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題名 奧爾森的集體行動理論 : 兼論多元主義 作者 鄢桃生 貢獻者 謝復生
鄢桃生日期 1987 上傳時間 4-May-2016 17:25:59 (UTC+8) 參考文獻 參考書目 1. Bailis, Lawrence Neil. Bread or Justice. Massachusetts: Lexington University Press, 1974. 2. Barry, Brian. Political Argument. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1965. 3. _____. Sociologists, Economists, and Democracy. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1978. 4. _____, and Russell Hardin, eds. Rational Man and Irrational Society? Beverly Hills, Calif; Sage, 1982. 5. Bentley, Arthur. The Process of Government. Evanston: Principia Press, 1949. 6. Berry, Jeffrey M. Lobbying for the People. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977. 7. _____. Interest Group Society. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1984. 8. Cigler, Allan J., and Loomis, Burdett A. eds. Interest Group Politics. Washington, D. C.: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1983. 9. Crampton, John A. The National Farmers Union. Lincoln, Neb.: Nebraska University Press, 1965. 10. Dahl, Robert A. A Preface to Democratic Theory. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1956. 11. _____.Who Governs? New Haven: Yale University Press, 1961. 12. _____.Dilemmas of Pluralist Democracy. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982. 13. Downs, Anthony. An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Harper & Row, 1957. 14. Dulles, Foster R. The American Red Cross: A History. New York: Harper, 1950. 15. Edelman, Murray, The Symbolic Uses of Politics. Urbana: Illinois University Press, 1967. 16. Fiorina, Morris P. Representatives, Roll Calls and Constituencies. Lexington, D.C.: Heath, Lexington Books, 1975. 17. Freeman, Jo. The Politics of Women`s Liberation. New York: David McKay, 1976. 18. Frohlich, Norman, and Oran Young. Political Leadership and Collective Goods. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1971. 19. Gamson, William A. The Strategy of Social Protest. Homewood: Dorsey Press, 1975. 20. Hardin, Russell. Collective Action. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, for Resources for the Future, 1982. 21. Hirschman, Albert O. Exit, Voice and Loyalty. Cambridge: Harvard University, 1970. 22. _____. Shifting Involvements. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1909. 23. Holtzman, Abraham. The Townsend Movement. New York: Bookman, 1963. 24. Harbenar, Ronald J., Ruth K. Scott. Interest Group Politics in America. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1982. 25. Latham, Earl. The Group basis of Politics. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1952. 26. Lipset, Martin, ed., Politics and the Other Social Sciences. New York: Oxford University Press, 1969. 27. Lowi, Theodore. The Politics of Disorder. New York: Basic Books, 1971. 28. _____. The End of Liberalism, 2nd ed. New York: Norton, 1979. 29. McCarry, Charles. Citizen Nader. New York: Saturday Review Press, 1972. 30. McFarland, Andrew S. Public Interest Lobbies. Washington: American Enterprise Institute, 1976. 31. _____. Common Cause. New Jersey: Chatham House Publishers, 1984. 32. Newfield, J. A. Prophetic Minority. New York: Columbia University Press, 1972. 33. Moe, Terry M. The Organization of Interests. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1980. 34. Nadel, Mark. The Politics of Consumer Protection. Indianapolis: Bobbs -- Merrill, 1971. 35. Olson, Mancur, Jr. The Logic of Collective Action. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1965. (Reprinted with a new appendix, 1971. ). 36. _____. The Rise and Decline of Nations. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982. 37. Orstein, Norman J., Shirley Elder. Interest Groups, Lobbying and Public Policy. Washington: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1978. 38. Piven, Frances F., Richard Cloward. Poor People`s Movements. New York: Pantheon, 1978. 39. Pratt, Henry J. The Gray Lobby. Chicago University Press, 1976. 