTATIONAL CONVENTION………4
     CHAPTER TWO: TO AS A MAIN VERB AND AS A COVERB
     2.1 TO AS MAIN VERB………7
     2.2 TO AS A COVERB………7
     2.2.1 THE COVERB CLASS IN MANDARIN………7
     2.2.2 VERBAL FEATURES IN HAKKA………12
     2.2.3 THE COVERB CLASS IN HAYKA………16
     2.2.3.1 COOCCURRENCE WITH ASPECTS………16
     2.2.3.2 ABBLITY TO HAVE TENTATIVE REDUPLICATES ………19
     2.2.3.3 OCCURRENCE IN M, MO OR MANG-CV NEGATION………20
     2.2.3.4 OCCURRENCE IN CV IA {M, MO, MANG} CV QUESTIONS………20
     2.2.3.5 OCCURRENCE IN ONE-WORD SENTENCES………21
     2.2.3.6 ACTION CONVEYING PROPERTY………22
     2.2.3.7 SUMMARY OF THE RESULTS………23
     2.2.4 TO AS A MEMBER OF THE COVERB CLASS………25
     2.3 SYNTACTIC AND SEMANTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF TO AS A COVERB………28
     2.3.1 TO AS A LOCATIVE MARKER………28
     2.3.1.1 SYNTACTIC BEHAVIORS OF A LOCATIVE TO PHRASE………30
     2.3.1.2 MEANING AND ENTAILMENT OF A LOCAT I VE TO PHRASE………30
     2.3.2 TO AS SOURCE MARKER………32
     2.3.3 TO AS GOAL MARKER………40
     2.3.3.1 SYNTACTIC DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN POSTVERBAL, GOAL TO PI-LRASES AND PREVERBAL LOCATIVE TO PHRASE………41
     2.3.3.2 DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN POSTVERBAL LOCATIVE TO PHRASES AND POSTVERBAL GOAL TO PHRASES………45
     2.3.3.3 MEANING AND ENTAILMENT OF GOAL TO PHRASES………48
     2.4 SUMMARY OF THIS CHAPTER………49
     NOTES………52
     CHAPTER THREE: TO AS PRESUPPOSITION PARTICLE
     3.1 SYNTACTIC AND SEMANTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TO CONSTRUCTION………54
     3.2 PREVIOUS ANALYSES OF THE MANDARIN DE CONSTRUCTION………61
     THE HAKKA TO CONSTRUCTION AS A PRESUPPOSITIONFOCUS CONSTRUCTION………67
     3.3.1 PRESUPPOSITION AND FOCUS………67
     3.3.2 TO CONSTRUCTION AS A PRESUPPOSITION-FOCUS CONSTRUCTION………71
     3.3.3 "VERB-COPYING" IN THE TO CONSTRUCTION………77
     3.4 THE STATUS OF TO………86
     3.5 SUMMARY OF THIS CHAPTER………89
     NOTES………91
     CHAPTER FOUR: TO AS VERB ENDING
     4.1 A VERB+TO COMPOUND AS A RESULTATIVE VERB COMPOUND………93
     4.2 THE PRODUCTIVITY OF TO AS A VERB ENDING………101
     4.3 DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN A VERB ENDING TO AND A POSTVERBAL COVERB TO………106
     4.3.1 PHONOLOGICAL DISTINCTIONS………108
     4.3.2 SYNTACTIC DISTINCTIONS………110
     4.3.2.1 DELETABILITY OF THE NOUN PHRASE AFTER TO………110
     4.3.2.2 PASSIVIZATION………111
     4.3.2.3 PSEUDO-CLEFT SENTENCE FORMATION………112
     4.3.2.4 OCCURRENCE IN THE PREVERBAL POSITION………113
     4.3.2.5 COOCCURRENCE OF TO WITH THE OBJECT NP IN A SHORT ANSWER………114
     4.3.2.6 THE POTENTIAL MODE………115
     4.3.3 SEMANTIC DISTINCTIONS………116
     4.4 SUMMARY OF THIS CHAPTER………121
     NOTES………123
     CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION………124
     BIBLIOGRAPHY………l32
     APPENDIX………139		zh_TW
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#B2002005623en_US
dc.title (題名) 客語「到」字初探zh_TW
dc.title (題名) A Preliminary Study on Hakka `To`en_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) BIBLIOGRAPHY
     Allan, Keith. 1986. Linguistic Meaning. New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul Press.
