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題名 過度辨正效果之研究 : 酬賞種類.酬賞方式.認知發展階段對內在興趣變化之影響 作者 陳淑娟 貢獻者 陳皎眉
陳淑娟日期 1988 上傳時間 4-May-2016 17:20:04 (UTC+8) 摘要 酬賞降低對工作之內在興趣的現象，稱為過度辨正效果。本研究的主要目的即在探討對不同MSCS認知發展階段的兒童而言，不同之酬賞種類與酬賞方式的效果有何差異?研究所採用的受試者為幼稚園大班的學生共131人，經做過MSCS發展階段測量後，將處於各階段的學生按隨機方式分派於三種酬賞種類及兩種酬賞方式所交互形成的六種實驗情境中，再加上無酬賞及無實驗處理的兩組控制組，總計有八種實驗情境。收集受試在各實驗情境中，前後兩次對畫圖之內在興趣的變化(有行為、態度、及計質三類測量方式)，用卡方考驗及變異數分析兩種統計方法加以分析。結果主要發現: (1)幼稚園大班學生確有三種不同發展階段;(2)語言酬賞會增加受試對畫圖的內在興趣，其他酬賞則會降低;(3)酬賞對各發展階段受試的影响無顯著差異。並就研究結果有討論與建議。 參考文獻 參考書目 中文部分 林邦傑 民75，7月16日，聯合報 林清山 心理與教育統計學，東華，民72 長島貞夫 兒童賞罰心理學，台北，巨流，民72 劉英茂 基本心理歷程，台北，大洋，民69 英文部分 Amabilo, T.M. Effects of external evaluation on artistic creativity Journal of Personality and social psychology. 1979, 37,221-233 Anderson. R., Manoogian, S.T., and Reznick, J.S. The undermining and enhancing of intrinsic motivation in preschool children Journal of Personality and sociol psychology. 1976, 34, No.5, 915-922 Aronson, E., and Carlsmith, J.M. Effect of severity of threat on the devaluation of forbidden behavior Journal of Abnormal and Social psychology 1963, 66, 584-588 Baldwin, C.P., and Baldwin, A.L. Children`s judgments of kindness Child development 1970, 41, 29-47 Bem, J.D. An experimental analysis of seIf-persuation Journal of Experimental and social psychology 1965, 1, 199-218 Bem, D.J. Self-perception: an alternative interpretation of cognitive dissonance phenomena psychology review 1967, 74, 183-200 Bem, D.J. Self-perception theory In L. Berkowitz (ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (V.6) Now York: Academic press 1972 Chandler, M.H., Greenspan, S., and Barenbiom, C. Judgments of intentionality in response to video and verbally presented moral dilemmas: the median in the message Child development 1973, 44., 315-320 Calder. B. J. and Staw, B.M. Self-perception of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation Journal of personality and social psychology 1975, 31., No.4, 599- 605 Condry, J. Enemies of exploration: self-initiation versus other-initiated learning Journal of Personality and social psychology 1977, 35., 459-477 Deci, E.L. Effect of externally mediated reward on intrinsic motivation Journal of Personality and social psychology 1971, 18., No.1, 105-115 Deci, E.L. Intrinsic motivation, extrinsicreinforcement, and inequity Journal of Personality and social psychology 1972, 22., No.1, 113-120 Deci, E.L., Casio, W.F., and Krusell, J. Cognitive evaluation theory and some comments on the Calder and Staw critique. Journal of Personality and social psychology 1978, 31, 81-85 Dollinge, S.J. and Thelen, M.H. Overjustification and children`s intrinsic motivation: comparative effects of four rewards Journal of Personality and social psychology 1978, 36., No.11, 1259-1269 Flavell, J.H. In P Mussen (ed.), Carmichael`s manual of child psychology (Vol.1) New York: Wiley, 1970 Folger, R., Rosenfield, D., and Hays, R.P. Equity and intrinsic motivation: the role of choice Journal of Personality and social psychology 1978, 36, 557-564 Forness, S.R. The reinforcement hierarchy Psychology in the schools 1973, 10., Groono, D., and Leppe, M.R. Effect of extrinsic rewards on children’s subsequent intrinsic interest Child development 1974, 45., 1141-1145 Harackiewicz, J.M. The effects of reward contingcy and performance feedback on intrinsic motivation Journal of Personality and social psychology 1978, 37., 1352-1363 Jones, E. E. and David, K.E. From acts to dispositions: the attribution process in person perception In L. Berkowitz (ed.) Advances in expermental social