40. Rapoport, Anatol. Fights, Games and Debates. Ann Arbor: Michigan University Press, 1960. 41. Schattschneider, E. E. The Semi-Sovereign People. New York: Rinehart and Winston, 1960. 42. Tannebaum, Arhold S., and Robert L. Kahn. Participation in Union Locals. Evanston, Ill.: Row, Peterson, 1958. 43. Taylor, Michael. Anarchy and Cooperation. London and New York: Wiley, 1976. 44. Thurow, Lester C. The Zero-Sum Society. New York: Basic Books, 1980. 45. Wilson, Graham K. Unions in American National Politics. London: Macmillan, 1977. 46. _____.Interest Groups in the United States. New York: Oxford University Press, 1981. 47. Wilson, James Q. Political Organizations. New York: Basic Books, 1973. 48. Wootton, Graham. Interest Groups. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1970. 49. Zald, Mayer N. Organizational Change: The Political Economy of the YMCA. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1970. 50. Zeigler, Harman, and Wayne G Peak. Interest Groups in American Society. 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1972. 論文期刊 1. Bachrach, Peter., and Morton s. Baratz. "Two Faces of Power," American Political Science Review, Vol. 56 (1962), pp. 947-950. 2. Barry, Brian. "Is It Better to be Powerful or Lucky?" Political Studies, Vol. 28, nos. 2 and 3 (June and September 1980), pp. 183-194 and 338-352. 3. Berry, Jeffrey M. "On the Origins of Public Interest Groups: A Test of Two Theories," Polity 10 (Spring 1978), pp. 379-397. 4. Brown, Emory J., and Blaler, Robert C. "Value Orientations and Behavioral Correlates of Members in Purchasing Cooperatives." Rural Sociology (May 1957). 5. Browne, William P. "Benefits and Membership: A Reappraisal of Interest Group Activity," Western Political Quarterly, Vol. 29 (June 1976), pp. 258-273. 6. Buchanan, James M. "An Economic Theory of Clubs," Economica, Vol. 32 (February 1965), pp. 1-14. 7. Burgess, Philip M., and Robinson, James A. "Alliances and the Theory of Collective Action," Midwest Journal of Political Science, W. 13 (May 1969), pp. 194-218. 8. Chamberlin, John. "Provision of Collective Goods as a Function of Group Size," American Political Science Review, Vol. 68 (June 1974), pp. 707-716. 9. Cigler, Allan J., and John Mark Hansen. "Group Formation Through Protest: The American Agriculture Movement," in Allan J. Cigler and Burdett A. Loomis, ed., Interest Group Politics. Washington: Congressional Quarterly Press, (1983), pp. 84-109. 10. Clark, Peter B., and James Q. Wilson. "Incentive Systems: A Theory of Organizations," Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 6 (1961), pp. 129-166. 11. Colombotos, John. "Physicians and Medicine: A Before-After Study of the Effects of Legislation on Attitudes," American Sociological Review, Vol. 34 (June 1969), pp. 318-334. 12. Coombs, Don. "The Club Looks at Itself," Sierra Club Bulletin (July/August 1972), pp. 35-39. 13. Costain, Anne N. "The Struggle for a National Women`s Lobby," Western Political Quarterly, Vol. 33 (December 1980, pp. 476–491. 14. Downs, Anthony. "Up and Down with Ecology--The `Issue Attention Cycle`," Public Interest, Vol. 28 (Summer 1972), pp. 38–50. 15. Frohlich, Norman. , Joe A. Oppeheimer. "I Get By with a Little Help from My Friends," World Politics, Vol. 23 (October 1970), pp. 104-120. 16. Gamson, Willian A. "Unstable Unrepresentation in American Society," American Behavioral Scientist, Vol. 12 (November/December 1968), pp. 15-21. 17. Gompers, Samuel. "Discussion at Rochester, N.Y., on the Open Shop--`The Union Shop is Right` -- It Naturally Follows Organization," American Federationist, Vol. 12 (April 1905), pp. 221-223. 18. Gouldner, Helen P. "Dimension of Organizational Commitment," Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 4 (March 1960), pp. 468-490. 19. Guttman, Joel M. "Understanding Collective Action: Matching Behavior," American Economic Review, Vol. 68 (May 1978), pp. 251-255. 20. Hardin, Russell. "Collective Action as an Aggreable n-Prisoner`s Dilemma," Behavioral Science, Vol. 16 (September 1971), pp. 472-481. 