     Anderson, John M. 1971. Localistic Theory. Press. The Grammar of Case: Towards a Cambridge: Cambridge Univ.
     Bresnan, Joan W. 1970. "On complememntizers: Toward a Syntactic Theory of Complement Types." Foundations of Language, 6: 293-321.
     Chafe, Wallace L. 1970. Language. Chicago: Meaning and the structure of The Univ. of Chicago Press.
     _______, 1976. "Givenness, Contrastiveness, Definiteness, Subjects, Topics and Point of View." Subject and Topic, ed. Charles N. Li. New York: Academic Press.
     Chang, Roland Chiang-jen. 1977. Coverbs in Spoken Chinese. Diss. Univ. of Florida. Taipei: Cheng Chung Press, 1977.
     Chao, Yuen-ren. 1968. A Grammar of Spoken Chinese. Berkeley & Los Angeles: Univ. of California Press.
     Chen, Chung-yu. 1978. "The Two Aspect Markers Hidden in Certain Locatives." Proceedings of Symposium on Chinese Linguistics--1977 Linguistic Institute of the Linguistic Society of America, eds. Cheng, Li & Tang. Taipei: Student Book Store Press, 233-.42.
     _______, 1979. "On Predicative Complements." JCL, 7: 44-64.
     Cheng, Robert L. 1983. "Focus Devices in Mandarin Chinese." Studies in Syntax and Semantics, Universe and Scope: Presupposition and Quantification in Chinese, eds. Tang, Cheng & Li. Taipei: Student Book Store Press.
     Chu, Chauncey C. 1976. "`Conceptual Wholeness` and the JCL, 4: 14-23.
     ________, 1977. "Explicit Presupposition as an Underlying Representation." The Third LACUS Forum.
     ________, 1978. "De as a Presuppositional Particle." Paper Presented at 1978 CLTA Annual Meeting. Chicago.
     ________, 1983a. "Definiteness, Presupposition, Topic and Focus in Mandarin Chinese." Studies in Chinese Syntax and Semantics, Universe and Scope: Presupposition and Quantification in Chinese, eds. Tang, Cheng & Li. Taipei: Student Book Store Press.
     ________, 1983b. A Reference Grammar of Mandarin Chinese for English Speakers. New York: Peter Lang Press.
     Fillmore, Charles J. 1968. "The Case for Case." Universals in Linguistic Theory, eds. Emmon Bach and Robert T. Harms. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston Press.
     Foley, William A., and Robert D. Van Valin. 1984. Functional Syntax and Universal Grammar. Cambridge Univ. Press.
     Givon, T. 1 984. Syntax: A Functional-Typological Introduction. Vol. l. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins B. V. Press.
     The Hakka Monthly. 1987. Vol I: 31.
     Hashimoto, Mantaro J. 1973. The Hakka Dialect: A Linguistic Study of its Phonology, Syntax and Lexicon. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
     Hoard, James E. 1979. "On the Semantic Representation of Oblique Complements." Language, 55.2: 319-32.
     Hou, John Y. 1978. "Two Locatives in Chinese: Toward a Relational Analysis." Proceedings of Symposium on Chinese Linguistics--1977 Linguistic Institute of
     the Linguistic Society of America, eds. Cheng, Li & Tang. Taipei: Student Book Store Press, 141-63.