psychology Vol.2., New York: Academic press, 1965 Karniol, R. and Ross, M. The development of causal attributions in social perception Journal of Personality and social psychology 1976, 34. No.3 .455-464 Karniol, R. and Ross, M. Children`s use of a causal attribution schema and the interence of manipulative intentions Child development 1979, 50., 463-468 Kassin, S. M. and Gibbons, F.X. Children`s use of the discounting principle in their perceptions of exertion Child development 1981, 52., 741-744 Kelley, H.H. Causal schemata And the attribution process New York: General learning press, 1972 Kruglanski, A.W. Friedman, I., and Zeevi, G. The effects of extrinsic incentive on some qualitative aspecta of task performance Journal of Personality 1971, 39., 606-617 Kruglanski, A.W. The endogenous-exogenous parties in attribution theory Psychological review 1975, 82., 387-406 Lepper, M.R. Dissonance, self-perception, and honesty in children Journal of Personality and social psychology 1973, 25., 65-74 Lepper, M.R., and Greene, D.R. (eds.) The hidden costs of rewards Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum, 1978 Lepper, M.R., Greene, D.R., and Nisbett, R.E. Undermining children`s intrinsic interest with extrinsic reward: a test of the "overjustification" hypothesis JPSP, 1973, 28., NO. 1., 129-137 Loveland, K.K., and Olley, J.G. The effect of external reward on interest and quality of task performance in children of high and low intrinsic motivation Child development 1979, 50., 1207-1210 McGraw, K.O., and McCullers, J.C. Evidence of a derimental effect of extrinsic incentive on breaking mental set Journal of Experimental and social psychology 1979, 15., 285-294 Mcloyd, V.C. The effects of extrinsic rewards of differential value on high and low intrinsic interest Child development, 1979, 50., 1010-1019 Morgan, M. Decrement in intrinsic motivation among rewarded and observer subjects Child development 1983, 54., 636-644 Nisbett, R.E. and Valins.S. Percieving the causes of one`s own behavior New York: General learning press., 1971 Nisbett, R. E., and Willson, T. Dec Telling more then we can do: verbal reports on mental processes Psychology review 1977, 84., 231-259 Notz, W.W. Work motivation and the negative effects of extrinsic rewards American psychology 1975, 30., 884-891 Pearlman, C. The effects of level of effectance motivation, IQ, and a penalty, reward contingency on the choice of problem difficulty. Child development 1984, 55., 537-542 Ross, M. Salience of reward and intrinsic motivation Journal of Personality and social psychology 1975, 32., NO.2., 245-254 Ross, M. Self-perception of intrinsic motivation In J.H. Harvey, W. J. Ickes, and R.F. Kidd (eds.), New dimentions in attribution research Hillsdale N.J.: Erlbaum 1976 Ross, M. The self-perception of intrinsic motivation In J.H., W. J. Ickes, and R.F. Kidd (eds.), New directions in attribution research (Vol.1.) Hillsdale N. J.: Erlbaum 1977 Serralde, de Scholz, H.C., and McDougall, D Comparison of potential reinforcer ratings between slow learners and regular students Behavior therapy, 1978, 9., 60-64 Silberman, C. Crisis in the classroom New York: Random House, 1970 Smith, M.C. Children`s uses of the multiple sufficient causes schema in social perception Journal of Personality and social psychology 1975, 32., NO.4., 737-747 Swann, W. B. , and Pittman, T. S. Initiating play activity of children: the moderating influence of verbal cues on intrinsic motivation Child development 1977, 48., 1128-1132 Smith, T. W. , and Pittman, T. S. Reward, distraction and the overjustification effect Journal of Personality and social psychology 1978, 36., 565-572 Thomas R. Shultz and Irwin Butkowsky Young children`s use of the schema for multiple sufficient causes in the attribution of real and hypothetical behavior Child development 1977, 48., 464-469 Tunnel, G.B. Three dimentions of naturalness: an expanded definition of field research Psychological bulletin, 1977, 84., 426-437 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