21. Hayes, Michael T. "The Semi-Sorereign Pressure Groups," Journal of Politics (Fall 1978), pp. 134-161. 22. _____. Interest Groups: Pluralism or Mass Society?" in Allan J. Cigler and Burdett A. Loomis (eds.), Interest Group Politics, pp. 110-125. 23. Head, John G. "Public Goods: The Polar Case," in Barry, Brian and Russell Hardin (eds.), Rational Man and Irrational Society. pp. 186-194. 24. Jenkins, Craig and Charles Perrow. "Insurgency of the Power less: Farm Worker Movements," American Sociological Review, Vol. 42 (April 1977), pp. 251-266. 25. Ladd, Everett Carll, "How to Tame Special Interests," Fortune (October 20, 1980): 66ff. 26. Lipsky, Michael, "Protest as a Political Resource," American Political Science Review, Vol. 62 (1968), pp. 1144-1158. 27. Lowi, Theodore, "The Public Philosophy: Interest-Group Liberalism," American Political Science Review, Vol. 61 (March 1967), pp. 5-24. 28. Mclean, Iain. "Review Article: Some Recent Work in Public Choice," British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 16, (1986), pp. 377–394. 29. McFarland, Andrew S. "`Third Forces` in American Politics: The case of Common Cause," In Jeff Fishel, ed., Parties and Elections in an Anti-Party Age. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, (1978), pp. 318-332. 30. _____. "Public Interest Lobbies versus Minority Faction," In Allan J. Cigler and Burdett A. Loomis (eds.), Interest Group Politics, pp. 324-353. 31. McGuire, Martin C. "Group Size, Group Homogeneity, and the Aggregate Provision of a Pure Public Good Under Cournot Behavior," Public Choice, Vol. 18 (Summer 1974), pp. 107-126. 32. McCarthy, John D., and Zald, Mayer N. "Resource Mobilization and Social Movements," American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 82 (May 1977), pp. 1212-1241. 33. Manzer, Ronald. "Selective Inducements and the Development of Pressure Groups: The Case of Canadian Teachers` Association," Canadian Journal of Political Science, Vol. 2 (March 1969), pp. 103-117. 34. Marsh, David. "On Joining Interest Groups," British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 6 (July 1976), pp. 257-272. 35. Messinger, Sheldon L. "Organizational Transformation: A Case Study of A Declining Social Movement," American Sociological Review, Vol. 20 (1955), pp. 3-10. 36. Michell, Robert Cameron. "National Environmental Lobbies and the Apparent Illogic of Collective Action," in Clifford S. Russell, ed., Collective Decision Making: Applications from Public Choice Theory. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University for Resources for Future, (1979), pp. 87-121. 37. Moe, Terry. "A Calculus of Group Membership," American Journal of Political Science, Vol.24 (November 1980), pp. 593-632. 38. _____. "Toward a Broader View of Interest Groups,` Journal of Politics, Vol. 43 (May 1981), pp. 531-543. 39. Olson, Mancur, Jr., and Zeckhouser, Richard. "An Economic Theory of Alliances," Review of Economics and statistics, Vol. 48 (1966), pp. 266-279. 40. _____. "Collective Goods, Comparative Advantage, Alliance Efficiency," in Ronald N. McKean, ed., Issues in Defense Economics. New York: Columbia University Press, (1967), pp. 25-63. 41. _____. "Increasing the Incentives for International Cooperation," International organization, Vol. 25 (1971), pp. 866-874. 42. Riker, William A., and Ordeshook, Peter C. "A Theory of the Calculus of Voting," American 42. Political Science Review, Vol. 62, pp. 25 43. Salisbury, Robert H. "An Exchange Theory of Interest Groups," Midwest Journal of Political science, Vol. 13 (February 1969), pp. 1-32. 44. _____. "Interest Groups," In Fred I. Greenstein and Nelson W. Polsby, eds., Handbook of Political Science, Vol. 4. Reading, Mass.: Addison--Wiley, (1975), pp. 171-228. 45. _____. "Interest Groups: Toward A New Understanding," in Allan J. Cigler and Burdett A. Loomis (eds.), Interest Group Politics, pp. 354-369. 46. _____. "Interest Representation: The Domination of Institutions," American Political Science Review, Vol. 78 (1984), pp. 64-76. 