     Huang, Barry H. L. 1988. "The Syntax and Pragmatics of Hakka Questions." Unpublished Thesis. Fu Jen Catholic Univ.
     Huang, C.-T. James. Phrase structure." 1988. "Wo Pao de Kuai and Chinese Language, 64.2: 274-311.
     Huang-, Chu-ren, and Louis Mangione. 1985. "A Reanalysis of de: Adjuncts and Subordinate Clauses." Proceedings of the 4th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics. Stanford: Stanford Linguistics Association, 80-91.
     Huang, Lillian Heei-jin. 1980. "Resultative Verb Complement in Mandarin Chinese." Unpublished Thesis. Univ. of Florida.
     Huang, Shuan-fan. 1974. "Mandarin Causatives." JCL,
     _________, 1978. "Historical Change of Prepositions and the Emergence of SOV Order." JCL, 6: 323-56. Rpt. in Papers in Chinese Syntax, ed. Shuan-fan Huang. Taipei: The Crane Press, 1982, 165-206.
     _________, 1982. Papers in Chinese Syntax. Taipei: The Crane Press. Change: 54-85.
     _________, 1984. "Morphology as a Cause of Syntactic the Chinese Evidence." JCL, 12.1:
     Jang, Ling-ing. 1987. "Studies in Hakka Morphology and Syntax." Unpublished Thesis. Fu Jen Catholic Univ.
     Josephs, Lewis S. 1976. "Complementation." Syntax and Semantics Vol. 5, ed. Masayoshi Shibatani. New York: Academic Press, 307-69.
     Karttunen, Lauri. 1973. "Presupposition of Compound Sentences." Linguistic Inquiry, 4.2.: 169-93.
     Kuno, Susumu. 1972.. "Functional Sentence perspective: A Case study from Japanese and English." Linguistic Inquiry, 3.3: 269-320.
     Levinson, Stephen C. 1983. Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
     Li, C. N. 1975. "Synchrony vs. Structure." Language, 51.4: Diachrony in Language 873-86.
     Li, Charles N., and Sandra A. Thompson. 1974. Mandarin Chinese: Verbs or Prepositions?" JCL, 2.3: 257-78.
     _________. 1976. "Subject and Topic: A New Typology of Language. " Subject and Topic, ed. Charles N. Li. New York: Academic Press.
     __________, 1979. "The Pragmatics of Two Types of Yes-No Questions in Mandarin and its Universal Implications." CLS, 15: 197-206. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.
     __________, 1981. Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar. Berkeley and Los Angeles: Univ. of California Press.
     Li, Cherry. 1987. "Remarks on the Underlying Representations of Neutral-Tone Words in Mandarin Chinese." Studies in English Literature & Linguistics, 189-99.
     Li, Ling-ding. 1963 . "Dai de zi de Buyu ju (Complement Sentences with de)." Zhongguo Yuwen, 396-410.
     Li, Yingche. 1974. "What Does `Disposal` Mean? Features of Verb and Noun in Chinese." JCL, 2.2: 200-18.
     __________, 1980. "The Historical Development of the Coverb and Coverbial Phrases in Chinese." JCL, 8: 273-93.
     Lin, Helen T. 1981. Essential Grammar for Mandarin Chinese. Boston: Cheng and Tsui Press.
     Lu, John. 1973. "The V-V Construction With a Directional Complement in Mandarin." JCL, 1: 239-54.
     __________, 1977. "Resultative Verb Compounds vs. Directional Compounds in Mandarin." JCL, 5: 276-313. Rpt. in Readings in Chinese Transformational Syntax, ed. Shouhsin Teng. Taipei: The Crane Press, 1985, 245-80.
     __________, 1978. "A Functional Analysis of the Extent Construction in Mandarin." Proceedings of Symposium on Chinese Linguistics--1977 Linguistic Institute of the Linguistic Society of America, eds. Tang, Cheng & Li. Taipei: Student Book store Press, 97-116.
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