心理學系資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#B2002006025 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 陳皎眉 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) 陳淑娟 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) 陳淑娟 zh_TW dc.date (日期) 1988 en_US dc.date.accessioned 4-May-2016 17:20:04 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 4-May-2016 17:20:04 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 4-May-2016 17:20:04 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) B2002006025 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/90993 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 心理學系 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 酬賞降低對工作之內在興趣的現象，稱為過度辨正效果。本研究的主要目的即在探討對不同MSCS認知發展階段的兒童而言，不同之酬賞種類與酬賞方式的效果有何差異?研究所採用的受試者為幼稚園大班的學生共131人，經做過MSCS發展階段測量後，將處於各階段的學生按隨機方式分派於三種酬賞種類及兩種酬賞方式所交互形成的六種實驗情境中，再加上無酬賞及無實驗處理的兩組控制組，總計有八種實驗情境。收集受試在各實驗情境中，前後兩次對畫圖之內在興趣的變化(有行為、態度、及計質三類測量方式)，用卡方考驗及變異數分析兩種統計方法加以分析。結果主要發現: (1)幼稚園大班學生確有三種不同發展階段;(2)語言酬賞會增加受試對畫圖的內在興趣，其他酬賞則會降低;(3)酬賞對各發展階段受試的影响無顯著差異。並就研究結果有討論與建議。 zh_TW dc.description.tableofcontents 目錄 第一章 緒論………1 第一節 研究動機與目的………1 第二節 文獻探討………4 第三節 研究架構與假設………21 第二章 研究方法………23 第一節 實驗一:受試認知發展階段之判定………23 第二節 實驗二:過度辨正效果之檢驗………31 第三章 結果與討論………38 第一節 有關實驗操弄程序的檢驗………38 第二節 各研究變項之變異數分析………49 第三節 各研究變項之卡方檢驗………55 第四節 不同依變項測量結果之間的關係………60 第五節 討論………64 第六節 檢討與建議………70 參考書目………72 附錄一………77 附錄二………79 附錄三………85 附錄四………87 附錄五………88 附錄六………129 圖表目次 圖(二)-1:喜歡程度六點量表………27 圖(二)-2:實驗室配置圖………29 圖(三)-1:不同酬賞組受試前後兩階段畫圖時間變化………50 圖(三)-2:酬賞種類與酬賞方式二因子的交互作用………54 表(二)-1:受試年齡分佈情形………24 表(二)-2:受試性別、班級分佈情形………24 表(二)-3:各組預試受試之MSCS發展………28 表(二)-4:實驗處理階段受試畫圖時間是否符合預定之情況………34 表(三)-1:發展階段與講述次序之人數分佈………38 表(三)-2:三種發展階段對A或B兒童玩玩具X做內在原因歸因之次數分佈………39 表(三)-3:三種發展階段對A或B兒童玩玩具X做外在原因歸因之次數分佈………40 表(三)-4: 三種發展階段對A兒童玩玩具X作內在或外在歸因的次數分佈………41 表(三)-5: 三種發展階段對B兒童玩玩具X作內在或外在歸因的次數分佈………41 表(三)-6:三種發展階段受試在「A總分」及「B總分」之平均數與標準差………42 表(三)-7:受試MSCS發展階段在「評量A兒童對玩具X的喜歡程度」之變異數分析摘要表………42 表(三)-8:受試MSCS發展階段在「評量B兒童對玩具X的喜歡程度」之變異數分析摘要表………43 表(三)-9:三種發展階段受試在「A總分」及「B總分」之多重比較結果………43 表(三)-10:畫圖時間在三種依變項測量次序上的次數分佈………45 表(三)-11:選擇畫圖次序在三種依變項測量次序上的次數分佈………45 表(三)-12:排列等級在三種依變項次序上的次數分佈………46 表(三)-13:配對比較結果在三種依變項測量次序上的次數分佈………46 表(三)-14:喜歡程度在三種依變項測量次序上的次數分佈………47 表(三)-15:畫圖意願在三種依變項測量次序上的次數分佈………47 表(三)-16:圖畫品質在三種依變項測量次序上的次數分佈………48 表(三)-17:評分者A、B兩次圖畫作品總分之相關………48 表(三)-18:畫圖時間在酬賞種類、酬賞方式、及MSCS發展階段上的變異數分析摘要表………49 表(三)-19:排列等級在酬賞種類、酬賞方式、及MSCS發展階段上的變異數分析摘要表………50 表(三)-20:配對比較在酬賞種類、酬賞方式、及MSCS發展階段上的變異數分析摘要表………51 表(三)-21:喜歡程度六點量表得分在酬賞種類、酬賞方式、及MSCS發展階段上的變異數分析摘要表………52 表(三)-22:圖畫作品得分在酬賞種類、酬賞方式、及MSCS發展階段上的變異數分析摘要表………53 表(三)-23:酬賞種類與酬賞方式兩因子在單純主要效果考驗的變異數分析摘要表………53 表(三)-24:酬賞種類與酬賞方式兩因子的作品評分細格平均數………54 表(三)-25:畫圖次序與酬賞種類之卡方檢驗………55 表(三)-26:畫圖次序與酬賞方式之卡方檢驗………56 表(三)-27:畫圖次序與MSCS發展階段之卡方檢驗………56 表(三)-28:畫圖意願與酬賞種類之卡方檢驗………57 表(三)-29:畫圖意願與酬賞方式之卡方檢驗………57 表(三)-30:畫圖意願與MSCS發展階段之卡方檢驗………57 表(三)-31:評定等級與酬賞種類之卡方檢驗………58 表(三)-32:評定等級與酬賞方式之卡方檢驗………59 表(三)-33:評定等級與MSCS發展階段之卡方檢驗………59 表(三)-34:各依變項測量結果之卡方檢驗摘要表………60 表(三)-35:三種酬賞種類在「畫圖時間」上之多重比較………64 表(三)-36:「酬賞方式」各組人數、畫圖時間變化平均數及標準差………66 zh_TW dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#B2002006025 en_US dc.title (題名) 過度辨正效果之研究 : 酬賞種類.酬賞方式.