47. Schlozman, Kay Lehman, and John T. Tierney. "More of the Same: Washington Pressure Group Activity in a Decade of Change," Journal of Politics, Vol. 45 (May 1983), pp. 351-377. 48. Schlozman, Key Lehman. "What Accent the Heavenly Chorus? Political Equality and the American Pressure System." Journal of Politics, Vol. 46 (1984), pp. 1006-1032. 49. Stigler; George J. "Free Riders and Collective Action: An Appendix to Theories of Economic Regulation,” Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science, Vol. 5 (Autumn 1974), pp. 359-365. 50. Vogel, David. "The Public – Interest Movement and the American Reform Tradition," Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 95 (Winter 1980-1981), pp. 607-628. 51. _____. "The Power of Business in America: A Reappraisal," British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 13 (1983), pp. 19-43. 52. Williams, Alan. "The Optimal Provision of Public Goods in a System of Local Government," Journal of Public Economy, (1966), pp. 18-33. 53. Wagner, Richard E. "Pressure Groups and Political Entrepreneurs," Papers on Non-Market Decision-Making, Vol. 1 (1966), pp. 161-170. 54. Walker, Jack L. "The Origins and Maintenance of Interest Groups in America," American Political Science Review, Vol. 77 (June 1983), pp. 390-406. 55. _____. "Setting the Agenda in the U.S. Senate," British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 7 (1977), pp. 423-445. 56. Zald, Mayer and Roberta Ash. Social Movements Organizations: Growth, Decay, and Change," Social Forces, Vol. 44 (1966), pp. 327-340. 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
政治學系資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#B2002006180 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 謝復生 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) 鄢桃生 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) 鄢桃生 zh_TW dc.date (日期) 1987 en_US dc.date.accessioned 4-May-2016 17:25:59 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 4-May-2016 17:25:59 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 4-May-2016 17:25:59 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) B2002006180 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/91062 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 政治學系 zh_TW dc.description.tableofcontents 目錄 論文提要 第一章 導論………1 第二章 團體與組織的理論 第一節 集體財的界定和釐清………10 第二節 選擇性誘因和大團體………14 第三節 團體大小和團體行為………20 第四節 奧爾森的副產品理論及對政治系統的意含………28 第五節 囚犯難題………34 第三章 奧爾森理論的驗證 第一節 理論的限制條件………48 第二節 小團體的驗證………49 第三節 大團體的驗證………54 第四節 企業家的開創者角色………62 第五節 個人目標和團體目標之間的關係………66 第四章 傳統的團體理論 第一節 楚曼( David Truman )的團體形成理論………77 第二節 團體理論的入會邏輯………82 第三節 多元主義的復甦嗎? ………86 第五章 新模型的建構 第一節 成員入會誘因的分類………109 第二節 團體的形成、成長和轉型………115 第三節 成員入會的個體資料………120 第四節 有關贊助的資料………129 第五節 有關團體轉型的資料………133 第六章 結論………148 zh_TW dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#B2002006180 en_US dc.title (題名) 奧爾森的集體行動理論 : 兼論多元主義 zh_TW dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 參考書目 1. Bailis, Lawrence Neil. Bread or Justice. Massachusetts: Lexington University Press, 1974. 2. Barry, Brian. Political Argument. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1965. 3. _____. Sociologists, Economists, and Democracy. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1978. 4. _____, and Russell Hardin, eds. Rational Man and Irrational Society? Beverly Hills, Calif; Sage, 1982. 5. Bentley, Arthur. The Process of Government. Evanston: Principia Press, 1949. 6. Berry, Jeffrey M. Lobbying for the People. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977. 7. _____. Interest Group Society. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1984. 8. Cigler, Allan J., and Loomis, Burdett A. eds. Interest Group Politics. Washington, D. C.: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1983. 9. Crampton, John A. The National Farmers Union. Lincoln, Neb.: Nebraska University Press, 1965. 10. Dahl, Robert A. A Preface to Democratic Theory. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1956. 11. _____.Who Governs? New Haven: Yale University Press, 1961. 12. _____.Dilemmas of Pluralist Democracy. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982. 13. Downs, Anthony. An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Harper & Row, 1957. 14. Dulles, Foster R. The American Red Cross: A History. New York: Harper, 1950. 15. Edelman, Murray, The Symbolic Uses of Politics. Urbana: Illinois University Press, 1967. 16. Fiorina, Morris P. Representatives, Roll Calls and Constituencies. Lexington, D.C.: Heath, Lexington Books, 1975. 17. Freeman, Jo. The Politics of Women`s Liberation. New York: David McKay, 1976. 18. Frohlich, Norman, and Oran Young. Political Leadership and Collective Goods. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1971. 19. Gamson, William A. The Strategy of Social Protest. Homewood: Dorsey Press, 1975. 20. Hardin, Russell. Collective Action. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, for Resources for the Future, 1982. 21. Hirschman, Albert O. Exit, Voice and Loyalty. Cambridge: Harvard University, 1970. 22. _____. Shifting Involvements. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1909. 23. Holtzman, Abraham. The Townsend Movement. New York: Bookman, 1963. 24. Harbenar, Ronald J., Ruth K. Scott. Interest Group Politics in America. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1982. 25. Latham, Earl. The Group basis of Politics. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1952. 26. Lipset, Martin, ed., Politics and the Other Social Sciences. New York: Oxford University Press, 1969. 27. Lowi, Theodore. The Politics of Disorder. New York: Basic Books, 1971. 28. _____. The End of Liberalism, 2nd ed. New York: Norton, 1979. 29. McCarry, Charles. Citizen Nader. New York: Saturday Review Press, 1972. 30. McFarland, Andrew S. Public Interest Lobbies. Washington: American Enterprise Institute, 1976. 31. _____. Common Cause. New Jersey: Chatham House Publishers, 1984. 32. Newfield, J. A. Prophetic Minority. New York: Columbia University Press, 1972. 33. Moe, Terry M. The Organization of Interests. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1980. 34. Nadel, Mark. The Politics of Consumer Protection. Indianapolis: Bobbs -- Merrill, 1971. 35. Olson, Mancur, Jr. The Logic of Collective Action. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1965. (Reprinted with a new appendix, 1971. ). 36. _____. The Rise and Decline of Nations. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982. 37. Orstein, Norman J., Shirley Elder. Interest Groups, Lobbying and Public Policy. Washington: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1978. 38. Piven, Frances F., Richard Cloward. Poor People`s Movements. New York: Pantheon, 1978. 39. Pratt, Henry J. The Gray Lobby. Chicago University Press, 1976. 40. Rapoport, Anatol. Fights, Games and Debates. Ann Arbor: Michigan University Press, 1960. 41. Schattschneider, E. E. The Semi-Sovereign People. New York: Rinehart and Winston, 1960. 42. Tannebaum, Arhold S., and Robert L. Kahn. Participation in Union Locals. Evanston, Ill.: Row, Peterson, 1958. 43. Taylor, Michael. Anarchy and Cooperation. London and New York: Wiley, 1976. 44. Thurow, Lester C. The Zero-Sum Society. New York: Basic Books, 1980. 45. Wilson, Graham K. Unions in American National Politics. London: Macmillan, 1977. 46. _____.Interest Groups in the United States. New York: Oxford University Press, 1981. 47. Wilson, James Q. Political Organizations. New York: Basic Books, 1973. 48. Wootton, Graham. Interest Groups. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1970. 49. Zald, Mayer N. Organizational Change: The Political Economy of the YMCA. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1970. 50. Zeigler, Harman, and Wayne G Peak. Interest Groups in American Society. 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1972. 論文期刊 1. Bachrach, Peter., and Morton s. Baratz. "Two Faces of Power," American Political Science Review, Vol. 56 (1962), pp. 947-950. 