認知發展階段對內在興趣變化之影響 zh_TW dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 參考書目 中文部分 林邦傑 民75，7月16日，聯合報 林清山 心理與教育統計學，東華，民72 長島貞夫 兒童賞罰心理學，台北，巨流，民72 劉英茂 基本心理歷程，台北，大洋，民69 英文部分 Amabilo, T.M. Effects of external evaluation on artistic creativity Journal of Personality and social psychology. 1979, 37,221-233 Anderson. R., Manoogian, S.T., and Reznick, J.S. The undermining and enhancing of intrinsic motivation in preschool children Journal of Personality and sociol psychology. 1976, 34, No.5, 915-922 Aronson, E., and Carlsmith, J.M. Effect of severity of threat on the devaluation of forbidden behavior Journal of Abnormal and Social psychology 1963, 66, 584-588 Baldwin, C.P., and Baldwin, A.L. Children`s judgments of kindness Child development 1970, 41, 29-47 Bem, J.D. An experimental analysis of seIf-persuation Journal of Experimental and social psychology 1965, 1, 199-218 Bem, D.J. Self-perception: an alternative interpretation of cognitive dissonance phenomena psychology review 1967, 74, 183-200 Bem, D.J. Self-perception theory In L. Berkowitz (ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (V.6) Now York: Academic press 1972 Chandler, M.H., Greenspan, S., and Barenbiom, C. Judgments of intentionality in response to video and verbally presented moral dilemmas: the median in the message Child development 1973, 44., 315-320 Calder. B. J. and Staw, B.M. Self-perception of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation Journal of personality and social psychology 1975, 31., No.4, 599- 605 Condry, J. Enemies of exploration: self-initiation versus other-initiated learning Journal of Personality and social psychology 1977, 35., 459-477 Deci, E.L. Effect of externally mediated reward on intrinsic motivation Journal of Personality and social psychology 1971, 18., No.1, 105-115 Deci, E.L. Intrinsic motivation, extrinsicreinforcement, and inequity Journal of Personality and social psychology 1972, 22., No.1, 113-120 Deci, E.L., Casio, W.F., and Krusell, J. Cognitive evaluation theory and some comments on the Calder and Staw critique. Journal of Personality and social psychology 1978, 31, 81-85 Dollinge, S.J. and Thelen, M.H. Overjustification and children`s intrinsic motivation: comparative effects of four rewards Journal of Personality and social psychology 1978, 36., No.11, 1259-1269 Flavell, J.H. In P Mussen (ed.), Carmichael`s manual of child psychology (Vol.1) New York: Wiley, 1970 Folger, R., Rosenfield, D., and Hays, R.P. Equity and intrinsic motivation: the role of choice Journal of Personality and social psychology 1978, 36, 557-564 Forness, S.R. The reinforcement hierarchy Psychology in the schools 1973, 10., Groono, D., and Leppe, M.R. Effect of extrinsic rewards on children’s subsequent intrinsic interest Child development 1974, 45., 1141-1145 Harackiewicz, J.M. The effects of reward contingcy and performance feedback on intrinsic motivation Journal of Personality and social psychology 1978, 37., 1352-1363 Jones, E. E. and David, K.E. From acts to dispositions: the attribution process in person perception In L. Berkowitz (ed.) Advances in expermental social psychology Vol.2., New York: Academic press, 1965 Karniol, R. and Ross, M. The development of causal attributions in social perception Journal of Personality and social psychology 1976, 34. No.3 .455-464 Karniol, R. and Ross, M. Children`s use of a causal attribution schema and the interence of manipulative intentions Child development 1979, 50., 463-468 Kassin, S. M. and Gibbons, F.X. Children`s use of the discounting principle in their