2. Barry, Brian. "Is It Better to be Powerful or Lucky?" Political Studies, Vol. 28, nos. 2 and 3 (June and September 1980), pp. 183-194 and 338-352. 3. Berry, Jeffrey M. "On the Origins of Public Interest Groups: A Test of Two Theories," Polity 10 (Spring 1978), pp. 379-397. 4. Brown, Emory J., and Blaler, Robert C. "Value Orientations and Behavioral Correlates of Members in Purchasing Cooperatives." Rural Sociology (May 1957). 5. Browne, William P. "Benefits and Membership: A Reappraisal of Interest Group Activity," Western Political Quarterly, Vol. 29 (June 1976), pp. 258-273. 6. Buchanan, James M. "An Economic Theory of Clubs," Economica, Vol. 32 (February 1965), pp. 1-14. 7. Burgess, Philip M., and Robinson, James A. "Alliances and the Theory of Collective Action," Midwest Journal of Political Science, W. 13 (May 1969), pp. 194-218. 8. Chamberlin, John. "Provision of Collective Goods as a Function of Group Size," American Political Science Review, Vol. 68 (June 1974), pp. 707-716. 9. Cigler, Allan J., and John Mark Hansen. "Group Formation Through Protest: The American Agriculture Movement," in Allan J. Cigler and Burdett A. Loomis, ed., Interest Group Politics. Washington: Congressional Quarterly Press, (1983), pp. 84-109. 10. Clark, Peter B., and James Q. Wilson. "Incentive Systems: A Theory of Organizations," Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 6 (1961), pp. 129-166. 11. Colombotos, John. "Physicians and Medicine: A Before-After Study of the Effects of Legislation on Attitudes," American Sociological Review, Vol. 34 (June 1969), pp. 318-334. 12. Coombs, Don. "The Club Looks at Itself," Sierra Club Bulletin (July/August 1972), pp. 35-39. 13. Costain, Anne N. "The Struggle for a National Women`s Lobby," Western Political Quarterly, Vol. 33 (December 1980, pp. 476–491. 14. Downs, Anthony. "Up and Down with Ecology--The `Issue Attention Cycle`," Public Interest, Vol. 28 (Summer 1972), pp. 38–50. 15. Frohlich, Norman. , Joe A. Oppeheimer. "I Get By with a Little Help from My Friends," World Politics, Vol. 23 (October 1970), pp. 104-120. 16. Gamson, Willian A. "Unstable Unrepresentation in American Society," American Behavioral Scientist, Vol. 12 (November/December 1968), pp. 15-21. 17. Gompers, Samuel. "Discussion at Rochester, N.Y., on the Open Shop--`The Union Shop is Right` -- It Naturally Follows Organization," American Federationist, Vol. 12 (April 1905), pp. 221-223. 18. Gouldner, Helen P. "Dimension of Organizational Commitment," Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 4 (March 1960), pp. 468-490. 19. Guttman, Joel M. "Understanding Collective Action: Matching Behavior," American Economic Review, Vol. 68 (May 1978), pp. 251-255. 20. Hardin, Russell. "Collective Action as an Aggreable n-Prisoner`s Dilemma," Behavioral Science, Vol. 16 (September 1971), pp. 472-481. 21. Hayes, Michael T. "The Semi-Sorereign Pressure Groups," Journal of Politics (Fall 1978), pp. 134-161. 22. _____. Interest Groups: Pluralism or Mass Society?" in Allan J. Cigler and Burdett A. Loomis (eds.), Interest Group Politics, pp. 110-125. 23. Head, John G. "Public Goods: The Polar Case," in Barry, Brian and Russell Hardin (eds.), Rational Man and Irrational Society. pp. 186-194. 24. Jenkins, Craig and Charles Perrow. "Insurgency of the Power less: Farm Worker Movements," American Sociological Review, Vol. 42 (April 1977), pp. 251-266. 25. Ladd, Everett Carll, "How to Tame Special Interests," Fortune (October 20, 1980): 66ff. 26. Lipsky, Michael, "Protest as a Political Resource," American Political Science Review, Vol. 62 (1968), pp. 1144-1158. 27. Lowi, Theodore, "The Public Philosophy: Interest-Group Liberalism," American Political Science Review, Vol. 61 (March 1967), pp. 5-24. 28. Mclean, Iain. "Review Article: Some Recent Work in Public Choice," British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 16, (1986), pp. 377–394. 29. McFarland, Andrew S. "`Third Forces` in American Politics: The case of Common Cause," In Jeff Fishel, ed., Parties and Elections in an Anti-Party Age. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, (1978), pp. 318-332. 30. _____. "Public Interest Lobbies versus Minority Faction," In Allan J. Cigler and Burdett A. Loomis (eds.), Interest Group Politics, pp. 324-353. 31. McGuire, Martin C. "Group Size, Group Homogeneity, and the Aggregate Provision of a Pure Public Good Under Cournot Behavior," Public Choice, Vol. 18 (Summer 1974), pp. 107-126. 32. McCarthy, John D., and Zald, Mayer N. "Resource Mobilization and Social Movements," American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 82 (May 1977), pp. 1212-1241. 33. Manzer, Ronald. "Selective Inducements and the Development of Pressure Groups: The Case of Canadian Teachers` Association," Canadian Journal of Political Science, Vol. 2 (March 1969), pp. 103-117. 34. Marsh, David. "On Joining Interest Groups," British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 6 (July 1976), pp. 257-272. 35. Messinger, Sheldon L. "Organizational Transformation: A Case Study of A Declining Social Movement," American Sociological Review, Vol. 20 (1955), pp. 3-10. 36. Michell, Robert Cameron. "National Environmental Lobbies and the Apparent Illogic of Collective Action," in Clifford S. Russell, ed., Collective Decision Making: Applications from Public Choice Theory. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University for Resources for Future, (1979), pp. 87-121. 37. Moe, Terry. "A Calculus of Group Membership," American Journal of Political Science, Vol.24 (November 1980), pp. 593-632. 38. _____. "Toward a Broader View of Interest Groups,` Journal of Politics, Vol. 43 (May 1981), pp. 531-543. 39. Olson, Mancur, Jr., and Zeckhouser, Richard. "An Economic Theory of Alliances," Review of Economics and statistics, Vol. 48 (1966), pp. 266-279. 40. _____. "Collective Goods, Comparative Advantage, Alliance Efficiency," in Ronald N. McKean, ed., Issues in Defense Economics. New York: Columbia University Press, (1967), pp. 25-63. 41. _____. "Increasing the Incentives for International Cooperation," International organization, Vol. 25 (1971), pp. 866-874. 42. Riker, William A., and Ordeshook, Peter C. "A Theory of the Calculus of Voting," American 42. Political Science Review, Vol. 62, pp. 25 43. Salisbury, Robert H. "An Exchange Theory of Interest Groups," Midwest Journal of Political science, Vol. 13 (February 1969), pp. 1-32. 44. _____. "Interest Groups," In Fred I. Greenstein and Nelson W. Polsby, eds., Handbook of Political Science, Vol. 4. Reading, Mass.: Addison--Wiley, (1975), pp. 171-228. 45. _____. "Interest Groups: Toward A New Understanding," in Allan J. Cigler and Burdett A. Loomis (eds.), Interest Group Politics, pp. 354-369. 46. _____. "Interest Representation: The Domination of Institutions," American Political Science Review, Vol. 78 (1984), pp. 64-76. 47. Schlozman, Kay Lehman, and John T. Tierney. "More of the Same: Washington Pressure Group Activity in a Decade of Change," Journal of Politics, Vol. 45 (May 1983), pp. 351-377. 48. Schlozman, Key Lehman. "What Accent the Heavenly Chorus? Political Equality and the American Pressure System." Journal of Politics, Vol. 46 (1984), pp. 1006-1032. 49. Stigler; George J. "Free Riders and Collective Action: An Appendix to Theories of Economic Regulation,” Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science, Vol. 5 (Autumn 1974), pp. 359-365. 50. Vogel, David. "The Public – Interest Movement and the American Reform Tradition," Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 95 (Winter 1980-1981), pp. 607-628. 51. _____. "The Power of Business in America: A Reappraisal," British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 13 (1983), pp. 19-43. 52. Williams, Alan. "The Optimal Provision of Public Goods in a System of Local Government," Journal of Public Economy, (1966), pp. 18-33. 53. Wagner, Richard E. 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