perceptions of exertion Child development 1981, 52., 741-744 Kelley, H.H. Causal schemata And the attribution process New York: General learning press, 1972 Kruglanski, A.W. Friedman, I., and Zeevi, G. The effects of extrinsic incentive on some qualitative aspecta of task performance Journal of Personality 1971, 39., 606-617 Kruglanski, A.W. The endogenous-exogenous parties in attribution theory Psychological review 1975, 82., 387-406 Lepper, M.R. Dissonance, self-perception, and honesty in children Journal of Personality and social psychology 1973, 25., 65-74 Lepper, M.R., and Greene, D.R. (eds.) The hidden costs of rewards Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum, 1978 Lepper, M.R., Greene, D.R., and Nisbett, R.E. Undermining children`s intrinsic interest with extrinsic reward: a test of the "overjustification" hypothesis JPSP, 1973, 28., NO. 1., 129-137 Loveland, K.K., and Olley, J.G. The effect of external reward on interest and quality of task performance in children of high and low intrinsic motivation Child development 1979, 50., 1207-1210 McGraw, K.O., and McCullers, J.C. Evidence of a derimental effect of extrinsic incentive on breaking mental set Journal of Experimental and social psychology 1979, 15., 285-294 Mcloyd, V.C. The effects of extrinsic rewards of differential value on high and low intrinsic interest Child development, 1979, 50., 1010-1019 Morgan, M. Decrement in intrinsic motivation among rewarded and observer subjects Child development 1983, 54., 636-644 Nisbett, R.E. and Valins.S. Percieving the causes of one`s own behavior New York: General learning press., 1971 Nisbett, R. E., and Willson, T. Dec Telling more then we can do: verbal reports on mental processes Psychology review 1977, 84., 231-259 Notz, W.W. Work motivation and the negative effects of extrinsic rewards American psychology 1975, 30., 884-891 Pearlman, C. The effects of level of effectance motivation, IQ, and a penalty, reward contingency on the choice of problem difficulty. Child development 1984, 55., 537-542 Ross, M. Salience of reward and intrinsic motivation Journal of Personality and social psychology 1975, 32., NO.2., 245-254 Ross, M. Self-perception of intrinsic motivation In J.H. Harvey, W. J. Ickes, and R.F. Kidd (eds.), New dimentions in attribution research Hillsdale N.J.: Erlbaum 1976 Ross, M. The self-perception of intrinsic motivation In J.H., W. J. Ickes, and R.F. Kidd (eds.), New directions in attribution research (Vol.1.) Hillsdale N. J.: Erlbaum 1977 Serralde, de Scholz, H.C., and McDougall, D Comparison of potential reinforcer ratings between slow learners and regular students Behavior therapy, 1978, 9., 60-64 Silberman, C. Crisis in the classroom New York: Random House, 1970 Smith, M.C. Children`s uses of the multiple sufficient causes schema in social perception Journal of Personality and social psychology 1975, 32., NO.4., 737-747 Swann, W. B. , and Pittman, T. S. Initiating play activity of children: the moderating influence of verbal cues on intrinsic motivation Child development 1977, 48., 1128-1132 Smith, T. W. , and Pittman, T. S. Reward, distraction and the overjustification effect Journal of Personality and social psychology 1978, 36., 565-572 Thomas R. Shultz and Irwin Butkowsky Young children`s use of the schema for multiple sufficient causes in the attribution of real and hypothetical behavior Child development 1977, 48., 464-469 Tunnel, G.B. Three dimentions of naturalness: an expanded definition of field research Psychological bulletin, 1977, 84., 426-437 zh_TW
